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PubMed2001

Recognition memory in amnesia: effects of relaxing response criteria.

In two experiments, using the remember/know paradigm, we examined whether recognition memory in amnesic patients can be improved by instructing patients to relax their response criterion. Experiment 1 was modeled after a study by Dorfman, Kihlstrom, Cork, and Misiaszek (1995), in which direct instructions to respond more leniently led to an increase in recognition accuracy in patients with ECT-induced amnesia. We failed to extend this finding to patients with global amnesia, but the manipulation was unsuccessful in control subjects as well. In Experiment 2, response criterion was manipulated indirectly by providing information about the alleged base rate of study items on the recognition test. This manipulation led to a criterion shift in control subjects and enhanced discriminability in amnesic patients. Analysis of "remember" and "know" responses suggests that improved accuracy in amnesia was associated with enhanced familiarity-based recognition.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Metamemory, distinctiveness, and event-related potentials in recognition memory for faces.

A neglected topic in metamemory research is the ability of subjects to predict their own recognition performance for faces. We investigated whether subjects can make such judgments of learning (JOL) for unfamiliar faces and whether JOLs relate to facial distinctiveness, a powerful determinant of face recognition. One group of subjects made JOLs, and a second group rated the same faces for distinctiveness; subsequently, both groups tried to recognize these faces among new faces. There was significant prospective metamemory for faces that appeared to be based on facial distinctiveness. Both prospective metamemory and distinctiveness ratings related to long-lasting effects in event-related brain potentials (ERPs), closely resembling an ERP component that predicted face recognition. Therefore, the brain processes underlying JOLs, distinctiveness, and recognition memory for faces appear to be intimately related.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

fMRI evidence of word frequency and strength effects in recognition memory.

We used event-related fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of encoding strength and word frequency effects in recognition memory. At test, participants made Old/New decisions to intermixed low (LF) and high frequency (HF) words that had been presented once or twice at study and to new, unstudied words. The Old/New effect for all hits vs. correctly rejected unstudied words was associated with differential activity in multiple cortical regions, including the anterior medial temporal lobe (MTL), hippocampus, left lateral parietal cortex and anterior left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC). Items repeated at study had superior hit rates (HR) compared to items presented once and were associated with reduced activity in the right anterior MTL. By contrast, other regions that had shown conventional Old/New effects did not demonstrate modulation according to memory strength. A mirror effect for word frequency was demonstrated, with the LF word HR advantage associated with increased activity in the left lateral temporal cortex. However, none of the regions that had demonstrated Old/New item retrieval effects showed modulation according to word frequency. These findings are interpreted as supporting single-process memory models proposing a unitary strength-like memory signal and models attributing the LF word HR advantage to the greater lexico-semantic context-noise associated with HF words due to their being experienced in many pre-experimental contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Age-related differences in familiarity and recollection: ERP evidence from a recognition memory study in children and young adults.

Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined the relative contributions of familiarity and recollection to recognition memory for items and their study contexts in school-aged children and adults. Whereas adults were able to selectively accept target items and to reject familiar nontarget items in an exclusion task, this discrimination was more difficult for children, as was evident in the high false alarm rates to nontargets even when item memory was controlled for. The analysis of the adults' ERPs revealed more flexible and task-appropriate retrieval mechanisms, as was evident in the correlates of familiarity, recollection, and nontarget retrieval, as well as in postretrieval evaluation. In contrast, children's ERPs revealed a parietal old/new effect for targets taken as a putative correlate of recollection. These findings suggest that children rely predominantly on recollection during recognition judgments, even in the absence of efficient memory control processes. The latter processes enable adults to monitor and verify the retrieved information and to control nontarget retrieval in the service of adequate source memory performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

ERPs during continuous recognition memory for words.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 10 young adults during a version of the continuous recognition memory paradigm. Words were presented after lags of either 2, 8 or 32 intervening items (equiprobable) following their first presentation, and subjects were required on each trial to make a choice: new (never presented previously) or old (previously presented) response. To assess the effect of probability of new to old items, words were presented in separate blocks with ratios of new to old of 2:1 and 1:1. Reaction time increased and successful recognition decreased systematically as the lag between first and second presentations of an item increased, supporting the distinction between primary (immediate memory) and secondary memory for verbal material. However, there were no systematic effects of item lag on the ERP components. ERPs to new items were characterized by larger N300 and smaller P300 amplitudes (from about 250 to 700 ms) than those to old items. These amplitude differences between old and new ERPs were interpreted as primarily reflecting repetition as opposed to semantic priming effects. These old/new effects did not interact with probability, suggesting that frequency of occurrence is not a major determinant the ERP old/new difference. Old items elicited a late negativity following the behavioral response that was interpreted as due to the presence of a "positive slow wave," with a frontally oriented distribution to new words that was absent in the ERPs to old words. Similarly, subtraction of ERPs elicited by new items that were subsequently unrecognized from those subsequently recognized, showed that underlying the ERP subsequent "memory effect" was a "frontal positive slow wave," dissociable from P300 on the basis of differences in scalp distribution. Since positive slow wave has been interpreted as reflecting "further processing," the data suggest that such processing, possibly similar to elaboration (Graf & Mandler, 1984), enhanced the probability of subsequent recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive event-related potential components during continuous recognition memory for pictures.

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 28 young adult subjects during a continuous recognition memory paradigm, with pictures as stimuli. Subjects were required to determine on each trial if the picture was "new" (never before presented) or "old" (seen previously). To assess differences between primary and secondary memory, old items were presented after lags of 2, 8, and 32 intervening pictures (equiprobable) following their first presentation. The results suggested that a negativity (Cz maximum) at 300 ms was the most likely candidate for the brain event reflecting the retrieval of the item from memory. Old/new effects were modulated by two types of activity, both of which were larger in the ERPs elicited by new items. The earlier of these, possibly similar to the N400, had a duration from about 250-600 ms, began with the N300 deflection, and lasted until "P300" began to decrement. The other was positive, resembled "positive slow wave," onset as P300 began to decrement, and lasted until the end of the recording epoch. There were no consistent effects of item lag on the behavioral data or on any of the ERP components, suggesting that for pictorial stimuli, the distinction between the two types of memory store, primary (i.e., immediate memory) and secondary (newly learned information), may not be relevant. In consonance with the lack of lag effects, it was suggested that the lack of a robust subsequent memory effect on the ERP waveform could have been due to the use of pictures, which may have required less elaborative processing in order to be encoded at input.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of initial familiarity and source recollection on confidence ratings of recognition memory].

Recent studies have shown the importance of metamemory functions such as confidence ratings in memory performance. However, the question of how people evaluate the accuracy of their own memory remains unresolved. Contrary to the previous studies that indicated the correlation between accuracy and confidence, we examined the influence of subjective source recollection on confidence levels of recognition judgments through two experiments. Participants were first requested to learn two word-lists presented in male and female voices respectively, and to make the yes-no recognition and source judgments--"male", "female" or "don't know". The results showed that participants had higher confidence on recognition judgments when they made source attribution than when they chose "don't know" (Experiment 1), and that participants found the recognition items more familiar when they later made source attribution irrespective of its correctness (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that the high initial familiarity to the recognition items induces the subjective experience of recollection, and that such recollective experience leads to high confidence on recognition memory regardless of the accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Event-related potentials related to recognition memory. Effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy and temporal lobe epilepsy.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a continuous recognition memory task for visually presented words, with a 6 item lag between the first and second presentation of each word. The subjects consisted of: (i) a control group of patients with primary generalized epilepsy; (ii) patients who had undergone either a left or a right anterior temporal lobectomy; (iii) unoperated patients with either left or right unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. In the controls, ERPs to detected 'old' words were reliably more positive-going in the interval 300 to 600 ms post-stimulus than were ERPs to 'new' items. In both left and right lobectomy patients, 'old/new' ERP differences in the same latency range were significantly smaller than in the controls, and did not differ significantly from zero. At midline electrodes, old/new effects in the temporal lobe epilepsy patients were of similar magnitude to those of the controls. In contrast to the control data, the old/new effects in the temporal lobe epilepsy patients were asymmetric, in that they were smaller over the hemisphere ipsilateral to the seizure focus than over the contralateral hemisphere. No relationship was found across subjects between the magnitude of old/new ERP effects and verbal memory performance. In a second task, occasional non-words had to be discriminated against a background of sequentially presented words, some of which were repetitions of the immediately preceding item. ERPs evoked by repeated words were more positive-going than were those to first presentations; this effect was reliable, and of equivalent size, in all patient groups. It is concluded that in the recognition task, old/new ERP effects are dependent on temporal lobe functioning, but that the anterior temporal lobe is not the principal locus of the generators of these effects. The cognitive processes reflected by these effects do not appear to be strongly lateralized to one hemisphere, and neither do they seem to be necessary for normal verbal memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Recognition memory across the adult life span: the role of prior knowledge.

Two experiments were performed to investigate the effects of prior knowledge on recognition memory in young adults, younger old adults, 76-year-olds, and 85-year-olds. In Experiment 1, we examined episodic recognition of dated and contemporary famous persons presented as faces, names, and faces plus names. In Experiment 2, four types of faces were presented for later recognition: dated familiar, contemporary familiar, old unfamiliar, and young unfamiliar. The results of both experiments showed that young adults performed better with contemporary than with dated famous persons, whereas the reverse was true for all groups of older adults. In addition, the data of Experiment 2 indicated that (1) young adults showed better recognition for young than for old unfamiliar faces, (2) younger old adults performed better with old than with young unfamiliar faces, and (3) the two oldest age groups showed no effect of age of face. These results suggest that the ability to utilize rich semantic knowledge to improve episodic memory is preserved in very old age, although the aging process may be associated with deficits in the ability to utilize prior knowledge to support memory when the underlying representation lacks semantic and contextual features. The overall data pattern was discussed in relation to the notion that, with increasing adult age, there is an increase in the level of cognitive support required to enhance episodic remembering.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

(-)-9-Dehydrogalanthaminium bromide, a new cholinesterase inhibitor, enhances place and object recognition memory in young and old rats.

In a previous study, we showed that (-)-9-dehydrogalanthaminium bromide, a synthetic galanthamine derivative, was more potent than galanthamine in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. We studied here the action of this new compound on recognition memory in young and old rats, using a two-trial recognition task designed to test both place and object recognition. (-)-9-dehydrogalanthaminium bromide was injected (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) in young and old rats before the acquisition phase, immediately after it, or before the retrieval phase of the task, in order to determine the stage of information processing affected by the compound. (-)-9-dehydrogalanthaminium bromide improved both place and object recognition in young rats, via an enhancement of acquisition (3 mg/kg: place recognition; 1 and 3 mg/kg: object recognition) and consolidation (1 and 3 mg/kg) information processing. In old rats, (-)-9-dehydrogalanthaminium bromide improved performance by acting on the acquisition processes of place (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) and object (1 and 3 mg/kg) recognition. These results provide information on the profile of activity of (-)-9-dehydrogalanthaminium bromide on memory processes, and suggest that this new compound could have utility in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction occurring in Alzheimer's disease or in the normal course of aging.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Responses of single neurons in the hippocampus of the macaque related to recognition memory.

In order to analyse how hippocampal activity is related to memory, the activity of single hippocampal neurons was recorded while macaques performed a recognition memory task. In the task, the first time a stimulus was shown, no reward could be obtained, and the second time a visual stimulus was shown, the monkeys could lick to obtain fruit juice. Many other stimuli could intervene between the novel and familiar presentations of each stimulus. Of 660 neurons analysed, 15 (2.3%) responded differently to novel and to familiar stimuli, with the majority of these responding more to novel than to familiar stimuli. The latencies of the differential responses of the neurons were typically in the range 140-260 ms. The responses of these neurons reflected whether a visual stimulus had been seen recently, in that the neurons responded differently to novel and familiar presentations of a stimulus when a median of 21 other stimuli intervened between the novel and familiar presentations. The responses of these neurons were shown to be related to whether the stimuli had been seen before, not to the reinforcement or the lick responses made, in that the neurons did not have comparable responses in a visual discrimination task in which licks were made to a rewarding stimulus but not to another stimulus. It is concluded that the activity of a small but significant proportion of hippocampal neurons is related to whether a stimulus has been seen before recently, and that this processing is likely to be involved in memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Environmental context-dependent recognition memory effects: an examination of ICE model and cue-overload hypotheses.

The ICE model account (e.g., Murnane & Phelps, 1993; Murnane, Phelps, & Malmberg, 1999) of environmental context (EC)-dependent recognition memory is described, and new predictions concerning the effect of multiple presentation ECs are derived. Experiment 1 tested the ICE model predictions in relation to predictions derived from the cue-overload hypothesis (e.g., Watkins, 1979). In addition, the sensitivity of recognition reaction time (RT) as a measure of EC-dependent memory effects was examined. Minimal support was obtained for the ICE model, but greater support was provided for the cue-overload hypothesis. In Experiment 2, further manipulations were employed to test ICE model predictions and the cue-overload hypothesis, with relevance to the mental reinstatement and outshining hypotheses. Again support for the cue-overload hypothesis was obtained, and an EC reinstatement effect with RTs was detected. The ICE model is considered in respect of these findings.

Cues↗
PubMed2006

Sex differences in face recognition memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, patients with generalized epilepsy, and healthy controls.

The influence of sex on face recognition memory was studied in 49 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, 20 patients with generalized epilepsy, and 32 healthy controls. After learning 20 faces, serially presented for 5 seconds each, subjects had to recognize the 20 among 40 faces (including 20 new faces) immediately and 24 hours later. Women had better face recognition than men, with no significant differences between groups. Women's advantage was due mainly to superior delayed recognition. Taken together, the results suggest that sex has a similar impact on face recognition in patients with epilepsy and healthy controls, and that testing delayed face recognition raises sensitivity for sex differences. The influence of sex on face recognition in patients with epilepsy should be acknowledged when evaluating individuals or comparing groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of inter-item lag on recognition memory in seizure patients preceding temporal lobe resection: evidence from event-related potentials.

The electrophysiological correlates of word recognition are well characterized. Repeated 'old' words evoke a more positive-going waveform starting at approximately 300 ms compared with first-presented, 'new' words. The old/new effect is thought to be generated, in part, by structures within the medial temporal lobe. In the present study, event-related potentials were recorded during a continuous verbal recognition memory task in unoperated patients with either left (L) or right (R) unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (Epil) and neurologically intact controls. To manipulate the difficulty of the memory task, the lag between the initial and subsequent presentation of the repeated words was varied from one, four to 16 items. In the controls, ERPs to old words were more positive going than new words from approximately 350-650 ms. The old/new effect diminished as the inter-item lag increased. Patient old/new effects showed a later onset (450 ms) and resolution (750 ms) compared with the controls. Furthermore, the late component of the old/new effect was significantly reduced in the L Epil. Although patient behavioral performance did not differ significantly from that of the controls, neuropsychological testing revealed impaired verbal memory function in the L Epil patients. It is concluded that the reduced old/new effect in the L Epil patients provides evidence that medial temporal lobe structures contribute to the scalp-recorded old/new effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Recognition memory for pictures as a function of poststimulus interval: an empirical clarification of existing literature.

Shaffer and Shiffrin (1972) found no effect of the duration of a blank poststimulus interval on recognition memory for visual scenes. The majority of subsequent studies, however, have found a positive relationship between interval duration and recognition accuracy. The present experiments were conducted to clarify these contradictory outcomes. Experiment 1 determined that Shaffer and Shiffrin's results are replicable with the method that they used in which stimulus durations and poststimulus-interval durations vary randomly within the study list. Experiments 2-3 showed that this random intermixing of durations is the critical factor that results in poststimulus interval having no effect. The results were interpreted in terms of a voluntary rehearsal process that is abandoned when there is uncertainty regarding the time of onset and offset of the stimuli.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed2005

Familiarization, attention, and recognition memory in infancy: an event-related potential and cortical source localization study.

This study investigated the effects of familiarization and attention on event-related potential (ERP) correlates of recognition memory in infants. Infants 4.5, 6, or 7.5 months of age were either familiarized with 2 stimuli that were used during later testing or presented 2 stimuli that were not used later. Then, infants were presented with a recording of Sesame Street to elicit attention or inattention and presented with familiar and novel stimuli. A negative ERP component over the frontal and central electrodes (Nc) was larger in the preexposure familiarization group for novel- than for familiar-stimulus presentations, whereas the Nc did not differ for the group not receiving a familiarization exposure. Spatial independent components analysis of the electroencephelogram and "equivalent current dipole" analysis were used to examine putative cortical sources of the ERP components. The cortical source of Nc was located in areas of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.

Arousal↗
PubMed1998

The influence of semantic and perceptual encoding on recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease.

Previous results from a population of patients with Alzheimer's disease (Dalla Barba and Goldblum, 1996) demonstrated that the ability of patients to make a semantic association between two items was significantly and positively correlated to their performance on a yes/no recognition task for the same items and that patients who were impaired on the semantic task did significantly worse on the recognition task than patients who were unimpaired on the semantic task. These findings gave support to a hierarchical model of organization of human memory in which episodic memory depends on the integrity of semantic memory. The present study further investigates the relationship between semantic memory deficits and episodic recognition memory in 15 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 15 controls, as a function of their semantic and perceptual encoding abilities and of their cognitive impairment in other domains. The results confirmed the previous findings and showed that, although patients heavily relied on perceptual analysis, this type of encoding did not enhance their recognition memory. Correlations analyses showed that some patients who were not impaired in the semantic association, but with particularly low scores on a verbal fluency task presented with a pattern, in recognition memory tasks, that suggests a possible early involvement of frontal lobes in this subgroup of patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: the contribution of recollection and familiarity.

Receiver-operating characteristics (ROCs) were examined in three recognition memory experiments. ROCs for item information (i.e., was this word presented?) were found to be curvilinear. However, ROCs for associative information (i.e., were these two words presented together?) were found to be linear. The results are in agreement with the predictions of a dual-process model that assumes that recognition judgments are based on familiarity and recollection. Familiarity reflects the assessment of a continuous strength dimension and is well described as a signal detection process, whereas recollection reflects the retrieval of qualitative information about the study episode and behaves like a discrete threshold process. The results showed that memory judgments about items relied on a combination of recollection and familiarity, but that judgments about associations relied primarily on recollection. Further examination of the associative ROCs suggested that subjects were able to recollect that old pairs of items were in the study list, and, under some conditions, that new pairs were not in the study list.

Adult↗