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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 1.

Ultraviolet radiation is the most important carcinogenic agent related to the development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, and primary prevention efforts focus on reducing exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet sunlamps. Favorable societal views of suntanning serve as an obstacle to skin cancer prevention. Although the education of patients and the public regarding the risks of excessive ultraviolet light exposure is an important goal in medicine today, few physicians have more than a vague knowledge of how current attitudes actually developed during the past century. Opinions about ultraviolet light exposure were not static, but evolved with increasing scientific knowledge and changing social mores. A critical interplay occurred between the prevailing medical and nonmedical views on the subject. In this article, we focus on the century's start (1900-1920)--a time when vigilance against significant sun exposure, a relic of the 19th century, was eroding, and the roots of later attitudes toward sunbathing were already manifest. Medically, the view of sunlight as salutary was bolstered by the success of phototherapy, which was introduced in the 1890s. The first clinical observations associating long-term sunlight exposure with skin cancer were also reported during this time. The association, however, was poorly understood, and this work was largely ignored by the medical profession and remained essentially unknown to the public.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

Representing motion in a static image: constraints and parallels in art, science, and popular culture.

Representing motion in a picture is a challenge to artists, scientists, and all other imagemakers. Moreover, it presents a problem that will not go away with electronic and digital media, because often the pedagogical purpose of the representation of motion is more important than the motion itself. All satisfactory solutions evoke motion-for example, dynamic balance (or broken symmetry), stroboscopic sequences, affine shear (or forward lean), and photographic blur-but they also typically sacrifice the accuracy of the motion represented, a solution often unsuitable for science. Vector representations superimposed on static images allow for accuracy, but are not applicable to all situations. Workable solutions are almost certainly case specific and subject to continual evolution through exploration by imagemakers.

Art↗
PubMed2003

Beliefs about hypnosis: popular beliefs, misconceptions, and the importance of experience.

Contemporary views and opinions about hypnosis were sampled with a modified version of McConkey's Opinions About Hypnosis (OAH) scale. The OAH was administered at 2 different times, 1 month apart, to 276 undergraduate students. Approximately half of the participants completed the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, between the survey sessions. Results indicated that the experience of being hypnotized modified a majority of the opinions sampled, with participants expressing less stereotypic views about hypnosis after being hypnotized. Expressed opinions and beliefs about hypnosis failed to meaningfully correlate with hypnotizability scores.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ethnoveterinary plant preparations as livestock dewormers: practices, popular beliefs, pitfalls and prospects for the future.

Ethnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists throughout the world and internal parasites are recognized by these communities as having an impact on livestock health. Parasitic infections are among those infections that traditional healers confidently treat and against which an enormous variety of remedies exist. Many of these are based on the use of plant preparations. Although various methods have been used for the validation of traditional phytomedical preparations, there is a lack of standardization of these procedures. The present study is aimed at providing an overview of ethnoveterinary deworming preparations, the various methods that have been used in their validation and the future prospects for their use against helminth parasites of ruminant livestock in developing countries, with an emphasis on nematode parasites. Recommendations are made on the procedures that should be followed to conduct in vivo and in vitro assays. Fostering better interaction between traditional healers and scientists is advocated to prevent harmful overexploitation, both of local knowledge and of plant species that may have effects against nematode parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Self-protection from malaria vectors in Pakistan: an evaluation of popular existing methods and appropriate new techniques in Afghan refugee communities.

Experimental huts were used to measure the impact of several techniques for self-protection from malaria vectors in Pakistan. An electric fan, pyrethrum coils, untreated curtains, pyrethroid-vaporizing mats and permethrin-impregnated curtains reduced the total catches of blood-fed Anopheles stephensi by 27%, 36%, 47%, 56% and 65%, respectively. The most marked effect of all the interventions was in reducing the numbers of mosquitoes entering the huts, although all the techniques, except for the untreated curtain, also reduced the proportion of mosquitoes inside the hut which fed. Although the trends seen were similar for both anopheline (all An. stephensi) and culicine mosquitoes, they were more pronounced in the culicines. Social surveys were conducted on current self-protection practices. The social and economic constraints associated with each of the various techniques are discussed. All the strategies were shown to offer a degree of protection and their use should be encouraged. Impregnated curtains seem especially promising. Pyrethroid-impregnated bednets have been widely promoted in eastern Afghanistan since 1991 and have the advantage of providing protection when people sleep outside during the summer. However, surveys show that some owners stop using their nets in late autumn, despite the continued risk of malaria. People should be encouraged to use their bednets as impregnated curtains rather than putting them into storage.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1989

The relation of hostile nonverbal communication styles to popularity in preadolescent children.

Some assumptions of interpersonal theory were tested among a population of preadolescent children. Children were videotaped while interacting with a same-sex peer, and their verbal and nonverbal communications were judged by other peers who were not participants in the study. Children rated as socially unattractive by their peers had communication styles characterized by nonverbal visual hostility. These results support the assumption that negative nonverbal communications are associated with relationship difficulties.

Child↗