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The study was undertaken to observe the effect of radish on urinary calcium oxalate excretion. Early morning midstream urine (MSU) samples collected from 36 subjects were analyzed continuously for a period of 14 days for the presence of calcium oxalate crystals. Of these, 21 cases were of renal stone and 15 were normal subjects. The subjects were advised to consume self-selected diet for a week and radish containing diet along with their self-selected diet for consecutive week. The study reveals that radish containing diet caused increased excretion of calcium oxalate compared to the self-selected diet and the crystals count in the urine were significantly higher in both genders. The difference between males and females was found to be insignificant indicating that there is no gender biasness on urinary calcium oxalate excretion. This study is first of its kind as literature search reveals no such study have been carried out earlier.
Trace element concentrations in khat were investigated as they can disturb trace element levels in the body. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels in khat and 6 leafy vegetables commonly consumed in the Republic of Yemen were determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry after wet digestion of the organic matter. Khat had significantly higher concentrations of Cu and Zn than did the leafy vegetables, but similar amounts of Cd and Pb. The average daily intake of khat consumers of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn from khat only was estimated to be 2.0-10.2 microg/day, 23.6-118.0 microg/day, 530-2654 microg/day and 662-3311 microg/day respectively. Although high, these values were within Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization tolerance limits.
When seedlings of radish were treated with Cd2+ from 125 to 500 micromol/L, for a period of 12 to 96 h in hydroponic system, increase in ratio of SOD to CAT and levels of O(-.)(2), H(2)O(2), MDA indicate that Cd2+ induces oxidative stress in radish plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities responded differently to the level and time of Cd2+ treatment. Under 125 micromol/L Cd2+ treatment a gradual increase in SOD activity was observed; at 250, 500 micromol/L Cd2+ treatment SOD activity increased first, then declined considerably to even lower than that of the control during later Cd2+ treatment. A gradual decrease in roots and a marked increase in leaves in CAT activity were detected. GR activity in both leaves and roots were enhanced significantly with the increase in content of Cd2+ and time of treatment. The increase in GR activity suggests that AsA-GsH cycle may be activated to scavenge the AOS or the synthesis of PC may be stimulated to chelate cadmium.
In order to cultivate plants under low pressure in closed environment, the germination rate of seeds of white radish was investigated under low pressure, low oxygen partial pressure and condition of pure oxygen. The result of these experiments showed that the germination rate was affected by the oxygen partial pressure. From this fact, it is possible to lower the total pressure by using only the pure oxygen in germination. Furthermore, the germination rates of seeds of buckwheat and qing-geng-cai were also investigated in pure oxygen for the comparison. Consequently, though tendency in germination rate of white radish was similar to qing-geng-cai, it was different from buckwheat.
By means of bioassay in laboratory and field, this paper studied the allelopathy of 18 kinds of plants in Gansu Province on the seedlings of wheat, cucumber and radish. The results showed that the aqueous extract of the stems and leaves of Artemisia annua, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium had the strongest allelopathy on test receptor plants, and their synthetic inhibitory effect (SE) was 47.66%, 32.89% and 26.63%, respectively. The SE of Xanthium sibiricum, Portulaca oleraca, Cephalanoplos segetum, and Chenopodium album was 21.71%, 20.93%, 20.83% and 20.2%, respectively, while Vicia amoena (SE 3.5%), Setaria viridis (SE 2.2%), and Cymamchum chinense (SE 1.97%) had a weaker allelopathy. Chenopodium ambrosioides (SE - 1.03%), Polygonum caespitosum (SE - 1.63%) and Avena fatua (SE 5.33%) had no evident allelopathy, but Artemisia annua affected the seedling height and fresh weight of radish, cucumber, wheat and maize, with the SE being 54.07%, 38.46%, 33.35% and 20.88%, respectively. Artemisia annua had a 44.70% of SE on wheat growth, and thus, had a certain value to develop and use.
The 3'-terminal part of RNA1 genome segment of Radish mosaic virus (RaMV) including complete RNA polymerase gene was sequenced. The 207 amino acids long polymerase is matured from a polyprotein precursor by cleavage at putative Q/H site by viral protease. The alignment of available amino acid sequences of RNA polymerase genes of comoviruses revealed a closest (55%) identity of RaMV to Red clover mottle virus (RCMV).
Fusarium wilts, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, are important diseases of horticultural and agricultural crops and lead to significant yield losses. The pathogen infects the roots and colonizes the vascular tissue, leading to wilting and finally death of the plant. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of amendment of green compost and a Trichoderma hamatum strain against Fusarium wilt of radish. The substrate effects and the effect of a Trichoderma strain were tested in a potting soil bioassay. The tested composts lowered the disease level and had a positive influence on the plant yield (fresh weight and dry weight). Nothwithstanding, only a small dosis effect of the amendment was observed. In the presence of the tested Trichoderma hamatum strain no significant lower disease level was observed. Furthermore, a minor effect on plant yield (fresh weight and dry weight) was observed compared to the amendment with only green compost. Maybe the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain and the Trichoderma strain competed for nutrients, iron could be a limiting factor. One possible approach to improve biological control may be the application of combinations of biocontrol agents.
The study showed that the adsorbed cadmium in soil could be dissolved in water, and the lower the soil pH, the higher and stronger the dissolving rate and mobility, and the more uptake by crops. The water-soluble, exchangeable and complexed cadmium contents in the contaminated soil were lower when the soil was chemically neutral, with the values being 0.68%, 12.70% and 12.40%, respectively, while the insoluble (granulated) cadmium content was 74.40%. Radish caudex in the contaminated soil could absorb cadmium, and be considered as the hyperaccumulator of soil cadmium.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated nonselective cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. Although homologues of the iGluRs have been identified in higher plants, their roles are largely unknown. In this work we isolated a full-length cDNA clone (RsGluR) encoding a putative glutamate receptor from small radish. An RsGluR: mGFP fusion protein was localized to the plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing the full-length cDNA, glutamate treatment triggered greater Ca2+ influx in the root cells of transgenic seedlings than in those of the wild type. Transgenic plants exhibited multiple morphological changes such as necrosis at their tips and the margins of developing leaves, dwarf stature with multiple secondary inflorescences, and retarded growth, as previously observed in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing AtGluR3.2 [Kim et al. (2001)]. Microarray analysis showed that jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes including defensins and JA-biosynthetic genes were up-regulated. RsGluR overexpression also inhibited growth of a necrotic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea possibly due to up-regulation of the defensins. Based on these results, we suggest that RsGluR is a glutamate-gated Ca2+ channel located in the plasma membrane of higher plants and plays a direct or indirect role in defense against pathogen infection by triggering JA biosynthesis.
The NO3(-)-N dynamics of the soil, soil solution and groundwater were studied under spring wheat and radish multiple-crop system in Hetao Irrigation District over two years. A strong tendency of NO3(-)-N to move from upper layer to deeper layer could be observed and soil NO3(-)-N was increased at the layer of 100 approximately 150cm. NO3(-)-N concentration of soil solution at the depth of 70 and 120 cm was significantly higher than that at the depth of 30 cm, especially in the radish growth season. NO3(-)-N leaching amount was correlated with deep percolation at both different crop growth seasons and different years and it accounted for higher than 30% of total N input across two years. In the fertilizer plot, the concentration of NO3(-)-N in groundwater was far higher than that in the non-fertilizer plot, and 65.5% samples were over the safe standard of WHO (11.3mg/L) in the fertilizer plot. The topsoil NO3(-)-N content was markedly decreased during the two years multiple-crop system. However, NO3(-)-N leaching was inevitable in the near future due to a large amount of residual NO3(-)-N in the middle and deeper soil profiles.
The laboratory test showed that Lycoris radiate water extract had a stronger inhibitory effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of radish, cucumber, tomato and rape. After treated with 0.0125 g x ml(-1) of the extract, tomato seed could not germinate, but the seed germination inhibition rate of rape, radish and cucumber was only 17.73%, 14.97% and 2.65%, respectively. Under the same concentrations of the extract, sprout growth was inhibited more strongly than root growth. L. radiate methanol extract could inhibit the sprout and root growth of endosperm-removed wheat and sorghum, and the effect was stronger for sorghum than for wheat. All of these illustrated that L. radiate extracts mainly inhibited non-photosynthesis activity, but could also inhibit photosynthesis activity to some degree.