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PubMed2002

Helping family physicians improve their cardiac auscultation skills with an interactive CD-ROM.

INTRODUCTION: There have been few studies of the cardiac auscultation skills of residents and family physicians. This study assessed a group of family physicians' cardiac auscultation skills and use of a computerized self-instructional program to improve these skills. METHODS: Forty-two volunteer family physicians participated in an initial assessment of cardiac auscultation skills using test recordings of 12 common heart sounds. They were provided with a CD-ROM instructional program and were asked to devote 15 hours of self-study to the program and to return in 9 months for reassessment. RESULTS: The 42 family physicians in the initial assessment identified 39% of the heart sounds. Twenty-one returned for reassessment and showed significant improvement. Their initial mean score was 4.3 of 12 (35%), and their final mean score was 8.0 of 12 (67%). They found the CD-ROM program to be a valuable resource. The feature most liked was the unlimited opportunity to review sounds, cases, and tutorials. Most frequent problems related to computer access or skills. Eleven respondents reported using the program to resolve patient problems in their clinical practices. DISCUSSION: The cardiac auscultation skills of a group of volunteer family physicians showed low initial scores that improved significantly after self-study with a CD-ROM instructional program. The program was a valuable self-instructional aid, and physicians used it as a resource in clinical practice. However, only 50% of the initial group completed the self-study and returned for final assessment. Providing more support and assistance in the initial phase, especially with computer use, may enable completion of similar computerized self-study programs.

CD-ROM↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A statewide instructional television program via satellite for RN-to-BSN students.

Instructional television (ITV) is providing the bridge between nursing educational needs and health care resources, allowing nurses in rural areas to attend a university without leaving their jobs or relocating. This article describes the experiences of developing a baccalaureate degree completion program for nursing via satellite. To create a successful distance education program, it was necessary to re-examine curricular structure, objectives, course descriptions, the basis of course sequences, teaching strategies, library resources, and learner needs. It was vital to modify the student and faculty support services on campus for use with distance learners.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed2004

Development of an interactive computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) program for patient prenatal genetic screening and carrier testing for use in clinical settings.

Educating patients on prenatal genetic screening and carrier testing in a timely and effective manner is faced with barriers including, providers' limited knowledge, and little time available to spend discussing screening and testing during a visit. This paper describes the use of cognitive response interviews (CRI) and usability testing (UT) in the development of an interactive computer assisted instruction (ICAI) program for use by prenatal patients in clinical settings. Lessons learned during the program development process included simplification of content and adaptation of navigational features in response to observations and interviews of a sample of patients representing the intended population. The resulting program functions as a targeted patient education program that maintains the level of medical information needed, as specified by professional practices guidelines, in a patient friendly format. In addition, this ICAI program functions as a research tool that can collect data on program effectiveness. Researchers developing other patient education programs will benefit from the lessons learned during development of this ICAI program by considering rephrasing of content to fit patient understanding, and adding navigational features to help further facilitate effective program use.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Learner-control vs. program-control instructional multimedia: a comparison of two interactions when teaching principles of orthodontic appliances.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have compared computer assisted learning (CAL) to more traditional learning formats and have shown CAL to be as effective as or superior to the alternative resources. However, there are only scarce attempts to show which style of CAL leads to the best learning outcomes in orthodontics. AIM: To compare the effectiveness of a learner-control (group A) vs. program-control (group B) multimedia learning environment courseware packages regarding knowledge, understanding and transfer of content when applied to teaching principles of orthodontic appliances to undergraduate students. METHODS: Pre- and post-test assessments of undergraduate dental students (n = 30) who either studied a learner-control multimedia learning environment courseware package (n = 15) or a program-control version (n = 15) on equivalent material of the orthodontic appliances curriculum. Both groups were evaluated by means of multiple-choice questions covering knowledge, understanding and application. A one-way ANOVA was carried out in order to check for statistical difference between the two groups. The P-value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: There was no difference in prior knowledge between both groups at baseline. Although, both groups significantly improved their scores after having studied the course, no significant difference was found between both groups in relation to answers to questions about knowledge, understanding and application. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the learner-control instructional multimedia program was found to be as effective as the program-control version when teaching principles of the orthodontic appliances to undergraduate students. The focus needs to be on improving the value of CAL. Comparative evaluations of how different CAL approaches compare with or complement one another are certainly needed.

Comprehension↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of a computer tutorial with other methods for teaching well-newborn care.

Research using a computer-assisted instructional program developed for teaching well-newborn care is described. Third-year medical students were randomly assigned during their week-long nursery rotation into three groups to study the acceptability and effectiveness of using the computer-assisted instructional lessons. Group A, the control group, was not required to complete any additional educational task. Group B was assigned specific reading material. Group C completed the microcomputer-based tutorial. (The term tutorial is often used interchangeably to describe the computer-assisted instructional program.) Both groups B and C improved dramatically on a posttest in comparison with group A. There was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C on the improvement from pretest to posttest scores. However, significantly less time was spent by group C completing the tutorial compared with the total time spent reading by group B. The results of this study provide further illustration of the feasibility and effectiveness of using a computer-assisted instructional program for medical student education.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1995

An educational intervention to increase faculty publication productivity.

BACKGROUND: Writing is an essential skill for academic family physicians. It is essential in all of the academic physicians' roles, and publications are critical for promotion and tenure. This study describes a three-part faculty development instructional program designed to teach writing skills. The instructional program was repeated over a 3-year period involving two different institutions with departments of family medicine. METHODS: Educational interventions included seminars, workshops, and independent practice, with feedback from senior advisors. The practice and feedback sections centered on the faculty members' own written products. RESULTS: This series resulted in the publication of 16 papers from 13 of the 40 faculty participants. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that a writing series is one effective method that departments of family medicine may use to facilitate the writing productivity of faculty.

Authorship↗
PubMed1998

The effectiveness of dietary instruction in obese school children of southern Taiwan.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of a weekly dietary instruction program to reduce obesity in elementary school children. A total of 140 third- to sixth-grade overweight children and 130 height- and age-matched overweight children were selected from two elementary schools in Kaohsiung. The primary inclusion criterion was a Rohrer's Index [RI = weight (kg)/height (cm)3 x 10(7)] greater than 150. The anthropometric measurement was performed on both the group receiving instruction and the group not receiving instruction. Biomedical monitoring of the students state of health, assessments of their nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice (K.A.P.) before and after the thirteen-week instruction were compared in the instruction group. After completion of the instruction program, a significant reduction of RI values (177.2 +/- 18.3 vs. 169.4 +/- 20.1, p < 0.01), and a significant increase in body height (144.9 +/- 7.7 cm vs. 146.7 +/- 7.7 cm, p < 0.01), with no change in body weight (54.5 +/- 11.3 kg vs. 54.3 +/- 11.3 kg) were found in the group receiving instruction. Some of the anthropometric parameters of obesity were also significantly improved. Reduction of total cholesterol and serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT)/Glutamic Pyrvic Transaminase (GPT) levels were also observed; the later phenomena were interpreted as an improvement in the fatty metamorphosis of the liver, which usually accompanies obesity. A significantly increased nutrition knowledge and change to more healthy dietary behavior were also found in students who finished the instruction program. This reduction was a measure of the effectiveness of weekly dietary instruction sessions. An increase in NSQ scores indicated improved nutritional knowledge and behavior. Through the implementation of weekly nutritional instruction, a decrease in RI can be achieved in a thirteen-week period. We propose that frequent nutritional education should be part of the curriculum of elementary school children in order to prevent obesity-related diseases.

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
PubMed1992

A meta-analytic comparison of the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods.

Meta-analysis was used to cumulate the results from 633 studies of smoking cessation, involving 71,806 subjects, that reported the proportion of successful quits. Self-care methods do not appear to be as effective as formal intervention methods. Instructional programs involving physicians were not more effective than other instructional programs. Conditioning-based techniques such as aversive methods had success rates similar to those of instructional methods, and among the instructional methods, those incorporating social norms and values were more successful than those relying solely on didactic approaches. Cumulation of quit rates from all available control groups indicated that, on average, 6.4% of the smokers could be expected to quit smoking without any intervention. This figure must be subtracted from the raw success rate to obtain the net success rate for each program. Directions for future research are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

A portable, self-instructional stress management program for college students.

This article describes the process used to develop a stress management program for college students and the program that resulted. Based on a needs assessment and piloting of the program, a portable, modular self-instructional program was developed. The program consists of five instructional stations: Assessment; The Nature of Stress and the Skill of Cognitive Restructuring; The Effects and Consequences of Stress and Time Management Skills; Relaxation Skills; and Planning For Stress Control. Feasibility in administering the program was of particular importance, so the program was portable. It can be transported to residence halls, student unions, or other gathering places, and it does not require a trained professional to be present. Included are two videotapes and two slide/audiotapes produced by the program's developers, one relaxation tape (guided imagery), and handout materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Spinal cord injury computer-assisted instruction for medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a computer-assisted instruction program would improve fourth-year medical students' knowledge base related to spinal cord injury, as determined by pretest and posttest scores. DESIGN: A multimedia computer-assisted instruction program was developed and offered on a volunteer basis to an entire class of fourth-year medical students (n = 168). Effectiveness of the instructional content was evaluated with pretests and posttests, and overall user satisfaction with the module was assessed with the courseware evaluation. RESULTS: The responses yielded 83 sets of completed pretest and posttest pairs and 80 sets of fully completed courseware evaluations. Mean posttest score was significantly higher than the mean pretest score (pretest, 6.65 +/- 1.44, vs. posttest, 7.36 +/- 1.38; df = 82, t = -4.74, P < 0.001). Courseware evaluations yielded positive ratings in all areas, including applicability and usability. CONCLUSIONS: The significantly increased posttest scores suggest that the students left the program with an expanded knowledge base in the content areas of spinal cord injury medicine covered in the computer-assisted instruction program.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1987

Effectiveness of an infection control programmed unit of instruction in nursing education.

To determine whether programmed instruction is an acceptable, cost-effective alternative to classroom lectures for teaching the basic principles of infection control to nursing students, a 46-frame programmed unit of instruction (PUI), with a pretest and posttest, was developed, piloted, and tested for reliability and validity. The instruments were developed on the basis of current knowledge of the epidemiology of infectious diseases and the 1983 revised Centers for Disease Control guideline for category-specific isolation precautions. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis: Student nurses who take a PUI in the basic principles of infection control will score higher on posttests than those who do not take the PUI. A sample of 40 subjects was selected from the senior class in a baccalaureate nursing program at a public university. The subjects were randomly assigned to four groups of 10. A Solomon four-group design was used for data analysis, and a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the posttest means. Results indicated that the treatment (PUI) effect was significant (p less than 0.001). Therefore, it was concluded that the PUI in the basic principles of infection control is an effective instrument for nursing education.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of the MASTER program for teaching special children multiplication and division.

In this study, the utility of a MAthematics Strategy Training for Educational Remediation (MASTER) program, (Van Luit, Kaskens, & Van der Krol, 1993) was examined. The effectiveness of the program, designed to encourage strategy utilization with multiplication and division problems, was investigated for 84 students with poor mathematics skills, some of whom had learning disabilities (n = 42) and others with mild levels of mental retardation (n = 42). The results showed that the use of the self-instruction program resulted in significant improvement over the general instruction program. Furthermore, far transfer was found for the children with learning disabilities in the experimental group when they used effective problem-solving strategies on nontrained tasks. The results are consistent with previous findings suggesting the importance of self-instruction in mathematics training programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Instructions for the CLONING program.

These instructions for CLONING were developed to assist the user in understanding the operation of the program [Aldea and Kushner, Gene 65 (1988) 111-116]. The program provides a computational tool that performs cloning simulations using IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible microcomputers. The design of new recombinant molecules is a totally interactive process.

Cloning, Molecular↗