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PubMed2006

[Cancer mortality among rubber industry workers in São Paulo, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cancer deaths among rubber industry workers according to company size. METHODS: This historical cohort study included 9,188 male workers, engaged as members of a workers' union in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 1975 and 1985, alive in January 1990 and followed until the end of 2000. Overall and specific cancer deaths were compared within the cohort, with subjects stratified according to company size and economic activity, sector of work, and worker qualification. Risk set assessment and conditional logistic regression were used to estimate relative risks, adjusted for age, time since first job, and duration of employment in the rubber industry. RESULTS: When compared to employees of larger companies, workers employed in small companies showed greater risk of death due to any type of cancer (RR=2.33, 95% CI: 0.90-6.03), stomach tumors (RR=3.47; 95% CI: 2.57-4.67), and upper aero-digestive tract tumors (RR=2.49; 95% CI: 1.78-3.48). Risk of death was greater among workers employed in maintenance (RR=2.23; 95% CI: 0.73-6.76); expedition, storage and transportation (RR=2.97; 95% CI: 0.77-11.38); and production (RR=3.51; 95% CI: 1.07-11.57), when compared to workers engaged in clerical work and support activities. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence for an increased risk of stomach and upper aero-digestive tract tumors--and possibly of all types of cancer--among rubber industry workers employed in small companies when compared to employees of larger companies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Effect of the use of rubber dam versus cotton rolls on marginal adaptation of composite resin fillings to acid-etched enamel.

The effect of the use of rubber dam and the use of cotton rolls on the marginal adaptation of composite resin fillings to acid-etched enamel was investigated in vivo. Each of 35 patients received one hybrid and one microfilled resin filling placed in front teeth under rubber dam and one hybrid and one microfilled resin filling placed with cotton rolls and saliva suction equipment as moisture control. Marginal adaptation was investigated, by means of SEM replica technique, 1 week and 1 year after insertion of the fillings. The similarity in marginal adaptation to the acid-etched margins of fillings made with or without rubber dam indicated that sufficient dryness in the supragingival area can be achieved under the conditions used in the present study. With both moisture control methods the hybrid resin fillings showed statistically significantly better marginal adaptation than the microfilled restorations, both after 1 week and after 1 year. The size and the volume of the marginal defects increased markedly for both filling materials at the 1-year examination compared with the 1-week registrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Surgical rubber gloves impervious to methylmethacrylate monomer.

Conventional surgical rubber gloves are permeable to the methylmethacrylate monomer (MMM) of acrylic bone cement. An in vitro technique was used which proved butyl rubber gloves, 0.48 mm thick, to be impervious to MMM. to avoid sensitization, butyl rubber gloves may be recommended to persons who are in contact with MMM. Such gloves should be worn by persons with known contact sensitization to MMM.

Bone Cements↗
PubMed2001

[Residual chemicals in natural rubber products for food contact use].

The residues of additives and other chemicals were investigated by GC/MS in natural rubber products for food contact, which included nipples, packing, gloves and a net for ham. The packings and gloves contained 980-6,570 micrograms/g of vulcanization accelerators, such as zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (EZ), zinc di-n-buthyldithiocarbamate (BZ) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Some samples contained BHT, Irganox 1076 and Yoshinox 2246R as antioxidants; dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as plasticizers; and palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitamide, stearamide and hydrocarbons as lubricants. Two unknown peaks were identified as stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, and others were estimated to be fucosterol, oryzanol and alpha-sitosterol. These sterols are widely distributed in plants, so their origin was presumed to be the rubber plants. The sterols were detected at a level of 340-2,940 micrograms/g in all natural rubber samples. A migration test was carried out for some samples. No chemicals were released into water, 4% acetic acid or 20% ethanol at 60 degrees C for 30 min, though BHT, Yoshinox 2246R, EZ, BZ and sterols were released into n-heptane at 25 degrees C for 60 min.

Antioxidants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rubber industry epidemiology.

Well-done epidemiologic studies are essential to assess a possible relationship between occupational exposures and health effects from these exposures. Rubber industry workers are potentially exposed to several carcinogens, including aromatic amines, nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, solvents, and asbestos. Occupational exposures also may contribute to accelerated cardiovascular disease, pulmonary function abnormalities, hypertension, deterioration of intellectual and psychomotor function, nervous system dysfunction, and chromosomal abnormalities. This chapter summarizes several epidemiologic studies involving rubber industry workers, separating the studies by disease categories. Many of the studies investigated the industry's overall mortality; others looked at only one specific health effect. This chapter does not attempt to account for the different and often conflicting results seen among these investigations. However, it is important that the reader realize that such differences do exist. They emphasize the need for more epidemiologic studies looking at health effects of occupational exposures in the rubber industry.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2000

[Beneficial effect of eyelid make-up (natural rubber latex) to induce a new fold in the treatment of blepharoptosis in myotonic dystrophy].

Blepharoptosis is one of the troublesome ocular complications of myotonic dystrophy. To correct drooping eyelids for two men with myotonic dystrophy, we used Eye Putti, a cosmetic made of natural rubber latex, which induces a new fold in the upper eyelid. The cosmetic rubber latex dramatically improved the sight of a 59-year-old patient who previously had a great difficulty in looking forward and had to bend his head backward to see an object because of severe blepharoptosis. The other patient aged 54 with moderate ptosis also had satisfactory improvement. Appropriate use did not prevent eye blinking and induce corneal erosion or skin rash. The cosmetic rubber latex was effective to patients who had no residual function of the levator palpebrae and frontal muscles. This daily treatment is simple and safe, therefore may have an advantage over surgical correction of blepharoptosis for patients not only with myotonic dystrophy, but with other neuromuscular disorders including oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMed1998

Scientific rationale and cost effectiveness of routine use of rubber dam in clinical practice.

The rubber dam was first developed and put to use in the 19th century by S.C. Barnum. Since then, the use of the rubber dam in dentistry has become mandatory especially during root canal treatment. Various irrigation solutions which are used during root canal treatment have toxic effects on the soft tissues around the teeth. This can be prevented or minimized when rubber dam is put to use. Similarly for esthetic dentistry, optimum results are obtained if the working area is protected from contamination by saliva.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1959

The regulation of flow through residual spray nozzles. 2. Flow control orifices in soft rubber discs.

A sharp-edged orifice in a disc of rubber with a durometer tolerance of 35 to 40, properly mounted near the nozzle tip, is capable of regulating the discharge from a compression sprayer with an accuracy at least comparable to that of mechanical pressure regulator valves. The orifice can act as a flow control device under varying hydraulic pressures because of reduction of the diameter and change of the shape of the orifice under the fluid pressure on the upstream face of the disc. This is possible since, to maintain a constant rate of discharge, the diameter of the orifice need only be changed inversely as the fourth root of the pressure and the square root of the coefficient of discharge. Erosion of the orifice and "set" of the rubber, two potential causes of inaccurate flow, tend to cancel each other out.The device is best used in combination with an 8003 nozzle tip. The rubber discs can be produced commercially at a reasonable cost. Field trials of the combination are recommended.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed2004

Distribution of molar mass and branching index of natural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis trees of different age by size exclusion chromatography coupled with online viscometry.

Natural rubber from hevea brasiliensis trees (Thailand, RRIM 600 clone) of different age (8, 20, and 35 years) were characterized by size exclusion chromatography coupled with online viscometry according to their distribution of molar mass and branching index at a temperature of 70 degrees C using cyclohexane as solvent. Washing with an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate and subsequent saponification purified the natural rubber samples. With this procedure physical branching points caused by phospholipids, proteins and hydrophobic terminal units, mainly fatty acids, of the natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) molecule, could be removed leading to completely soluble polymer samples. All samples investigated possess a very broad (10 to 50,000 kg/mol) and distinct bimodal molar mass distribution. With increasing age the peak area in the low molar mass region decreases favoring the peak area in the high molar mass region. By plotting the branching index as a function of the both, the molar mass and the age of the trees.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

[The spectral study of the surface modified medical rubber].

In this article ,the drug-resistance of two kinds of medical rubber whose surfaces have been modified were investigated by ATR-FTIR and XPS. The experimental results show that the compositions of the two samples'surface and body are different. The surface is fluorinated rubber although the body is butyl rubber. The ratio of fluorine to carbon atom in sample Ii -1 is higher than that in sample I -1. The principal join between F and C is the form--CF2--in sample II -1,but in sample I -1 it is the form--CF2-- and--CHF--. The change for F/C of the different depth in sample II- 1 was relatively less than that in sample I -1 when they were etched by argon ion bundle in the same conditions.

Drug Packaging↗
PubMed2005

[The rubber dam in dental practice: use and practical advice].

Use of rubber dam offers many advantages in endodontic, operative and prosthetic procedures. Rubber dam protects the patient against ingestion or inhalation of instruments or chemical products, the cavity against contamination and the dental practitioner against infections. This article gives technical advice for the easy application of rubber dam.

Dental Instruments↗
PubMed1992

Iatrogenic exfoliation of a tooth following abuse of a rubber dam: a case report.

This report presents a case in which tooth exfoliation followed rubber dam abuse. A 40-year-old patient was referred to the prosthodontic clinic with complaints of mobility and discomfort in tooth 44, which had received an amalgam restoration. While this tooth was scaled, a piece of rubber dam appeared in the buccal sulcus. Removal of the rubber piece was followed by thorough scaling and tooth splinting. Tooth deterioration continued, and concern for the adjacent teeth necessitated extraction of tooth 44. To avoid such undesirable consequences, the integrity of the dam should be verified on its removal.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The hygienic assessment of D-51A rubber and the conditions for its practical use in household drinking water supply].

Rubber D-51A under examination, treated by thiuram, following long-time contact with drinking water (static conditions of the experiment) discharges thiuram into it, which significantly worsens the water quality. Drinking of this water by animals leads to functional disturbances in their organisms. Short-time contact of rubber D-51A with drinking water does not cause deterioration of its quality. Therefore rubber D-51A can be recommended to be used as pump gaskets.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Type I hypersensitivity to rubber.

Seven patients with type I hypersensitivity reactions to rubber are reported. Radioallergosorbent testing with crude latex antigen was positive in 6/7 patients. Five patients had coexisting spina bifida, and all had undergone surgery before the development of rubber allergy. Rubber allergy is a new phenomenon that should be in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis and urticaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Rubber dermatitis. Clinical forms.

The incidence of rubber sensitization is difficult to evaluate, as the statistics are not standardized. Rubber gloves are considered to be the main source, but other objects are also of importance. Sensitizations are usually multiple, with the patient reactive with two or more rubber allergens. These allergens produce a great variety of clinical pictures, which are described in detail with the possible allergens implicated.

Clothing↗
PubMed1989

Rubber dam usage among practicing dentists.

This study reports on a survey administered to graduates of the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine concerning usage of and attitudes toward the rubber dam. Differences in both reported usage and attitudes were found between graduates who had received minimal rubber dam training and those who had received more intensive training. Those with graduate training reported more frequent use of the dam than those with no graduate training; however, overall reported usage of the rubber dam was quite low. Comments provided by some respondents suggest that in the educational process a greater emphasis should be put on the reasons for using the dam rather than placement technique.

Dentistry, Operative↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination.

A study was made to ascertain the efficacy of rubber dam isolation in controlling atmospheric bacterial contamination, when conservative pedodontic procedures are performed. There was a highly significant (p less than 0.001) reduction in bacterial contamination of the atmosphere, perioperatively, when rubber dam isolation was used. As the reduction in bacterial aerosols was greatest at 1 m from the headrest, the use of rubber dam would minimize significantly the inhalation of infective aerosols by dental personnel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Contact urticaria from rubber gloves: a detailed description of four cases.

Four cases of contact urticaria from rubber gloves are presented in detail. Three of the four patients, including two atopics had present or previous hand dermatitis. The causative gloves were made of natural rubber. Interestingly, one patient also reacted to her synthetic nitrile rubber gloves which the distributor had sold her as plastic gloves, and explanation for this case is discussed. Contact urticaria should be taken into consideration when there is recalcitrant hand dermatitis in spite of regular use of polymeric protective gloves. Manufacturers should give more accurate and reliable information on the composition of the glove materials to distributors and consumers.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗