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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of an ankle orthosis and ankle ligament anesthesia on ankle joint proprioception.

The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of a rigid ankle orthosis (Aircast Air-Stirrup) and lateral ankle ligament anesthesia on ankle joint proprioception. Twelve noninjured subjects attempted to match nine reference ankle joint positions with their eyes closed before and after application of the ankle brace and before and after one or two of the lateral ankle ligaments (anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular) were anesthetized. Three-dimensional ankle joint orientations were recorded with a Motion Analysis system. No significant differences in the constant, variable, or absolute error were seen between subjects in the non-anesthetized and anesthetized conditions (P > 0.05), regardless of whether one or two ligaments were anesthetized. Thus, it appears that ligament mechanoreceptors contributed little to ankle joint proprioception, and that the afferent feedback from skin, muscle, and other joint receptors was adequate for the positioning task of the present study. Both the variable and absolute error in matching the reference positions were significantly less with the orthosis than without (P < 0.05). Application of an orthosis may increase the afferent feedback from cutaneous receptors in the foot and shank, which may in turn lead to an improved ankle joint position sense.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proprioception in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient and reconstructed knees.

Proprioceptive function of the knee was quantified and compared in three groups of patients: those with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency, with hamstring tendons-ligament augmentation device anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, and with bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. A total of 32 subjects, including 6 uninjured control subjects, were tested for threshold to perception of passive motion of the knee. All other sensory input was neutralized and testing occurred in the 30 degrees to 40 degrees range of knee flexion. The noninvolved contralateral knee served as a control for each subject. Each leg was moved at 0.5 deg/sec into flexion or extension in a random sequence. The variables of age, KT-1000 arthrometer scores, injury-to-surgery interval, injury-to-followup interval, and patient satisfaction were statistically analyzed for correlation with threshold to perception of passive motion of the knee. Control subjects showed no statistically significant differences in threshold between their two knees. The three test groups all showed significantly higher values in the involved knee compared with the noninvolved knee (P < 0.01). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups, including controls, with respect to mean threshold to perception of passive motion. According to these results, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction did not improve proprioception in the patients in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of joint position and direction of joint motion on proprioceptive sensibility in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes.

We studied a group of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes to identify whether joint position and direction of joint motion have a significant effect on proprioception. Twenty-nine anterior cruciate ligament-deficient athletes were tested for their threshold to detect passive motion at both 15 degrees and 45 degrees moving into the directions of both flexion and extension. The single-legged hop test was used to identify function in the deficient limb. Results demonstrated statistically significant deficits in threshold to detect passive motion for the deficient limb at 15 degrees moving into extension. For the deficient limb, threshold to detect passive motion was significantly more sensitive moving into extension than flexion at a starting angle of 15 degrees; at a starting angle of 15 degrees moving into extension threshold was significantly more sensitive than at a starting angle of 45 degrees moving into extension. We conclude that in deficient limbs proprioception is significantly more sensitive in the end ranges of knee extension (15 degrees) and is significantly more sensitive moving into the direction of extension. To effectively restore reflex stabilization of the lower limb we recommend a rehabilitation program emphasizing performance-based, weightbearing, closed kinetic chain exercise for the muscle groups that act on the knee joint.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Delayed early proprioceptive information processing in schizophrenia.

It was first suggested that disordered proprioception was a core feature of schizophrenia by Sandor Rado in 1953. Using a recently designed proprioceptive event-related potential paradigm based on a change of load, we studied 12 unmedicated male out-patients with schizophrenia and 24 controls. In the patients, the early contralateral parietal activity was delayed and later central activity had increased amplitude, but gating was unaffected. The results could be understood within the "deficiency of corollary discharge" model of schizophrenia but not within the "filtering" theory. Further studies, including psychiatric controls, are necessary to verify the specificity of the abnormality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Spatially oriented movements in the absence of proprioception.

Four patients, each with a cerebrovascular accident in a different arterial supply, had unilaterally impaired somatosensory function that included eficits in the perception of touch and proprioception. In spite of central nervous system lesions and absent proprioception, all patients accurately performed spatially oriented movements with the deafferented hand. These observations suggest that execution of certain motor programs can proceed effectively without peripheral feedback.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Limb proprioceptive deficits without neuronal loss in transgenic mice overexpressing neurotrophin-3 in the developing nervous system.

The role of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) during sensory neuron development was investigated in transgenic mice overexpressing NT3 under the control of the promoter and enhancer regions of the nestin gene, an intermediate filament gene widely expressed in the developing nervous system. Most of these mice died during the first postnatal day, and all showed severe limb ataxia suggestive of limb proprioceptive dysfunction. Tracing and histological analyses revealed a complete loss of spindles in limb muscles, absence of peripheral and central Ia projections, and lack of cells immunoreactive to parvalbumin in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Despite these deficits, there was no neuronal loss in the DRG of these mice. At birth, transgenic DRG showed increased neuron numbers, and displayed a normal proportion of neurons expressing substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and the NT3 receptor trkC. Transgenic dorsal roots exhibited an increased number of axons at birth, indicating that all sensory neurons in transgenic mice projected to the dorsal spinal cord. Despite the absence of central Ia afferents reaching motorneurons, several sensory fibers were seen projecting towards ectopic high levels of NT3 in the midline of transgenic spinal cords. These findings suggest novel roles for NT3 in differentiation of proprioceptive neurons, target invasion and formation of Ia projections which are independent from its effects on neuronal survival.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Proprioceptive motor control in fish respiration.

The response of single respiratory neurones in the medulla oblongata of carp to short twitches of individual respiratory muscles were analysed. The muscle contractions were obtained through automatic electrical stimulation and could be consistently elicited in a predetermined phase relation to the ventilatory cycle. The results show that, apart from nerve cells which take part in long-term processing of proprioceptive information from several sources, neurones also exist which possess the properties of elements of a peripheral proprioceptive control loop such as tension receptor neurones, length or stretch receptor neurones and motor neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Joint proprioception in normal, osteoarthritic and replaced knees.

We measured joint position sense in the knee by a new method which tests the proprioceptive contribution of the joint capsule and ligaments. The leg was supported on a splint, and held in several positions of flexion. The subjects' perception of the position was recorded on a visual analogue model and compared with the actual angle of flexion. Eighty-one normal and 45 osteoarthritic knees were examined, as were 10 knees with semi-constrained and 11 with hinged joint replacements. All were assessed with and without an elastic bandage around the knee. There was a steady decline in joint position sense with age in subjects with normal knees. Those with osteoarthritic knees had impaired joint position sense at all ages (p less than 0.001). Knee replacement improved the joint position sense slightly (p less than 0.02); semi-constrained replacement had a greater effect than hinged replacement. The effect of an elastic bandage in subjects with poor position sense was dramatic, improving accuracy by 40% (p less than 0.001). It is proposed that reduced proprioception in elderly and osteoarthritic subjects may be responsible for initiation or advancement of degeneration of the knee.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Proprioception and function after anterior cruciate reconstruction.

We have assessed 45 patients who had undergone anterior cruciate reconstruction by a modified MacIntosh-Jones method. The results, using standard knee scores and clinical ligament testing, correlated poorly with the patient's own opinion and with the functional result. However, measurement of proprioception in the knee correlated well with both function (r = 0.84) and with patient satisfaction (r = 0.9). This study indicates that proprioception, rather than the clinical excellence of the repair, is a major factor in the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Proprioception in the cruciate deficient knee.

Proprioception was measured in the knees of 20 subjects with instability of the anterior cruciate ligament and compared with 17 age-matched control subjects. There was diminished position sense and threshold for movement detection in the injured patients compared with the control group. The proprioceptive deficit recorded from the injured knee showed a significant correlation with the hamstring/quadriceps power ratio recorded from the injured leg.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Proprioception after rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. An objective indication of the need for surgery?

Failure of conservative treatment is the usual indication for the reconstruction of a knee with deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and this depends on subjective judgement. The ability of muscles to protect the subluxing joint by reflex contraction could provide an objective measurement. We have studied 30 patients with unilateral ACL deficiency by measuring the latency of reflex hamstring contraction. We found that the mean latency in the injured leg was nearly twice that in the unaffected limb (99 ms and 53 ms respectively). There was a significant correlation between the differential latency and the frequency of 'giving way' indicating that functional instability may be due, in part, to loss of proprioception. Measures of proprioception, including reflex hamstring latency, may be useful in providing an objective assessment of the efficacy of conservative treatment and the need for surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Contributions of proprioception to navigation in virtual environments.

Users immersed in virtual environments (VEs) are prone to disorientation and have difficulty transferring spatial knowledge to the real world. A single experiment investigated the contribution of inadequate proprioception to this problem by providing participants with interfaces to a virtual environment that either did (a walking interface) or did not (a joystick) afford proprioceptive feedback similar to that obtained during real walking. The 2 groups explored a large, complex building using a low-resolution head-mounted display. Later, their navigational abilities within the actual building were compared with those of control groups who either studied a map of the building, walked through the real building, or received no prior training. The walking interface conveyed no benefit on an orientation task performed during training in the VE, but it did benefit participants when they tried to find objects in the real world. Actual or potential applications include simulations of environments that are normally explored on foot but cannot be readily visited, such as infantry battlefields and facilities contaminated with chemical, biological, or radiological materials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of nitric oxide on proprioceptive signaling.

We have analysed the effects of the neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO) on proprioceptive information processing by ascending intersegmental interneurons that form part of the local circuits within the terminal abdominal ganglion of the crayfish. NO modulates the synaptic inputs to ascending interneurons, enhancing the amplitude of class I interneurons and reducing the amplitude of class II interneurons. Repetitive proprioceptive stimulation leads to rapid depression in a specific set of identified interneurons but not in others. Bath application of a nitric oxide scavenger, PTIO, causes a significant decrease in the rate of depression of the interneurons showing a rapid depression, independent of interneuron class, but has no effect on the dynamic responses of the interneurons that show little initial depression. These results indicate that NO exerts multiple effects at the very first stage of synaptic integration in local circuits.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A new procedure for assessment of proprioception.

A new method for the assessment of proprioception was developed and tested with 40 healthy subjects on two facial muscles (i.e., masseter and zygomatic muscles). The experiment was repeated after 3 1/2 months. In our study, proprioception was studied with respect to sensations arising from the muscle spindles and tendon organs. Therefore, myesthesia was investigated, which was assessed by the correspondence between a voluntary muscle contraction and its immediate replication. Good perception was defined by a small integral of differences, standardized by duration and intensity of the contraction, and its replication. Results show that this measure is independent of the characteristics of muscle activation. In concordance with our hypothesis, myesthesia was superior in a muscle richly supplied with muscle spindles and afferent fibers (i.e., masseter muscle), to that for a muscle less prepared for afferent information processing (i.e., zygomatus major).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Proprioception during manual aiming in individuals with shoulder instability and controls.

Recurrent glenohumeral joint instability is a common orthopaedic problem. One possible cause of this repeated instability is a lack of neuromuscular control and kinaesthetic sense of the glenohumeral joint. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a deficit in joint proprioception in subjects with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability as compared with individuals with no previous shoulder pathology. Subjects were asked to generate pointing movements with their uninjured limb and to match this limb position with the injured limb. Movements of the pointing limb were measured with an optoelectric three-dimensional movement analysis system. These movements were performed in three conditions: 1) with full vision, 2) without vision, and 3) without vision with vibration to the posterior deltoid muscle. For the temporal and spatial measures, there were no significant differences between the control and shoulder instability groups. However, the kinematic data describing arm trajectory formation showed a performance decrement in the no vision with vibration condition for the subjects in the shoulder instability group, suggesting that they suffer from a proprioceptive deficit.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effects of chronic effusion on knee joint proprioception: a case study.

Knee joint effusion has been shown to cause a reflex inhibition of the quadriceps musculature. However, the effect of effusion on knee joint proprioception has not been thoroughly investigated. This issue is further clouded by the debate surrounding the role of the muscle spindle and joint mechanoreceptors in providing afferent feedback to the central nervous system. This case study examines the effects of a chronic effusion on knee joint proprioception. Possible suggestions for the results are discussed, and areas for further study are offered.

Arthroscopy↗
PubMed2003

The immediate effects of soft tissue mobilization with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on glenohumeral external rotation and overhead reach.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled 2-group. pretest-posttest, multivariate study of patients with shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of soft tissue mobilization (STM) with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) to increase glenohumeral external rotation at 45 degrees of shoulder abduction and overhead reach. BACKGROUND: It is postulated that limitation in glenohumeral external rotation, when measured at 45 degrees of shoulder abduction, represents subscapularis muscle flexibility deficits and is associated with the inability to fully reach overhead. No research, however, is available to demonstrate whether intervention strategies intended to improve subscapularis flexibility and glenohumeral external rotation range of motion at 45 degrees of shoulder abduction will improve a patient's ability to reach overhead. METHODS AND MEASURES: Twenty patients (10 males, 10 females; age range, 21-83 years) with limited glenohumeral external rotation and overhead reach of 1 year duration or less served as subjects. The subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group, which consisted of soft tissue mobilization to the subscapularis and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation to the shoulder rotators, or a control group. Goniometric measurements of glenohumeral external rotation at 45 degrees abduction and overhead reach were taken preintervention and immediately postintervention for the treatment group or at prerest and postrest periods for the control group. RESULTS: The treatment group improved by a mean of 16.4 degrees (95% confidence interval [CI, 12.5 degrees-20.3 degrees) of glenohumeral external rotation, as compared to less than a 1 degree gain (95% CI, -0.2 degrees-2.0 degrees) in the control group (P < .0005). Overhead reach in the treatment group improved by a mean of 9.6 cm (95% CI, 5.2-14.0 cm) in comparison to a mean gain of 2.4 cm (95% CI, -0.8-5.6 cm) for the control group (P = .009). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a single intervention session of STM and PNF was effective for producing immediate improvements in glenohumeral external rotation and overhead reach in patients with shoulder disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Lumbomuscular proprioceptive reflexes in body equilibrium.

To evaluate the role of reflexes related to the lumbar proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium, changes in equilibrium function of the eyes and body were observed after unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles. Observations were made on normal subjects and vertigo cases with lumbar pain after whiplash injury using various equilibrium tests. The results obtained were as follows: (1) On unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles of normal subjects, eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex developed. Simultaneously, changes in drift reactions of the lower limbs were detected by the stepping test. Namely, in many of the subjects examined the direction of stepping deviation became quite different from that before procainization, and stepping after procainization tended to show slight or moderate ataxic features, associated with a sensation of unsteadiness. (2) When procaine was injected unilaterally into tender spots in the lumbar erector muscles of traumatic vertigo cases, spontaneous eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex decreased. Simultaneously, significant changes in the drift reactions of the lower limbs were observed in many of the cases examined. Namely, the direction of deviation became the opposite of that before procainization and ataxia in walking almost disappeared with reduction in vertigo. The following conclusions were drawn from these findings: (1) The effects of procaine on equilibrium of normal subjects are in sharp contrast to its effects on equilibrium of traumatic vertigo cases. Findings in the former might be due to increased imbalance between the activities of the right and left lumbar proprioceptors, while those in the latter might be due to decreased imbalance between the two. (2) These findings support the view that from the standpoint of body equilibrium, there are two phases of the proprioceptive reflex, and that Fukuda's concept of "two phases of the labyrinthine reflex, i.e., a stage of disturbance and a stage of coordination", can be applied to interpretation of the proprioceptive reflex of lumbar origin.

Adult↗