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PubMed1998

Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use.

The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) is the most widely used outcome measure after traumatic brain injury, but it is increasingly recognized to have important limitations. It is proposed that shortcomings of the GOS can be addressed by adopting a standard format for the interview used to assign outcome. A set of guidelines are outlined that are directed at the main problems encountered in applying the GOS. The guidelines cover the general principles underlying the use of the GOS and common practical problems of applying the scale. Structured interview schedules are described for both the five-point GOS and an extended eight-point GOS (GOSE). An interrater reliability study of the structured interviews for the GOS and GOSE yielded weighted kappa values of 0.89 and 0.85, respectively. It is concluded that assessment of the GOS using a standard format with a written protocol is practical and reliable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The Caregivers for Alzheimer's disease Problems Scale (CAPS): development of a new scale within the LASER-AD study.

BACKGROUND: we developed the Caregivers for Alzheimer's disease Problems Scale (CAPS) comprising common risk factors for anxiety and depression for family carers of people with dementia. OBJECTIVE: to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the CAPS in order to measure its usefulness in identifying dementia caregivers at risk of anxiety and depression and therefore whether it identifies clinically relevant areas for intervention or highlights the need for support if the problem could not be changed. METHOD: 153 family caregivers were interviewed as part of a larger epidemiologically representative study of people with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. Caregiver anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: the CAPS had high sensitivity and specificity in detecting caregivers with screen positive anxiety and depression. Five areas were indicated: neuropsychiatric symptoms and depression in the care-recipient, co-residence and relationships with the care-recipient, and physical health of the caregiver. CONCLUSIONS: awareness of these problems can help clinicians identify those carers most likely to be anxious or depressed and indicate appropriate intervention and support. We recommend that this instrument be used as part of routine assessments of people with dementia and their families.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interchanging scores between clinical dementia rating scale and global deterioration scale.

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) are commonly used to measure the severity of dementia. However, no specific rules are available to convert the scores of CDR into those of GDS and vice versa. Using a semi-structured interview, two examiners independently rated CDR and GDS in 78 patients with dementia and 34 controls. Regression analysis showed a curvilinear relationship between CDR and GDS. This curve may provide a rule to interchange the scores of GDS and CDR (or Sum of Boxes of CDR).

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Extrapyramidal symptom profiles assessed with the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale: comparison with Western scales in the clinical double-blind studies of schizophrenic patients treated with either olanzapine or haloperidol.

The superiority of olanzapine to haloperidol with respect to a decreased incidence of treatment-emergent extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) in patients with schizophrenia was demonstrated in studies conducted in both Japan and Western countries. EPS measurements used in Western countries included the Simpson-Angus, Barnes akathisia and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, while the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale (DIEPSS) was used in Japan. The aim of this study was to clarify how the DIEPSS captures EPS profiles. The baseline prevalence and treatment-emergent incidence of EPS in Japanese schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol were retrospectively compared as assessed by the DIEPSS to the prevalence and incidence of EPS in primarily Caucasian schizophrenic patients who were treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Specifically, the prevalence and incidence of dyskinesia, akathisia and parkinsonism were compared between the Japanese trial and an international trial to examine if appropriate definitions using the DIEPSS can be derived assuming that a comparable prevalence and incidence of the syndromes would be observed when any differences in residual antipsychotic exposure at the initiation of study treatment were accounted for. For the incidence of all EPS syndromes, odds ratios were observed to be similar between the two studies, indicating that appropriate criteria for the clinical diagnosis of the EPS syndromes could be established based on the DIEPSS. This preliminary and retrospective work suggests that the DIEPSS can be used to operationally define the presence or absence, and make the clinical diagnosis, of specific EPS syndromes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Latencies of the P300 component of the auditory event-related potential in depression are related to the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale but not to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.

The relationship between severity of depression and the P300 latency of auditory event-related potential was investigated in 36 patients with a major depressive episode according to DSM-III. Positive correlations were found between of the P300 latency and the total score of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS), the 4 retardation items of the BRMS (motor, verbal, intellectual and emotional) and the item for lowered mood. In contrast, latencies were not associated with the scores of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, which considers retardation to a lesser extent than the BRMS.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between blood flow kinetics and severity of Alzheimer's disease: assessment of severity using a questionnaire-type examination, Alzheimer's disease assessment scale, cognitive sub-scale (ADAS(cog)).

We assessed hemokinetics associated with changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) severity in 90 AD patients by researching the relationship between AD Assessment Scale, cognitive sub-scale (ADAS(cog)) scores and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). In the present study, we employed the questionnaire-type ADAS(cog) examination to accurately assess the severity of AD. Between five groups classified on the basis of ADAS(cog) score, significant differences were observed in parietal, lateral temporal and superior frontal rCBF. In addition, in parietal and lateral temporal regions, significant correlations were also observed between ADAS(cog) score and rCBF. In superior frontal rCBF, significant differences were noted only between group 5 (> or =40 ADAS(cog) points) and each of the other groups; there was no significant correlation between rCBF and ADAS(cog) score. Thus, we propose the following mechanism for blood flow kinetics associated with changed severity: In an early stage of AD, blood flow in the medial temporal cortex is impaired, and gradually involves the temporoparietal regions. While the medial temporal impairment of blood flow reaches a plateau, temporoparietal blood flow continues to be impaired well into a severe stage, at which point blood flow impairment in the frontal region is initiated.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Scale construction of the German version of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS)].

170 hospitalised patients (96 schizophrenic, 71 depressive, and 3 manic) were examined during the German version of the CPRS. Based on factor analytical results four subscales ('manic syndrome', 'schizophrenic syndrome', 'depressive syndrome', and 'side-effects') and two second-order scales ('manic-depressive syndrome' and 'schizophrenic syndrome') were constructed. The first three subscales show a good reliability. The fourth subscale ('side-effects') has an insufficient internal consistency, mainly due to the small number of items (6). The two subscales 'schizophrenic syndrome' and 'depressive syndrome' and the two second-order scales can differentiate very well between schizophrenic and depressive syndromes. The validity of the first and fourth subscale could not be examined in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenomenology of delirium in cancer patients, as described by the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) and the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS).

This study was based on the data collected on a consecutive sample of 106 cancer patients referred for mental status evaluation. All patients were evaluated by use of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm, the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), and a question about the subjective perception of delirium. After comparing the diagnostic criteria of delirium on the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, authors evaluated the ability of all DRS and MDAS items to discriminate delirium versus non-delirium patients, testing the difference in the distribution of the individual MDAS and DRS item scores. Authors also assessed the relationship between delirium diagnosis and the subjective perception of delirium. The MDAS showed a greater number of discriminating items. The items that proved to be less discriminating were "Hallucinations" and "Lability of Mood" on the DRS. Subjective perception only partially discriminated delirium from non-delirium patients. The way in which the DRS and MDAS reflected the DSM criteria are therefore partially different.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Paddington Complexity Scale and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing interest in measuring health care outcomes in mental health services for children as well as adults. AIMS: We examined the sensitivity of the Paddington Complexity Scale (PCS) and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) in describing the intakes of child and adolescent mental health clinics. METHOD: We carried out a prospective study of two out-patient units and one day patient unit, by means of questionnaires administered to clinicians, parents and children. RESULTS: Clinician-rated PCS and HoNOSCAs were obtained for 248 new attenders. Both proved sensitive to intake differences between clinics. There were correlations of moderate intensity (r = 0.6) between total PCS and HoNOSCA. There were weaker associations between these and parent/child rated measures of behaviour (r = 0.4 and 0.3), quality of life and self-esteem (r = 0.3 or less). CONCLUSIONS: Both PCS and HoNOSCA are useful for describing clinical profiles of children and adolescents receiving mental health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The Dating Anxiety Scale for Adolescents: scale development and associations with adolescent functioning.

Given the importance of romantic and dating relationships during adolescence, the purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dating Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (DAS-A). Participants were 757 high school students (56% girls, ages 15 to 18 years). Adolescents completed the DAS-A, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), a Dating Questionnaire, and the Revised Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Factor analysis of the DAS-A yielded a 3-factor solution with acceptable internal consistencies: fear of negative evaluation in dating situations (FNE-Dating); social distress when interacting with real or potential dating partners (SD-Date); and social distress when in a group of mixed-sex peers (SD-Group). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 3-factor solution. Results indicated that younger adolescents reported more dating anxiety than older adolescents, and boys reported more SD-Group than girls. Dating anxiety was associated with peer-related anxiety and depressive symptoms and was a significant predictor of adolescents' current and usual dating status, even when controlling for adolescents' peer-related social anxiety. The findings provide support for the reliability and validity of the DAS-A. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The analogous self-rating scale of affect as a tool in the assessment of change of clinical status of patients with endogenous depression syndrome. A comparison with the Hamilton depression scale].

The authors compare the results of the analogous self-rating scale of affect with self report of affect (Hamilton Scale) in 57 patients with depression during the course of affective disorder. The ASRA seems to be particularly useful in the assessment of improvement in patients with slight or moderate depression.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The shortened Beck depression inventory (13 items). Study of the concurrent validity with the Hamilton scale and Widlöcher's retardation scale].

The present study on 50 depressed subjects (Research Diagnostic Criteria of Feighner) has shown on the one hand a weak correlation between the shortened Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and on the other hand of the shortened Beck Depression Inventory and the Widlöcher Retardation Rating Scale. Both correlations do not differ significantly.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1994

The Common Alcohol Logistic-Revised scale (CAL-R): a revised alcoholism scale for the MMPI and MMPI-2.

The Common Alcohol Logistic-Revised (CAL-R) scale was developed for use with MMPI or MMPI-2 with medical patients. It was derived from the Common Alcohol Logistic (CAL) scale and developed by (1) dropping the six CAL items deleted from the MMPI during construction of the MMPI-2 and recomputing item weights (using logistic regression); (2) calculating norms; and (3) repeating the validation procedure used in developing CAL. We used the same criterion group (1,221 alcoholics) and same contrast sample (7,621 nonalcoholic medical patients) used for CAL. Comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for CAL and CAL-R indicates that the latter has the same favorable ability to screen medical patients for alcoholism as the former.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Functional cognitive assessment scale (FUCAS): a new scale to assess executive cognitive function in daily life activities in patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Several tests have been developed to examine performance of demented patients in daily life activities. However, most of them are based either on the subjective evaluation of performance by the patient him/herself, or on the reports of relatives. Functional Cognitive Assessment Scale (FUCAS) is a new reliable (alpha > 0.89 - 0.92) cognitive-behavioral scale that assesses executive function in daily life activities directly in patients with dementia. AIMS: This study aimed at testing FUCAS' internal consistency of items, criterion-related validity, interrater reliability, discriminative ability, and effect of age, sex, and education on FUCAS scores. RESULTS: Criterion-related validity was supported by significant correlations between FUCAS, CAMCOG, MMSE, and FRSSD. The interrater reliability of FUCAS' total score for two raters was r 0.997 and we found no significant effect of age, sex, or education on FUCAS' total performance. Discriminant analysis has identified that FUCAS was able to sufficiently discriminate the patients with MCI from those with moderate-severe dementia. CONCLUSION: FUCAS is a useful and reliable diagnostic tool for MCI. Cognitive-behavioral assessment such as that provided by FUCAS can provide objective information that can serve to enhance the quality of clinical decision-making.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Reliability and validity of the fine motor scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2.

This study examined the test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the Fine Motor Scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition (PDMS-FM-2). Participants included two groups of 18 children between the ages of 4 and 5 years with and without mild fine motor problems. The PDMS-FM-2 was administered twice to 12 children and rated by two occupational therapists. The PDMS-FM-2 results were compared with scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). In addition, the scores of the children with and without fine motor problems were compared. For the test-retest reliability and the inter-rater reliability, correlation coefficients varied from r = 0.84 to r = 0.99. These results suggest that PDMS-FM-2 has excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability. Convergent validity with the fine motor section of the M-ABC and discriminant validity have been confirmed. Only 39% of the children in the group with problems in fine motor activities had fine motor problems according to the PDMS-FM-2. This finding seems to indicate that the PDMS-FM-2 may not be sensitive enough for this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The Community Alcohol Use Scale: a scale for use in prevention programs.

The Community Alcohol Use Scale (CAUS) was developed as a continuous, reliable, valid, and acceptable measure for primary prevention studies. Items were written following a comprehensive review of the literature on alcohol dependence and alcoholism. Based upon the responses of 315 respondents to the 100-item initial version of the scale, the 45-item CAUS was developed. The CAUS was then cross-validated on a local sample (n = 274) and a provincial sample (n = 745). Estimates of internal consistency were .91, .96, and .94, respectively, for the initial and cross-validation samples. Correlations of .48 and .69 were obtained between the CAUS and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test for the initial and local cross-validation samples. In the provincial cross-validation sample a correlation of .62 was obtained between the CAUS and the Usual Weekly Alcohol Index. Preliminary cutting scores were developed to identify those at risk for alcoholism, and alcoholics. The CAUS has potential use as an evaluative and predictive instrument in a variety of primary prevention programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Psychometric validity and clinical usefulness of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale for an autistic sample.

Two prominent assessment measures of adaptive behavior were compared and evaluated in terms of their psychometric properties and their clinical usefulness for autistic children and adolescents. The AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-School Edition (Lambert & Windmiller, 1981) and the Vineland Adapative Behavior Scales (Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984) were compared in 15 autistic persons aged 8 to 18. Correlations between the two instruments revealed good concurrent validity. The psychometric properties of the tests were similar to those found in samples of mentally retarded persons. The use of adaptive behavior measures for autistic children and adolescents is encouraged. Clinical advantages and disadvantages of the two tests are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗