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PubMed2005

Distinct roles of enhancer nuclear factor 1 (NF1) sites in plasmacytoma and osteopetrosis induction by Akv1-99 murine leukemia virus.

Murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) can be lymphomagenic and bone pathogenic. In this work, the possible roles of two distinct proviral enhancer nuclear factor 1 (NF1) binding sites in osteopetrosis and tumor induction by B-lymphomagenic Akv1-99 MLV were investigated. Akv1-99 and mutants either with NF1 site 1, NF1 site 2 or both sites disrupted induced tumors (plasma cell proliferations by histopathology) with remarkably similar incidence and mean latency in inbred NMRI mice. Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement detection, by Southern analysis, confirmed approximately half of the tumors induced by each virus to be plasmacytomas while the remaining lacked detectable clonally rearranged Ig genes and were considered polyclonal; a demonstration that enhancer NF1 sites are dispensable for plasmacytoma induction by Akv1-99. In contrast, X-ray analysis revealed significant differences in osteopetrosis induction by the four viruses strongly indicating that NF1 site 2 is critical for viral bone pathogenicity, whereas NF1 site 1 is neutral or moderately inhibitory. In conclusion, enhancer NF1 sites are major determinants of osteopetrosis induction by Akv1-99 without significant influence on viral oncogenicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Inadequately irradiated solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the orbit requiring exenteration.

PURPOSE: To emphasize that solitary orbital extramedullary plasmacytoma, a rare tumor, is not invariably radiosensitive. METHOD: We examined a patient who had undergone empirical irradiation that failed to control an orbital tumor. RESULTS: After a second biopsy had secured the diagnosis of a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma, further irradiation proved ineffective and exenteration was required. The patient was free of recurrence one year after exenteration and had satisfactory cosmesis with a prosthesis. CONCLUSION: A histologic diagnosis is essential before treatment is commenced so that the correct radiation dosage is used.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hepatocellular hyperplasia, plasmacytoma formation, and extramedullary hematopoiesis in interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6 receptor double-transgenic mice.

Cytokines interact not only with membrane anchored receptors, but also with specific soluble receptors which circulate in the bloodstream. In general, soluble cytokine receptors such as soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, soluble interleukin 1 receptor, and soluble interleukin 4 receptor compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligands and therefore act as antagonists. In contrast, soluble receptors for cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family complex with their ligands act agonistically. Interestingly, the complex of IL-6 and the soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R) activates target cells that do not express the membrane-bound IL-6R and therefore cannot respond to IL-6. To identify cellular responses that are due to IL-6/sIL-6R but not to IL-6 alone, IL-6/sIL-6R double-transgenic mice were generated and compared with IL-6 single-transgenic mice. IL-6/sIL-6R transgenic mice develop a severe phenotype showing 1) marked hepatocellular hyperplasia frequently surrounded by peliosis and necrosis, 2) significant acceleration and aggravation of plasmacytoma formation, and 3) excessive activation of extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver followed by a subsequent increase of all cellular components in the peripheral blood. These in vivo data suggest that the sIL-6R recruits primarily unresponsive cell populations such as hematopoietic progenitor cells and hepatocytes to IL-6-induced proliferation, but also enhances the known mitogenic effect of IL-6 on plasma cells and thereby contributes to plasmacytoma formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Extramedullary plasmacytoma presenting with myasthenia gravis and mediastinal mass.

A 68-year-old woman presented with myasthenia gravis and an anterior mediastinal mass, which proved to be an extramedullary plasmacytoma in the thymus with associated extracellular light chain deposition. Further specimens revealed plasma cell proliferation in an internal thoracic lymph node and in a subsequent colectomy specimen, indicating systemic disease. This case demonstrates the rare association between a plasmacytoma in the thymus and myasthenia gravis.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Primary solitary endobronchial plasmacytoma.

Twenty-two cases of pulmonary plasmacytoma have been reported in the literature and verified by immunohistochemistry or other diagnostic tests. The treatment for this rare tumor has included various combinations of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. We report a case of a middle-age man who underwent endoscopic debulking followed by laser ablation for a pulmonary plasmacytoma, which showed a prominent endobronchial location with clinical and histopathologic verification.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Solitary plasmacytoma of the frontal bone.

We report a case of a solitary, painless, lytic lesion in the frontal bone in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. This was investigated with plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), angiography and finally biopsy. Histology showed it to be a plasmacytoma. The radiological features of this lesion are discussed. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone has an uncertain relationship to multiple myeloma; it has only rarely been described in the skull and very rarely in the frontal bone.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum: two cases treated by radiotherapy.

Two cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum treated by radiotherapy are reported. In one patient local control of disease was achieved at 36 months. A second patient treated by a palliative course of radiotherapy had initial good local regression and control of symptoms at 3 months. In view of the radiosensitivity of this tumour, consideration should be given to treating extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rectum by primary radiotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Identification of lambda light chain amyloid in eight canine and two feline extramedullary plasmacytomas.

Amyloid deposition in varying amounts and with variable patterns of distribution (focal or diffuse) was demonstrated in eight canine and two feline extramedullary plasmacytomas expressing lambda light chains. Frequently, the neoplastic plasma cells had been displaced by the amyloid deposits. Foreign-body giant cells were regularly detected in the vicinity of the amyloid. In all 10 cases, Congo-red staining of the amyloid was resistant to potassium permanganate oxidation. Immunohistochemically, the amyloid reacted positively with cross-reacting antibodies against human and equine A lambda amyloids. Extramedullary plasmacytomas accompanied by localized AL amyloidosis have so far been described in human beings, dogs, cats and horses.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1992

Primary retroperitoneal plasmacytoma with tumor thrombus within the renal vein.

A case of primary retroperitoneal plasmacytoma causing a tumor thrombus within the renal vein is described. The use of radiographic techniques, including ultrasonography, computerized tomography and angiography, facilitated an accurate diagnosis. Tumor thrombi within the renal vein are rare except in cases of primary renal or adrenal neoplasms. In a patient with radiological evidence of retroperitoneal tumor and tumor thrombus within the renal vein plasmacytoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal neoplasms.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the urethra: a case report.

Extramedullary plasmacytomas are uncommon manifestations of plasma cell neoplasms, which occur rarely in the urinary tract. We report to our knowledge the third case of primary IgA plasmacytoma of the urethra. Diagnosis, therapy and followup with magnetic resonance imaging are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Inducible mutagenesis in TEPC 2372, a mouse plasmacytoma cell line that harbors the transgenic shuttle vector lambdaLIZ.

The plasmacytoma cell line, TEPC 2372, was derived from a malignant plasma cell tumor that developed in the peritoneal cavity of a BALB/c mouse that harbored the transgenic shuttle vector for the assessment of mutagenesis in vivo, lambdaLIZ. TEPC 2372 was found to display the typical features of a BALB/c plasmacytoma. It consisted of pleomorphic plasma cells that secreted a monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG2b/lambda), was initially dependent on the presence of IL-6 to grow in cell culture, contained a hyperdiploid chromosome complement with a tendency to undergo tetraploidization, and harbored a constitutively active c-myc gene by virtue of a T(6;15) chromosomal translocation. TEPC 2372 was further characterized by the ability to respond to in vitro exposure with 4-NQO (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide), an oxidative model mutagen, with a vigorous dose-dependent increase in mutagenesis that peaked at a 7.85-fold elevation of mutant rates in lambdaLIZ when compared to background mutant rates in untreated controls. Cotreatment with 4-NQO and BSO (buthionine sulfoximine), a glutathione-depleting compound that causes endogenous oxidative stress, resulted in a 9.03-fold increase in the mutant frequency in lambdaLIZ. These results demonstrated that TEPC 2372, the malignant plasma cell counterpart of the lambdaLIZ-based in vivo mutagenesis assay, may be useful as an in vitro reference point for the further elucidation of oxidative mutagenesis in lymphoid tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Long-term disease-free survival after plasmacytoma of the urethra: a case report and review of the literature.

Plasmacytoma is an unusual soft-tissue collection of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells. The most common site of presentation is the upper respiratory tract, although any site of disease is theoretically possible. We report the fifth known case of primary urethral plasmacytoma. This case is unique in that the patient received only radiation as definitive treatment and has remained well, without recurrence for more than 12 years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Double producers of kappa and lambda define a subset of B cells in mouse plasmacytomas.

Rearrangement of the light chain locus is believed to be an ordered process in which Iglambda rearrangements only occur if Igkappa rearrangements are found to be non-productive or self-reactive. Secondary rearrangements of the B-cell receptor (BCR) have shown, however, that rescue of abortive Igkappa rearrangements or autoreactive B cells can be achieved through receptor editing using upstream V-regions as the template sequences. Since secondary rearrangement can occur in the periphery, possibly in a subset of B cells maintaining constitutive Rag activity, it is conceivable that two light chains (kappa:kappa or kappa:lambda) could be expressed in these cells, apparently in violation of allelic exclusion. Previously, we have reported that silicone-induced plasmacytomas (SIPCs) exhibit dual expression and ongoing rearrangements of Igkappa and Iglambda. In this paper, we show by ELISA that both Igkappa and Iglambda are found at the protein level, but are secreted in different amounts. Furthermore, we demonstrate by micro-manipulation and RT-PCR amplification that Igkappa and Iglambda are simultaneously expressed in a single SIPC cell. We propose that these dual-expressing cells, found intermittently in cases of plasmacytomas (PCs), may have originally been immature B cells when transformed but now are maintained as a long-lived mature B cell found infrequently in the tumor population.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Bilateral primary extramedullary orbital plasmacytomas.

An 81-year-old man presented with bilateral orbital tumors that were found to be extramedullary plasmacytomas. Immunoperoxidase staining of the tissue was positive for IgG-kappa; no lambda chains were seen. Results of serum immunoelectrophoresis were positive for monoclonal IgG-kappa. Test results of the urine were positive for Bence Jones protein; only kappa chains were seen on radial diffusion. Systemic evaluation failed to show tumor elsewhere. The patient was treated with radiation and low-dose melphalan/prednisone, with good response. Five years later, the results of immunoelectrophoresis are normal and there is no clinical evidence of tumor; however, a small amount of kappa light chains remains in the urine. This case supports the important therapeutic and prognostic differences among orbital involvement in extramedullary plasmacytoma, solitary myeloma of bone, and multiple myeloma.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of immune responses against the syngeneic ADJ-PC-5 plasmacytoma in BALB/c mice. IV. Tumor-specific T suppressor cells, induced at early stages of tumorigenesis, act on the induction phase of the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell response.

The BALB/c plasmacytoma ADJ-PC-5 induces specific non-cytolytic T suppressor (Ts) cells under experimental conditions which closely resemble early stages of tumorigenesis. The phenotype of these Ts cells is Thy-1.2+, Lyt-1.2-, Lyt-2.2+, I-Ad-. They inhibit the induction of the cytotoxic T cells in a primary mixed lymphocyte tumor culture (MLTC) against the ADJ-PC-5 plasmacytoma. Specificity of suppression can be demonstrated by testing them in MLTC against a panel of syngeneic control tumor. Only the induction phase of a primary MLTC can be suppressed, and within 24 h of MLTC, cytotoxic T (Tc) cells become resistant towards suppression. ADJ-PC-5-specific Tc cell clones are also resistant to suppression. The fact that Ts cell-mediated specific suppression can be overcome by addition of semipurified IL2 to the MLTC suggests that Th cells, and not Tc cell precursors, are the target. The findings are discussed with respect to the potential use of Tc effector cells in cancer therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Solitary plasmacytoma treated with radiotherapy: impact of tumor size on outcome.

PURPOSE: Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) is a rare presentation of plasma cell neoplasms. In contrast to multiple myeloma, long-term disease-free survival and cure is possible following local radiotherapy (RT), particularly for soft tissue presentations. In this study, we attempt to identify factors that predict for local failure, progression to multiple myeloma, and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients mainly managed with local RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We identified 46 patients referred to the Princess Margaret Hospital between 1982 and 1993. The median age was 63 years (range 35-95), with a male:female ratio of 1.9:1. All patients had biopsy-proven SP (osseous: 32, soft tissue: 14). M-protein was abnormal in 19 patients (41%). All patients were treated with local RT (median dose 35 Gy), with 5 patients (11%) also receiving chemotherapy. Maximum tumor size pre-RT ranged from 0 to 18 cm (median 2.5). RESULTS: The 8-year overall survival, DFS, and myeloma-free rates were 65%, 44%, and 50%, respectively. The local control rate was 83%. Factors predictive of progression to myeloma (and poorer DFS) included bone presentation and older age. However, these two factors did not influence local control, which was affected by tumor size. All tumors < 5 cm in bulk (34 patients) were controlled by RT. Anatomic location did not predict outcome; however, 3 of the 5 tumors arising in paranasal sinuses did not achieve local control. Lower RT dose (< or =35 Gy) was not associated with a higher risk of local failure. CONCLUSION: Solitary plasmacytomas are effectively treated with moderate-dose RT, although osseous tumors have a high rate of recurrence as systemic myeloma. Large tumor bulk locally (> or =5 cm) predicts for local failure. Combined chemotherapy and RT should be investigated in these high-risk patients to increase the local control rate and the cure rate.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Extramedullary plasmacytoma: clinical and histopathologic study.

PURPOSE: To review the histories of extramedullary plasmacytoma patients diagnosed in Slovenia between 1969 and 1999, to determine the relationship between radiotherapy (XRT) dose and local tumor control, and to clarify the role of elective nodal XRT and the prognostic value of Bartl's histologic grading criteria (originally devised for multiple myeloma [MM]). METHODS AND MATERIALS: The database of the Cancer Registry of Slovenia was used for the identification of patients. The inclusion criteria were as follows: bone marrow biopsy showing less than 10% plasma cells, normal skeletal survey, and immunohistochemically determined tumor monoclonality. Simulation/portal films were reviewed to assess the extent of elective nodal XRT. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients with 31 tumors fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In 4 patients, nine metachronously appearing solitary tumors were diagnosed. The head-and-neck region and other body sites were the sites of origin of primary tumors in 84% and 16% of patients, respectively, whereas in the two regions, regional disease was seen in 15% and 60% of patients, respectively. Therapy was as follows: XRT, 12 patients; surgery and postoperative XRT, 15 patients; and surgery, 4 patients. Ultimate local and regional control rates were 90% and 97%, respectively, and MM developed in 2 (8%) patients. The 10-year disease-specific and overall survival rates were 87% and 61%, respectively. The analysis of the dose-effect relationship showed that more conservative treatment is justified: for macroscopic disease, 40-50 Gy (2 Gy/day), adjusted to the bulk of disease; for microscopic disease, 36-40 Gy; after R0 surgery, no XRT is required, but close observation is needed. No attempts should be made to treat uninvolved nodal regions. Using Bartl's histologic grading criteria, trends were detected in patients with higher tumor grades: regional lymph node involvement (p = 0.04) and shorter disease-specific survival (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a highly curable disease when XRT is used with or without previous surgery. The rate of conversion to MM is low. Moderate-dose XRT using limited fields is recommended. The prognostic value of Bartl's grading system needs further evaluation.

Adult↗