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PubMed1985

Double-staining techniques allows electrophysiological identification of monoamine-containing neurons.

Electrophysiological recording provides important evidence for positive identification of many neurons in gastropods. We describe a technique which combines intracellular recording and injection of a persistent, non-fluorescent dye (Fast Green) with subsequent histofluorescence treatment using a modification of the wholemount glyoxylic acid procedure developed by Barber (1983) to establish the presence or absence of monoamine transmitters in positively identified single gastropod neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

A trend analysis of the relative value of blue dye and isotope localization in 2,000 consecutive cases of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Among the advocates of blue dye, isotope, or combined dye-isotope mapping of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) for breast cancer, there is no universal consensus as to which technique is optimal and whether the relative value of each method changes with increasing experience. The objective of this study was to examine the relative contributions of blue dye and radioisotope to successful identification of the SLN as the SLN-mapping technique evolved over our first 2,000 consecutive cases. STUDY DESIGN: Using the first 2,000 consecutive SLN biopsy procedures for breast cancer, performed by eight surgeons (none previously experienced in SLN techniques) at one institution, using a combined technique of blue dye and isotope mapping, we report the institutional learning curve and the relative contributions of dye and isotope to identifying both the SLN and the positive SLN, by increments of 500 cases. RESULTS: Comparing the first 500 with the most recent 500 cases, success in identifying the SLN by blue dye did not improve with experience, although success in isotope localization steadily increased, from 86% to 94% (p < 0.00005). With the increasing success of isotope mapping, the marginal benefit of blue dye (the proportion of cases in which the SLN was identified by blue dye alone) steadily declined, from 9% to 3% (p = 0.0001). Parallel to this trend, the proportion of positive SLNs identified by blue dye did not change with experience (89% to 90%), but isotope success steadily increased, from 88% to 98% (p = 0.0015). The proportion of positive SLNs identified by blue dye alone declined from 12% to 2% (p = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS: Using a combined technique of blue dye and radioisotope mapping, and with refinement of the radioisotope technique, we report 97% success identifying the SLN. Although we continue to recommend the use of both methods in SLN mapping for breast cancer, we observe with experience a declining marginal benefit for blue dye.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2003

Intraoperative mapping of renal lymphatic drainage: technique and application in a porcine model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of lymphadenectomy in renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) is controversial. Proponents argue that lymphadenectomy improves survival, whereas opponents challenge the procedure on the basis of its morbidity and the variable lymphatic drainage of the kidney. Intraoperative gamma probes have been used to guide resection of radiolabeled sentinel nodes in cancers of the breast, penis, and head and neck and in melanoma. Our goal in applying this technique to RCC is to improve detection and to limit sampling of lymph nodes during lymphadenectomy. This preliminary study in a porcine model evaluated the feasibility and transit time of radiolabeled tracer injected into the kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected on four 40-kg Yorkshire pigs. The right kidney was exposed through a flank incision. Using both blue dye and technetium-99m, mapping and resection of the sentinel lymph nodes was performed with the assistance of an intraoperative gamma probe (Neoprobe). Remote cervical lymph nodes were utilized as controls. Vascular counts along the carotid vessels were obtained to confirm that the radioisotope was not being dispersed systemically. RESULTS: Within 10 minutes of renal injection of the tracer, excised sentinel lymph nodes demonstrated significant radioactive counts compared with controls. Vascular counts confirmed that radioisotope tracer did not enter the venous circulation. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node sampling using a gamma probe and blue dye appears to be feasible in the porcine kidney. Further studies using this technique in humans will evaluate the impact of selective lymphadenectomy on survival in RCC.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The use of intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Selective lymphadenectomy or "sentinel node" biopsy has been introduced recently by Morton and colleagues (Arch Surg 1992;127:392-9) to stage patients with intermediate and thick malignant melanomas. It has proven to be an effective way to identify nodal basins at risk for metastasis without the morbidity of a complete lymph node dissection. The majority of biopsies can be performed under local anesthesia with small incisions, but technical difficulties occasionally result in unsuccessful explorations. Identification of the sentinel node can be enhanced by a intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy, a technique introduced Alex and Krag (Surg Oncol 1993;137-43) that uses radiolabeled sulfur colloid and a hand-held gamma probe. OBJECTIVE: We used intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy in conjunction with 1% lymphazurin blue dye to define the sentinel node(s) in 148 patients with greater than 0.76 mm in thickness or Clark level IV melanomas. Sentinel lymph nodes were isolated, harvested, and examined using conventional histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for S-100 and HMB-45 antibodies. RESULTS: The overall success rate of sentinel lymph node localization was 97% using a combination of the two techniques. Twenty-one (14%) patients had micrometastasis, and 17 of these subsequently underwent complete lymph node dissection. A total of 220 of 275 (80%) sentinel nodes harvested were radioactive or "hot" compared with 165 of 275 (60%) with the blue dye alone. Four of the patients with micrometastasis had sentinel nodes positive by gamma probe, but negative by blue dye mapping techniques. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy using a hand-held gamma detecting probe improves the identification of sentinel lymph nodes during selective lymphadenectomy. This may reduce the number of "unsuccessful explorations" using the vital blue dye technique for lymphatic mapping, and appeal to a greater variety of surgeons, including dermatologic surgeons.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1993

Differential diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus by alphazurine A dye.

Staphylococcal bacterial suspensions were streaked on Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood culture plates. Paper discs containing alphazurine A, a triphenylmethane dye, were placed on the inoculated plates which were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. A wide zone of inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus was present around the paper discs. Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not inhibited.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1993

Protease activity and autodigestion (autolysis) assays using Coomassie blue dye binding.

A new proteolytic assay is described involving Coomassie blue. Under specified conditions, the amount of Coomassie-stained casein protein hydrolyzed by several proteases was proportional to the amount of protease. Coomassie dye reaction was used directly to determine the change in protein concentration of the substrate casein during proteolysis by three proteases: stem bromelain, papain, and trypsin. This method can be used with 0.1- to 0.5-micrograms quantities of protease. The dye reagent was used directly on the protease protein in order to obtain an assay of autodigestion. Autodigestion of bromelain at 50 and 25 degrees C was followed by measuring the amount of residual protease protein with time.

Autolysis↗

PubMed1985

A simple microplate assay for the determination of cellular protein.

In assays of leukocyte function it is desirable to correlate a specific measurement, e.g., the release of enzymes, the production of metabolites or the secretion of cytokines with the amount of cellular material. Many authors use either the protein or the DNA content of the cells as a reference. Specific measurements of cellular activity are often expressed as a ratio of activity/protein or activity/DNA. This communication describes a dye-binding assay which allows the determination of total protein of the same cell sample which was first used for the quantitation of a specific cellular function. The microplate assay described is an adaptation of the Coomassie blue dye-binding assay without the need of a separate step to lyse the cells. The test is useful for both adherent and non-adherent cells and has a detection limit of less than 500 ng BSA or 5000 leukocytes.

Cell Line↗

PubMed2002

A comparison of methylene blue and lymphazurin in breast cancer sentinel node mapping.

BACKGROUND: When lymphazurin became unavailable to our institution, we elected to employ methylene blue to perform sentinel node mapping for patients with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare methylene blue and lymphazurin for performing sentinel node mapping for breast cancer. METHODS: We evaluated our sentinel node mapping experience from April 1, 2001 to March 31, 2002. Patients were divided into two groups based on the dye used for lymphatic mapping. The two groups were compared to evaluate the results of the sentinel node mapping procedure. RESULTS: During the study period a total of 199 patients were evaluated with sentinel node mapping, 87 with lymphazurin and 112 with methylene blue. The two groups were similar in demonstrating the success of the sentinel node procedure, nodes identified per case, and technique used for node identification (colloid or dye, or both). CONCLUSIONS: In our initial experience, methylene blue appears to be equivalent to lymphazurin for sentinel node mapping in breast cancer.

Axilla↗

PubMed1999

Caries detector dyes--an in vitro assessment of some new compounds.

Previous studies have shown that the caries detector dyes, basic fuchsin and acid red, lack specificity. Accordingly, their clinical use can lead to the unnecessary removal of sound tissue. In the present study, the specificity of three further dyes, Carbolan Green, Coomassie Blue and Lissamine Blue was studied. Carious dentine was removed in vitro by means of rotary instruments until the cavities were deemed caries free by conventional clinical criteria. Experimental dyes were applied to the cavity floors, all of which became stained. Stained dentine was removed from half the cavity by means of a burr, the other half remaining as a control. Further stain was then applied and the procedure repeated until no further reduction of the staining of the cavity floor could be achieved. Light microscopy of ground sections of experimental teeth showed that sound tissue had been removed unnecessarily from the experimental half of the cavity due to the lack of specificity of these dyes. This lack of specificity of staining was similar to basic fuchsin and acid red. Only Carbolan Green showed possible differential staining between control and experimental sites, but this was not caries specific. If a clinically useful dye is to be developed, it would need to specifically stain either bacteria in infected dentine and/or the carious degradation products of dentine matrix.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed2006

Effect of fast green dye on some biophysical properties of thymocytes and splenocytes of albino mice.

Although fast green (FG) is widely used as food colorant by the cosmetics and drug industries, there is no evidence about whether FG affects leukocytes. The aim was to investigate the effect of FG on leukocytes. Male albino mice were subdivided into five equal groups: four of them were given 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) FG in drinking water for 44 days. The fifth (control group) was given pure water only. During the experimental period changes in body weight, lymphoid organs weight (absolute and relative) as well as the total count and viability of lymphoid cells for the treated groups showed that FG was an immunotoxic agent. The structural effects induced by FG on thymocytes and splenocytes were investigated through measurements of their dielectric spectra in the frequency range 20-100,000 Hz. The estimated dielectric parameters of the treated groups reflected the changes occurring to lymphocytes by FG administration and indicated that FG dye is an immunotoxic agent. It is shown that the dielectric methodology can be used for the identification of lymphocyte modification induced by food colorants.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Problems of detection and biopsy examination of sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanomas and in breast carcinoma].

BACKGROUND: Detection of SLN in some types of malignant tumors is important for the developing of a therapeutic strategy, determining the stage and predicting prognosis. It is possible to avoid removal of whole groups of lymph nodes. We have three detection methods--lymphoscintigraphy, blue dye and gamma probe. The aim of this study was to compare these methods in breast cancer and malignant melanoma patients, to compare three radiopharmaceuticals, to assess the detection of non-axillary SLN in breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: SLN were examined in 214 melanoma patients (94 men, average age 58.4 yrs; 120 women, average age 52.6 yrs), in 147 breast cancer patients (145 women and 2 men, average age 59.3 yrs). We used combination of lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative blue dye and gamma probe. Lymphoscintigraphy was done with three radiopharmaceuticals--Nanocis, Senti-Scint and Nanocoll. SLN were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical examination. The best success rate of detection of SLN was by means of lymphoscintigraphy and the lowest by blue dye. The differences among the three radiopharmaceuticals were not large, however, in average Nanocoll detected more SLNs in malignant melanoma patients. In the breast cancer patients the false-negative rate of SLN was 5.17%, sensitivity 94.83%, negative predictive value 96.7%, accuracy 98%, positive predictive value 100%, specificity 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Parallel use of scintigraphy. gamma probe, and blue dye is the highly effective and indispensable for the SLN detection. In breast cancer patients it is advisable to take biopsy samples from the displayed non-axillary SLNs for improving the effects of the method.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1998

Lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraoperative lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye and sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately demonstrates the pathway of regional metastases from mucosal sites in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. DESIGN: A prospective clinical study of intraoperative lymphatic mapping. SETTING: An academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck whose surgical treatment included neck dissection. INTERVENTION: Injection of isosulfan blue dye into the mucosa surrounding squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract during cervical lymphadenectomy. OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation of the pathologic findings in the blue sentinel lymph node with those in the remaining cervical lymphatics. RESULTS: No blue-stained cervical lymphatics were identified after injection of the mucosa surrounding the primary squamous cell carcinoma with isosulfan dye. CONCLUSION: The technique of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with isosulfan blue dye requires further study before it can be used for the detection of occult cervical metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of blue dye and probe-assisted intraoperative lymphatic mapping in melanoma to identify sentinel nodes in 100 lymphatic basins.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether combining isosulfan blue dye with a radiopharmaceutical agent will increase intraoperative detection of sentinel nodes (SNs) in patients with early-stage melanoma. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: Clinical trial with a consecutive sample. Eighty-seven patients with clinical stage I melanoma underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with 1 of 3 radiopharmaceutical agents to identify the lymphatic basin and the site of the SN. All patients subsequently underwent intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective lymph node dissection (SLND) with isosulfan blue dye and a radiopharmaceutical agent. A handheld gamma probe determined the radioactive counts over the draining lymph node basins and individual blue-stained lymph nodes before (in vivo) and after (ex vivo) their removal. An irrelevant body site was used as the denominator of a count ratio by which absolute counts were standardized for comparison. Completion lymphadenectomy was undertaken in patients whose SLND specimen had histopathologic evidence of tumor cells. SETTING: Tertiary care cancer center. INTERVENTION: Lymph node sampling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Accuracy of SN detection by blue dye and radiopharmaceutical techniques. RESULTS: Preoperative lymphoscintigraphic images identified 100 lymph node basins and 135 lymph nodes in 87 patients. All 3 radiopharmaceutical agents were equally effective in imaging the SN before surgery. During SLND, we identified and removed 136 blue-stained and radioactive (hot) SNs and 8 additional non-blue-stained hot nodes from 98 basins (98.0%). Of the 144 excised lymph nodes, 132 nodes (91.7%) from 83 basins had either an in vivo- or an ex vivo-background count ratio of 2:1 or more and 125 nodes (86.8%) from 77 basins had a count ratio of 3:1 or more. Twelve blue-stained SNs had count ratios of less than 2:1. Seventeen SNs (11.8%) from 15 basins contained metastases: 16 were identified with blue dye and probe and 1 was identified with blue dye alone. Four (1.1%) of 377 non-SNs excised during completion lymphadenectomy contained metastases. There have been no lymph node recurrences during mean follow-up of 16.3 months (range, 7-42 months). CONCLUSIONS: The blue dye technique remains the criterion standard for SLND in melanoma. The addition of a radiopharmaceutical tracer serves as a useful adjunct to the visualization of blue-stained SNs.

Female↗

PubMed2006

RETRACTED: Investigation on photocatalytic degradation of ethyl violet dyestuff using visible light in the presence of ordinary rutile TiO2 catalyst doped with upconversion luminescence agent.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. After careful investigations the editors have found that information in the paper is not reliable. Figure 4 appears similar to Figure 2 from another publication of the same authors in Dyes and Pigments 75 (2007) 335-343 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.06.007 which it is not describing the particles discussed in this Water Research paper. Although this article was published earlier than the Dyes and Pigments article, the Editor decided to retract this article given concerns about the reliability of the data.

Catalysis↗

PubMed1982

Staining method for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) and its mechanism.

HBs Ag in the hepatocytes has been stained by the orcein method. As degenerative and necrotic cytoplasms of hepatocytes are occasionally stained also by this method, it is difficult to identify HBs Ag. The orcein dye has different staining properties from lot to lot, causing difficulty in obtaining stable results. Therefore, the author tried to modify the orcein method and found that the procedure using a sensitizer (ferric ammonium sulfate or uranium nitrate) after oxidizing the solution gave stable and satisfactory results. By this method, in the hepatocytes, only HBs Ag is stained positively. The mechanism of function of the sensitizer is not clear, but it is considered that ferric or uranium ions occupy small gaps in the protein molecular structure in the cells before orcein molecules occupy these gaps and that the method does not give any false positive result. It is also suggested that various HBs Ag staining dyes can react with sulfonic acid residue groups which are formed by the oxidization of disulfide group of proteins. Another new staining method for HBs Ag using resorcin fuchsin has been developed. The results of this method were also discussed.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens↗

PubMed2004

Experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy for eyelid and conjunctival malignancies at a cancer center.

PURPOSE: To describe one center's experience with sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with eyelid and conjunctival malignancies performed with a smaller volume of technetium than was initially used and a small incision directly overlying the sentinel node(s). METHODS: A noncomparative interventional case series of 13 patients with clinically negative regional lymph nodes who underwent SLN biopsy for eyelid or conjunctival malignancies at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between May 2002 and July 2003. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed with an injection of 0.3 mCi of technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid in a volume of 0.2 mL. Images were taken as soon as the first SLN was detected through the gamma camera. Intraoperative mapping was performed with the same volume and concentration of technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid along with an injection of isosulfan blue dye. RESULTS: Five patients had conjunctival melanoma, 6 had sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid, and 2 had eyelid melanoma. SLN(s) were identified in all patients. In 12 patients, more than 1 SLN was identified. During surgery, no SLNs were blue. One patient with conjunctival melanoma had an SLN that was positive on histologic examination. There were no ocular or extraocular complications from the procedure except for mild temporary weakness of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve in 2 patients that resolved completely within 4 to 6 weeks and without any further intervention. None of the patients had permanent blue tattooing of the conjunctival surface or eyelid skin. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that lymphoscintigraphy and SLN biopsy with a small volume of technetium Tc-99m sulfur colloid and small incisions, even without the use of the blue dye, can identify SLNs in patients with conjunctival and eyelid malignancies, and can be performed safely.

Adenocarcinoma, Sebaceous↗

PubMed2005

Sentinel node biopsy: concepts and current status.

One of the major routes for spread of cancer is via lymphatic vessels to local lymph nodes. For this reason, local lymph nodes are removed to prevent further spread of tumors. Over the years, surgery has evolved from therapeutic lymphadenectomy for involved nodes to elective lymphadenectomy when the risk of harboring metastasis was high. Two major problems encountered with such an approach included the morbidity of the procedure and a high proportion of nodes being negative on pathologic examination. For these reasons, a new approach has been developed -- Sentinel node biopsy (SNB). SNB is an in vivo assessment of the nodal involvement in early disease. During surgery, the sentinel node is identified by the injection of a blue dye, a radio-colloid substance or both which has been show to have fewer false negatives. This procedure is now standardized during surgery of breast carcinoma or melanoma. However, its use in other types of tumors is still considered investigational at present.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Chemical structures and staining mechanisms of Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and related elastic fiber stains.

Chemical properties of Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin, orcinol-new fuchsin, Sheridan's crystal violet and their resorcinol-free analogues were investigated using reverse-phase and gel filtration chromatography, electrophoresis, and visible light spectroscopy. Their staining properties were also studied. It was concluded that 1) the staining components of Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin, orcinol-new fuchsin and their resorcinol-free analogues are all indamine oligomers, 2) resorcinol is required for the production of Sheridan's crystal violet, the staining components of which consist of crystal violet substituted by varying numbers of resorcinyl substituents, 3) the staining components of all preparations are cationic (i.e., basic) dyes, 4) iron is present in staining solutions as the tetrachloroferrate anion (FeCl4-) and not as Fe or as a dye-chelate, and 5) since even the smallest Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin, orcinol-new fuchsin or Sheridan's crystal violet component has a conjugated bond number of 32, the observed staining of elastic fibers is only as expected.

Animals↗