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PubMed1984

Long-term mortality of oil refinery workers. II. Comparison of the experience of active, terminated and retired workers.

In occupational epidemiology a retrospective cohort study normally includes active, terminated, and retired employees and the mortality results may vary considerably if any of the three groups is excluded from the study. From a large refinery cohort of 12,526 white male workers followed between January, 1937 and January, 1978, the mortality experience of three groups (the active, terminated and retired) has been examined; detailed results, along with the merits and problems of studying these groups separately, are presented. The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes are 0.68, 1.04 and 0.89 for the active, the terminated and the retired, respectively, and for all cancer, 0.85, 0.98 and 1.05. Significantly decreased SMRs are seen for most of the causes among the active and may be attributed to the "healthy worker effect." Exclusive study of active workers, although it may yield certain useful information, particularly on diseases of the young and those with short latency periods, is primarily a study of the healthy worker effect. Many favorable effects of the active worker will be encountered. The retirees as a whole experienced no significant excess mortality for any causes, although examination of a subgroup, the early retirees, did reveal a significant excess of deaths from diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. The retired may appear to be an ideal group for study because they usually have worked for an extended period of time, they may have experienced long-term occupational exposure and they have lived long enough to develop diseases with long latency periods; however, serious problems arise from studying only the retirees and these are discussed. The terminated group contributed 41% of the person-years, 49% of the total number of individuals and 38% of the deaths and is far too important to be omitted. Contrary to previous reports, the terminated did not demonstrate a significantly adverse mortality experience when compared with the general population, although they did not show the healthy worker effect that was seen among the active.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

"An empire lost but a province gained": a cohort analysis of British international retirement in the Algarve.

"The growth of international retirement in the Algarve has coincided with a number of changes in the international framework for population mobility as well as in the nature of the Algarve [Portugal] as a destination area. Tourism development, which is intimately linked to subsequent retirement migration, is particularly important in this. This paper considers the nature of the link between cycles of migration and of development in recipient areas, in the context of the remarkable and relatively late development of the Algarve as an area of tourism and retirement.... Cohort analysis...provides the basis for an examination of changes over time in the socio-demographic profiles of the migrants, their motivations, their residential patterns and their integration."

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Involuntary job loss as a risk factor for subsequent myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from the Health and Retirement Survey.

BACKGROUND: The role of stress in the development of cardiovascular disease is well established. Previous research has demonstrated that involuntary job loss in the years immediately preceding retirement can be a stressful life event shown to produce adverse changes in physical and affective health. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke associated with involuntary job loss among workers nearing retirement in the United States. METHODS: We used multivariable survival analysis to analyze data from the first four waves of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), a nationally representative sample of older individuals in the US. The analytic sample includes 457 workers who experienced job loss and a comparison group of 3,763 employed individuals. RESULTS: The results indicate that involuntary job loss is not associated with subsequent risk of MI (adjusted HR = 1.89; 95% CI = 0.91, 3.93); the risk of subsequent stroke associated with involuntary job loss is more than double (adjusted HR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.01, 6.94). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings present new data to suggest that involuntary job loss should be considered as a plausible risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illness among older workers.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Retirement disability among workers in a natural gas distribution company.

Epidemiological investigations of occupational disability are severely limited because of the inherent difficulties in standardizing definitions of disability and because of the lack of appropriate comparison data. Nevertheless, occupational disability is of great concern to workers. An investigation of disability, defined as permanent retirement due to medical disability, among hourly employees of a natural gas distribution company was undertaken in response to a request by the employees' union. Because of the above limitations, a hypothesis-generating rather than hypothesis-testing approach was taken, utilizing both disability retirement incidence rates and a prevalence survey of the living disabled retirees. It was hypothesized from the analysis that this group of workers did experience an excess of retirement disability for the period 1971-1980 when compared to estimated disability incidence rates of the general Social Security insured population, and that this excess may have been due in part to an excess of musculoskeletal disabilities associated with occupational physical stresses and strains.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Ill health and early retirement among school principals in Bavaria.

OBJECTIVES: School principals play an important role in maintaining the performance and health of teachers but often feel over-burdened themselves and suffer illnesses, which not only impairs their health-promoting function but also leads to limitations in their fitness for the occupation. The aim of our study was, therefore, using objective parameters and larger numbers of cases, to obtain a differentiated insight into the morbidity and the health-related early retirement of school principals. METHODS: In a prospective total assessment (the whole of Bavaria, a state in southern Germany) in the period from 1997 to 1999 all medical examinations of school principals performed to decide the question of early retirement were evaluated. The analysis included, e.g., socio-demographic/occupational factors, diagnoses, assessment of performance and rehabilitation. The data were sampled in a standardised, anonymous questionnaire, which provided the database. Evaluation was carried out by means of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The median age of the 408 school principals included in the evaluation (heads and vice-heads, 30% of whom were women) was 58 years (minimum 41 years, maximum 64 years). The most frequent workplaces were primary schools (63%). A total of 84% (n=342) of the headmasters was assessed to be unfit for work. The main reasons for early retirement were psychiatric/psychosomatic disorders (F-ICD 10) which made up 45% of the cases. The relative frequency was higher in women than in men. Depressive disorders and exhaustion syndromes (burnout) dominated among the psychiatric diagnoses (proportion 57%). The most frequent somatic illnesses were cardiovascular diseases (I-ICD10) in 19% of cases, then muscular/skeletal diseases (M-ICD10) in 10% and malignant tumours (C-ICD 10) in 9% of cases. Cardiovascular diseases, in particular arterial hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, were found in headmasters significantly more frequently than in teachers without a headship function (P</=0.05). A total of 63% (n=257) of the school principals had participated in at least one medical rehabilitation before the proceedings for determining unfitness for work were instigated. The performance of 66% (n=226) of those judged unfit for work was assessed to be so severely impaired that no other employment could be expected of them. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity spectrum of school principals prematurely unfit for work is characterised by stress-associated diseases. The health disorders objectified are of considerable relevance for policy and administration. Specific prevention and intervention must, therefore, also include this occupational group. Activity should not be limited to the prevention of behavioural problems but should also take into account important aspects for preventing adverse circumstances arising at the school workplace.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Elevated liver enzyme activity in construction workers: prevalence and impact on early retirement and all-cause mortality.

BACKGROUND: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) are widely used as markers of hepatobiliary disorders in occupational health surveillance. Little is known, however, about the prevalence and occupational and non-occupational determinants of elevated levels of these enzymes in specific occupational groups or about the prognostic value of elevated levels with respect to long-term outcomes such as all-cause mortality and vocational disability. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted among 8,043 male construction workers aged 25-64 years who had undergone occupational health examinations in 6 centers in southern Germany from 1986 to 1988 and had been followed until 1994. The prevalence of elevated levels of GGT, ALT, and AST, depending on the sociodemographic and medical characteristics determined at the baseline examination and the risk of vocational disability and all-cause mortality in relation to elevated liver enzyme activity at baseline were assessed. Covariates considered in multivariate analysis included age, nationality, occupation, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The baseline prevalence of elevated activity levels of GGT (>28 U/1 at 25 degrees C), ALT (>22 U/1), and AST (>18 U/1) was 32%, 22%, and 12%, respectively. Factors most strongly related to elevated serum activity levels for all three enzymes were self-reported alcohol consumption, diabetes, and hypertension. BMI was strongly associated with elevations in GGT and ALT but not in AST. Elevated levels of AST and GGT were strongly related to early retirement and all-cause mortality. Men with AST levels exceeding 18 U/1 had a 2-fold risk of early retirement and a 3 times higher risk of all-cause mortality as compared with men with lower AST levels. No significant association was observed between ALT and either of the long-term outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that screening for elevated GGT and AST levels, which are a common finding among construction workers, may be a powerful tool for the identification of individuals at increased risk of early retirement and preterm mortality and may be helpful in targeting of prevention efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ill health and retirement in Britain: a panel data-based analysis.

We examine the effect of ill health on retirement decisions in Britain, using the British Household Panel Survey (1991-1998). As self-reported health status is likely to be endogenous to the retirement decision, we instrument self-reported health by a constructed 'health stock' measure using a set of health indicator variables and personal characteristics, as suggested by Bound et al. (Bound, J., Schoenbaum, M., Stinebrickner, T.M., Waidmann, M., 1999. The dynamic effects of health on the labor force transitions of older workers. Labour Economics 6, 179-202). Using a range of econometric techniques, we show that adverse shocks to individual health stocks predict individual retirement behaviour among workers aged from 50 until state pension age. We compare responses of economic activity to constructed health measures with that arising using direct indicators of functional limitations and specific health problems. We also examine the dynamics of health shocks and whether adverse and positive health shocks have symmetric effects on transitions in and out of economic activity.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Recent transmission of tuberculosis involving retired patients.

The reported incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in three different regions of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil varies considerably. We used IS6110-RFLP and spoligotyping methods to genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from 268 patients between 1998 and 2000 in order to assess the levels of recent transmission of TB in the three regions. The degree of clustering of the strain types did not differ among the three regions; neither did other characteristics such as demographic features, underlying medical conditions, or the proportion of resistant TB. As reported previously, male patients were at greater risk of developing TB and our data suggest that part of this may be related to the higher rates of recent transmission among them (P<0.05). In addition, we found that retired patients were almost 3 times more likely to be infected with cluster-pattern strains than patients reporting any other occupation (P<0.05), and more than 3 times more likely than non-retired patients in the same age group (P<0.05) to be infected with cluster-pattern strains. We conclude that recent transmission is not a major factor contributing to the differences in TB incidence in the three regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The reason for the suggested high proportion of recent transmission TB cases among the retired people needs further studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retirement among Florida's certified nurse-midwives: an impending workforce crisis.

An anonymous survey was mailed to 499 CNMs in Florida in May 2001 to examine the impact of CNM retirement on the Florida women's health provider workforce and to estimate the replacement demand for CNMs. The survey also investigated where Florida's CNMs studied midwifery, reasons for choosing education programs, reasons for moving to Florida, and causes of underemployment of CNMs. Two hundred eighty respondents returned the survey. Thirty-nine percent of respondents received their midwifery education in Florida. Eighty-one percent of respondents were working as CNMs. From 2010 through 2025, an average of 11 CNMs in Florida will reach age 65 each year. These data indicate that retirement will generate demand for new CNMs in the next two decades. These data, along with future research tracking midwifery education, employment, and retirement, could be used to plan program funding, clinical site needs, and legislative support of midwifery.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Disability retirement among former employees at the construction of the Great Belt Link.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate incidences of disability retirement among men who had been employed at the construction of a large traffic link in Denmark, which involved long working hours and long distances between home and work place. METHODS: Men aged 20-54 years at baseline who had been engaged in the construction of the Great Belt Link (n = 5882) were followed-up for disability retirements from 1996 to 2000. Age-standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated and compared with those of other construction workers (n = 117,157). All economically active men in Denmark were used as the standard population. RESULTS: The SIRs for the two groups were 2.29 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.95-2.67) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.93-1.03), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Great Belt construction workers had an elevated risk for disability retirement compared with other construction workers and with economically active men in general.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Plan now to make your retirement active, productive.

In his book Planning to the Years Ahead, Lester I. Tenney, PhD, professor emeritus at Arizona State University, Tempe, links Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs to retirement planning. According to Maslow, economic and security needs can be achieved through a family environment (eg, food clothing, shelter), and social acceptance, self-worth, and self-satisfaction can be achieved from social interaction, work, or leisure activities. After the basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter have been achieved, people are able to move to the next level of achieving safety and security. The level of dependency that people have on satisfying these needs through work will determine how well they are at adapting to retirement. The more people depend on work alone, the harder will be the adjustment; people who are less dependent on work will find retirement easier to accept.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Sickness absence and early retirement at two workplaces--effects of organisational intervention in Sweden.

This study sought to compare sickness absence and early retirement at two workplaces in Sweden before and after they had received financial support from the Working Life Fund and implemented vocational rehabilitation activities. Two paper and pulp manufacturing plants were compared and a cohort study was set up. The cohort included everyone born in 1934 or later who was employed in December 1988 (918 employees at Plant A and 1543 at Plant B). For 10 years (1989-98), sick leave and disability pensions were monitored. The periods before and after the intervention (1989-93 and 1994-98, respectively) were compared. Cumulative incidence was calculated for short-, long-term and very long-term sick leave, company pension and early retirement. There was no difference between the plants in terms of the three different outcomes when sick leave was measured before and after the intervention. Sick leave in Period 1 was strongly correlated with an elevated risk of sick leave in Period 2. The cumulative incidence of short-term sick leave decreased from 0.92 (95% CI, 0.91-0.93) in Period 1 to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77-0.80) in Period 2. For employees in the upper age groups, relative risk for long-term and very long-term sick leave was elevated in both periods. The incidence of early retirement and company pension differed between the companies. We conclude that the size of financial investments in rehabilitation programmes has no significant impact on sickness absence or disability pension, based on a comparison between two paper and pulp manufacturing plants in Sweden during the early 1990s.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Improving the retirement village to residential aged care transition.

Older Australians living in retirement villages are an increasing community segment. These people make choices both about the place at which they live and the support needed at that place to optimise health and wellbeing. However, for some, unmet support needs in the retirement village may result in a transition to a residential aged care facility. This qualitative study explored how and why this transition occurs; how it might be avoided; and, when the move is unavoidable, how the process can be improved. Implications of these findings for the retirement village and aged care sectors are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Retirement migration decision making: life course mobility, sequencing of events, social ties and alternatives.

The authors analyze post-retirement migration trends and the decision-making processes that determine this behavior. "We will deal here with issues which indicate not only who among pre-retirees are likely to relocate upon retirement, but also when in the pre-retirement phase decisions about the move are made and the role which individuals' ties to specific places and the characteristics of places themselves play in the decision-making process." Data are from a pilot study conducted in North Carolina in 1992.

Americas↗
PubMed1981

Retirement and morbidity: a three-year longitudinal study of a French managerial population.

A longitudinal study was carried out on a randomized sample of Parisian male managers in order to assess the relationship between morbidity and retirement. In 1976 (wave 1), 180 subjects participated in the study. In 1979 (wave 2), 156 subjects were re-examined. Among those returning, 105 were retired and 51 were still working full time. To evaluate this relationship the two groups were compared with regard to changes in prevalence of principal diseases between the two waves, incidence in the interim and changes in a morbidity index. Popular belief, according to which retirement may cause an increase in morbidity, is not supported by the findings of this study. Furthermore, at wave 2, the prevalence rate of heart and artery disease was found to be significantly greater in the non-retirees than in the retirees, while these rates were similar at wave 1.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed1984

Increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of retired nickel workers.

Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were analysed in the peripheral lymphocytes of nine retired nickel refinery workers 4-15 years after the retirement and compared with 11 matched non-nickel exposed controls. None of the controls had previous occupations with known relation to induction of chromosomal aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges. The groups were equal as to socioeconomic status and environmental factors other than the occupational ones, which could influence the chromosome parameters, were to the largest possible extent excluded. The nickel workers' previous occupational employment involved exposure to inhalation of furnace dust of Ni3S2 and NiO or aerosols of NiCl2 and NiSO4. The concentration of nickel in the working atmospheres has been higher than 1.0 mg/m3 air and the exposure time more than 25 years. The retired nickel workers showed an increased incidence of breaks (p less than 0.001) and gaps (p less than 0.05) but no difference in the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges when compared with the controls.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Smoking and subsequent risk of early retirement due to permanent disability.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the most important single preventable cause of a variety of common diseases, and a considerable share of premature death is attributable to smoking. Although the effects of smoking on morbidity and mortality are widely recognized, little is known about the impact of smoking on early retirement due to chronic disease. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of smoking behaviour on early retirement due to permanent disability in a large sample of the general population. METHODS: Follow-up study based on data from three longitudinal population studies conducted in the Copenhagen area. The final study population comprised 9,053 persons, 5,623 men and 3,430 women. Endpoint was grant of disability pension in the period 1980-1985. Baseline information was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Information about disability pensions was obtained from Statistics Denmark. Data analysis was performed by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Smoking was found to be strongly associated with the risk of being granted a disability pension after adjustment for various confounders. The risk increased with daily consumption reaching a maximum odds ratio of 5.66 (1.88-17.00) and 5.61 (2.11-14.92) in heavily smoking men and women, respectively, who were below age 60. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers are at considerably higher risk of early retirement due to chronic disease. In addition to the burden of disease, this leads to social and economic problems for the individual and has a significant economic impact on society.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Trends in retirement age in the United States, 1955-1993, by sex and race.

To meet the need for a labor-force-based time series on the average age at retirement differentiated by sex and race, net labor force withdrawal rates (NWR) are calculated on a cohort basis for periods of time. The NWR are used to calculate the medium age of exit from the labor force. From the late 1950s through the late 1980s, declines of about 3-4 years occurred among Black and White women and men. These results are very similar to those obtained from Social Security data. The decline slowed during the 1970s and leveled off during the 1980s and early 1990s. The findings are a valuable addition to the meager knowledge available now about the retirement behavior of women and Blacks. The labor force and the Social Security time series of the average age of retirement are useful, especially in combination, to private and public planners and policymakers.

Black or African American↗