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PubMed2001

Oxytocin-induced cervical dilation and cervical manipulation in sheep: effects on laparoscopic artificial insemination.

The difficulty of cervical penetration severely limits the use of transcervical AI (TAI) in sheep, and trauma from cervical manipulation (CM) may reduce fertility after TAI. We investigated the effects of cervical dilation using exogenous oxytocin (OT) to facilitate TAI and its effects on reproductive variables after laparoscopic AI (LAI). Estrus was synchronized by inserting pessaries impregnated with 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone acetate (60 mg) for 12 d. In Exp. 1, we determined whether OT and CM before LAI affected the interval from pessary removal to ovulation and fertilization rate. Crossbred ewes (n = 16) were assigned to 1) saline-CM or 2) OT-CM. In Exp. 2, effects of OT and CM on lambing rates were evaluated with white-faced ewes (n = 220) in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment: 1) saline-sham CM; 2) saline-CM; 3) OT-sham CM; and 4) OT-CM. In both studies, eCG (400 IU i.m.) was injected at pessary removal, and LAI was performed 48 to 52 h later. In Exp. 1, ewes received i.v. either 400 USP units of OT or 20 mL of saline at 30 to 60 min before LAI, and CM was administered as for TAI. Beginning 32 h after pessary removal and continuing at 8-h intervals, ovaries were examined with ultrasonography to estimate time of ovulation. Treatment in Exp. 1 did not affect combined ovum/embryo recovery rate (69%), but OT-CM decreased fertilization rate (47 vs 59%; P < 0.05). The OT tended to reduce the interval to ovulation (OT, 59 h vs saline, 66 h; P < 0.06). The OT x CM interaction in Exp. 1 was not significant. For Exp. 2, approximately 25 min before sham CM or CM, 200 USP units of OT or 10 mL of saline was injected i.v. The LAI was performed immediately after sham CM or CM. At 10 to 12 d after AI in Exp. 2, ewes were mated with Suffolk rams. Blood was collected between 24 and 26 d after AI for pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) RIA. The PSPB pregnancy and lambing rates were both 62% in saline-sham controls. The CM did not affect pregnancy (69%) or lambing rate (64%). The OT treatment decreased (P < 0.05) PSPB pregnancy (59%) and lambing rates (56%) in OT-sham ewes and pregnancy and lambing rates in CM ewes (both 43%). Neither CM nor OT before LAI affected lambing rates to next estrus, indicating no long-term damage to the cervix or uterus. In summary, CM did not affect fertility after LAI, but OT decreased lambing rate independent of CM. If OT will not be usable for TAI, it may still be a tool for training TAI personnel.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An user acceptability study of vaginal spermicides in combination with barrier methods or an IUCD.

Ninety-eight women were entered into an open study of Staycept jelly (octoxynol 1% w/w) and Staycept pessaries (vaginal suppositories) (nonoxynol-9 6% w/w) in combination with other vaginal methods of contraception. Medical problems during use of either pessary or jelly were few and were restricted to genital irritation or increased vaginal discharge. This seemed more common with the pessaries than with the jelly, but this could have been related to the types of women entered. There were no unplanned pregnancies.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1990

Late second trimester abortion with 16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester (gemeprost).

The use of gemeprost (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2-PGE1 methyl ester) vaginal pessaries for the termination of pregnancy in the late second trimester has been investigated in an open single-center study. Of 56 nulliparous women between 18 and 22 weeks amenorrhoea, 33 (58.9%) aborted after the administration of 1 mg gemeprost pessaries; 5 women did abort after 3 doses, 10 after 4 doses and 18 after 5 doses. There was no statistical correlation between gestational age and abortion. The mean induction-abortion interval was 15.2 hrs (range 8.5-20.3 hrs). There were no serious complications. The safe induction of therapeutic abortion in 58.9% of women using vaginal gemeprost pessaries alone offers an acceptable alternative to surgical evacuation in the late second trimester but should not be started without the possibility to terminate the procedure by dilatation and evacuation (D + E).

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1992

Lack of effect of topical iodostearic acid on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II-III.

Stearic and iodostearic acid inhibit growth of a cervical carcinoma cell line in vitro. This study was performed to determine if iodostearic acid would induce regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Women with histologically-proven CIN II or III were randomised into two groups. Those in the first group were given pessaries composed of iodostearic acid in polyethylene glycol (PEG) base. Women in the second group were given pessaries containing only the PEG base. One pessary was inserted into the vagina nightly for 30 nights, and each woman then had the CIN lesion removed by CO2 laser cone excision. There was no difference in the histology of the cone biopsies between the groups, demonstrating that this regime of iodostearic acid has no useful role in the treatment of CIN II-III.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Vaginal progesterone as luteal phase support in an IVF/GIFT programme.

To determine whether luteal phase support with vaginal progesterone could improve pregnancy rates in our IVF/GIFT programme, we performed a prospective randomised controlled study. After stimulation with clomiphene citrate/human menopausal gonadotrophin, 123 women received no luteal support and 122 received progesterone pessaries 100 mg b.d. from 48 hours prior to embryo transfer and continued throughout the luteal phase. There was no difference in the pregnancy rate following IVF/ET (6/58 and 10/58 for the pessary and control group respectively), but a significantly higher rate was noted for GIFT (13/34 and 5/42 for the pessary and control group respectively; P less than 0.05). Of interest, only one of the 19 pregnancies using luteal support was extra-uterine, compared with 6/15 in the control group.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2003

Predicting treatment choice for patients with pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which clinical factors were predictive of treatment choice for patients with pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study to collect clinical data on potential predictors of treatment choice. Continuous parametric, continuous nonparametric (ordinal), and categoric data were compared with chosen management plan (expectant, pessary, surgery) using analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the chi(2) test for association, respectively. All significant predictors (P <.05) of treatment choice for pelvic organ prolapse identified during univariate analysis were entered into a backward elimination polytomous logistic regression analysis for predicting surgery versus pessary versus expectant management, with surgery as the reference group. RESULTS: The probability of choosing expectant management rather than surgery 1). increases as the preoperative pelvic pain score increases (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 2.40; P =.024) and 2). decreases as the prolapse severity increases (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.29, 0.72; P =.001). The probability of choosing pessary rather than surgery 1). increases as age increases (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.05, 1.16; P <.001), 2). decreases as the prolapse severity increases (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.60, 0.99; P =.042), and 3). is less if the participant had prior prolapse surgery (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.07, 0.76; P =.017). CONCLUSION: Age, prior prolapse surgery, preoperative pelvic pain scores, and pelvic organ prolapse severity were independently associated with treatment choices in a predictable way and provide physicians with medical evidence necessary to support a patient's decision.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Reproductive performance of ewe lambs from ewes from different selection practices with or without induced estrus.

Three groups of ewe lambs born in May (experiment 1; n=211) or April (experiment 2; n=174) were used to evaluate the effects of selection line and induction of estrus on pregnancy rate. Experiment 1 was a single factor experiment with induction of estrus as the main effect. In early December, May-born Targhee (n=82) and Rambouillet x Targhee (n=129) ewes were randomly assigned within body weight to one of two treatment groups: control or induction of estrus. Experiment 2 was designed in a 2x2 factorial array with the main effects of induction of estrus or selection line. In early November, April-born Targhee lambs (n=174) from two distinct selection lines were either treated as controls or received an estrus induction treatment. The two lines included an unselected control line of randomly bred ewes and a line that had been selected since 1976, based on the weight of lamb weaned. Ewes from each line were randomly assigned within body weight to one of the treatment groups. In experiments 1 and 2, estrus was induced using MAP pessaries. Pessaries were inserted for 12 days. At the time of pessary removal, ewe lambs received 400 IU eCG i.m. All ewe lambs were bred in multi-sire pens. Pregnancy rate and fetal numbers were determined either by lambing data or real-time ultrasound. Body weight, lambing date and fetal numbers were analyzed by GLM, and remaining variables were analyzed by CATMOD. For experiment 1, estrus induction increased (P<0.01) pregnancy rates (61 versus 31%) and number of fetuses estimated by real-time ultrasound (79 versus 35%) compared to control ewe lambs. Pregnancy rate and fetal number were increased (P<0.01) for the 1st year compared to the 2nd year. For experiment 2, estrus induction tended to increase (P<0.07) pregnancy rate, and pregnancy rate differed (P<0.01) between selection lines. Estrus induction increased (P<0.05) fetal numbers (0.96) compared to controls (0.77). Fetal numbers were greater (P<0.01) for the selected line (1.06) compared to random bred controls (0.67). Average date of lambing was earlier in both experiments for the estrus-induced ewe lambs compared to controls. These results indicate that induction of estrus can be recommended if increased reproduction is desired for ewe lambs.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2001

Non-surgical treatment of uterovaginal prolapse using double vaginal rings.

A new technique of using double vaginal ring pessaries to treat uterovaginal prolapse in a group of elderly women is described. Eighteen women with a mean age of 82 years and advanced Stage III or IV uterovaginal prolapse had double vaginal rings inserted. All of them previously had used single vaginal ring pessaries or had undergone pelvic floor repair surgery. Double ring pessaries were successful in 13 of the 18 women. They are a useful treatment of advanced prolapse in women unsuitable for surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

A randomized trial of 2 regimens for the administration of vaginal prostaglandins (gemeprost) for the induction of midtrimester abortion.

The most frequently used method for second trimester termination of pregnancy is administration of gemeprost (16, 16-dimethyl-trans delta 2-prostaglandin E1methyl ester) as a vaginal pessary. This provides a safe and effective method for achieving abortion. The current prescribing advice is to insert the pessaries into the posterior vaginal fornix every 3 hours. This study compares this to a 6-hourly regimen. The median abortion interval in the 6-hour group was shorter than the 3-hour group (15 versus 16 hours respectively) but the cumulative abortion rates were similar (98% in the 3-hour group and 91.8% in the 6-hour group). The 6-hour group required a significantly lower total dose of gemeprost to induce abortion. There was no difference in the rates of side-effects in the 2 groups but those receiving pessaries every 6 hours required less analgesia. This study finds no advantage in giving gemeprost every 3 hours.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1998

A cystocele may compensate for latent stress incontinence by stretching the vaginal hammock.

AIMS: To examine why anatomical correction of a cystocele may cause stress incontinence in a patient with no prior history of this condition. METHODS: The study group consisted of 5 patients, aged 45-63 years, with stress incontinence induced by supporting a cystocele with a pessary. The patients were otherwise continent. Testing was performed in a semirecumbent sitting position under perineal ultrasound control. The patients were asked to strain and cough before and after supporting the bladder neck with both sponge-holding forceps and a ring pessary. RESULTS: In all 5 patients, urine loss on stress was noted with bladder base support by forceps and pessary insertion. With both, asymmetrical downward stretching of the vagina and bladder base was observed. When the cystocele was allowed to balloon outwards, the asymmetrical pattern converted to a symmetrical 'funnelling' of the anterior and posterior walls of bladder neck. CONCLUSION: This study appears to support the hypothesis that, in addition to urethral narrowing, a ballooning cystocele may restore urethral closure by removing laxity from the vaginal hammock. Correction of a cystocele may cause incontinence by removing a fortuitous, but abnormal compensatory mechanism.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1992

Exogenous oxytocin dilates the cervix in ewes.

Cervical anatomy in ewes usually prevents nonsurgical, intrauterine AI and transcervical embryo transfer (ET), which limits their commercial use in sheep. This study was conducted to determine whether oxytocin would dilate the cervix in ewes and permit passage of a stainless steel rod into the uterus. In Exp. 1, at 44 and 52 h after removal of progestogenated pessaries, ewes were injected i.v. with 0 (saline), 200, 400, or 600 USP units of oxytocin. Immediately before and after treatments, stainless steel rods were used to evaluate cervical dilation and determine whether the uterus could be entered. A rod could not be passed through the cervix and into the uterus in any of the saline-treated ewes. All doses of oxytocin given at 44 and 52 h after pessary removal dilated the cervix and permitted easy passage of a rod into the uterus. At both 44 and 52 h, a stainless steel rod was passed into the uterus in 33 of 43 (77%) of the oxytocin-treated ewes. In 93% (40/43) of these ewes, a rod could be passed into the uterus during either the 44-h or during the 52-h attempt. In Exp. 2, on d 9 after pessary removal, ewes were injected i.v. with oxytocin (400 USP units) at 6 or 12 h after i.v. estradiol-17 beta (0, 100, or 200 micrograms). Cervical dilation was evaluated as in Exp. 1. Dose of estradiol x time of oxytocin affected (P less than .01) the proportion of ewes in which a rod could be passed transcervically into the uterus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Nonsurgical management of genital prolapse. A review and recommendations for clinical practice.

The prevalence of genital prolapse increases with age. Because more women are living longer, genital prolapse will become even more common in our daily practices. Currently this complication is treated surgically, and there is minimal information about nonsurgical treatments. The National Library of Medicine was electronically searched for current information about the nonsurgical treatment of genital prolapse. This article summarizes the anatomic basis, the standard nomenclature, common symptoms and nonsurgical treatment of prolapse. Pessaries offer an alternative, even temporarily, to surgical therapy. Some women use a pessary on a long-term basis. There is no evidence in the literature that monthly follow-up improves outcome. Once fitted satisfactorily, women who wear pessaries need to be evaluated every three to six months.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Conization and pregnancy--an analysis of various therapeutic measures for the prevention of premature labor].

In the period under review from 1/6/1980 to 31/3/1990 119 women with a state after conisation of the cervix have been delivered. For treatment of a resultant cervical incompetence there were used in 46% a cervical cerclage, in 7% a support pessary, in 20% the combination of cerclage: pessary and in 27% conservative measures. Retrospectively the final gestational week, the proportion prematured rupture of membranes, of prematurity and dates of the fetal outcome have been examined. The results demonstrate that a selection of patients has to be made with state after conisation according to the seriousness of the cervical incompetence giving the adequate indication for a conservative or active (cerclage and/or pessary) treatment referrend to pregnancy length and the uterine cervix findings. A general determination of only one treatment method for prophylaxis of therapy with state after cervix conisation is not advisable, be cause the results of all examined patient groups--after selection--were not significantly different.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The unripe cervix and its management for labour induction.

Cervical state plays an important part in the outcome of induced labour. The mechanism governing the process of ripening, which is part of the continuum ending in labour, is still not fully understood, but is thought to involve several hormonal interactions including oestrogens, progesterone, and prostaglandins. The prostaglandins have been found to produce the best results for inducing labour when the cervix is unripe and are most effective when administered locally and most convenient when placed in the vagina as a viscous gel, wax pessary or slow release pessary. They are of benefit for labour induction in cases previously delivered by lower segment caesarean section, breech presentation, and multiple pregnancies. Hyperstimulation and fetal distress may occur and this might be reduced with the use of the controlled release hydrogel pessary. Newer approaches using an antiprogestin or recombinant relaxin are being explored in the hope that further improvements in outcome can be obtained.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2003

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal atrophy is a frequent complaint of postmenopausal women; symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, discomfort and painful intercourse. Systemic treatment for these symptoms in the form of oral hormone replacement therapy is not always necessary. An alternative choice is oestrogenic preparations administered vaginally (in the form of creams, pessaries, tablets and the estradiol releasing ring). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of oestrogenic preparations for women who suffer from vaginal atrophy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group register of trials (searched January 2003), The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2003), MEDLINE (1966-January 2003), EMBASE (1980-January 2003), Current Contents (1993-January 2003), Biological Abstracts (1969-2002), Social Sciences Index (1980-January 2003), PsycINFO (1972-February 2003), CINAHL (1982-January 2003) and reference list of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: The inclusion criteria were randomised comparisons of oestrogenic preparations administered intravaginally in postmenopausal women for the treatment of symptoms resulting from vaginal atrophy or vaginitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Twenty nine trials were identified, of these 13 were excluded. Trials were assessed for quality and two reviewers extracted data independently. Ratios for dichotomous and means for continuous outcomes were estimated. Outcomes analysed were included under the headings of efficacy, safety and acceptability. MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen trials with 2129 women were included in this review. The overall quality of the studies was good, although not all trials measured the same outcomes. All trials measured efficacy with various outcome measures. When comparing efficacy of oestrogenic preparations (in the form of creams, pessaries, tablets and the estradiol releasing vaginal ring) with each other in relieving the symptoms of vaginal atrophy, results indicated significant differences favouring the cream, ring, and tablets when compared to placebo and non-hormonal gel. Fourteen trials compared safety. Four looked at hyperplasia, four looked at endometrial overstimulation and six looked at adverse effects. One trial showed significant adverse effects of cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to tablets (estradiol) which included uterine bleeding, breast pain and perineal pain (1 RCT; OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.50). Two trials showed significant endometrial overstimulation as evaluated by progestagen challenge test in the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) group when compared to the ring (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.78). Although not statistically significant there was a 2% incidence of simple hyperplasia in the ring group when compared to cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) and 4% incidence of hyperplasia (one simple, one complex) in the cream group (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to the tablet (estradiol). Nine studies compared acceptability to the participants by comparing comfort of product, ease of use, overall product rating, delivery system and satisfaction. Results showed a significant preference for the estradiol releasing vaginal ring. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Creams, pessaries, tablets and the estradiol vaginal ring appeared to be equally effective for the symptoms of vaginal atrophy. One trial found significant side effects noted following cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) administration when compared to tablets causing uterine bleeding, breast pain and perineal pain. Another trial found significant endometrial overstimulation following cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to the ring. As a treatment choice women appeared to favour the estradiol releasing vaginal ring for ease of use, comfort of product and overall satisfaction.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2006

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal atrophy is a frequent complaint of postmenopausal women; symptoms include vaginal dryness, itching, discomfort and painful intercourse. Systemic treatment for these symptoms in the form of oral hormone replacement therapy is not always necessary. An alternative choice is oestrogenic preparations administered vaginally (in the form of creams, pessaries, tablets and the oestradiol-releasing ring). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of oestrogenic preparations for women who suffer from vaginal atrophy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Register of trials (searched January 2006), The Cochrane Library (2006,Issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2006), EMBASE (1980 to January 2006), Current Contents (1993 to January 2006, Biological Abstracts (1969 to 2006), Social Sciences Index (1980 to January 2006), PsycINFO (1972 to February 2006), CINAHL (1982 to January 2006) and reference list of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: The inclusion criteria were randomised comparisons of oestrogenic preparations administered intravaginally in postmenopausal women for the treatment of symptoms resulting from vaginal atrophy or vaginitis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Thirty-seven trials were identified: of these 18 were excluded. Included trials were assessed for quality and two reviewer authors extracted data independently. The ratios for dichotomous outcomes and means for continuous outcomes were calculated. The outcomes analysed were categorised under the headings of: efficacy, safety and acceptability. MAIN RESULTS: Nineteen trials with 4162 women were included in this review. The overall quality of the studies was good, although not all trials measured the same outcomes. All trials measured efficacy, with various outcome measures. When comparing the efficacy of different oestrogenic preparations (in the form of creams, pessaries, tablets and the oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring) in relieving the symptoms of vaginal atrophy, results indicated significant findings favouring the cream, ring, and tablets when compared to placebo and non-hormonal gel. Fourteen trials compared safety. Four looked at hyperplasia, four looked at endometrial overstimulation and seven looked at adverse effects. One trial showed significant adverse effects of the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to tablets (oestradiol) which included uterine bleeding, breast pain and perineal pain (1 RCT; OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.50). Two trials showed significant endometrial overstimulation as evaluated by a progestagen challenge test with the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) group when compared to the ring (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.78). Although not statistically significant there was a 2% incidence of simple hyperplasia in the ring group when compared to the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) and 4% incidence of hyperplasia (one simple, one complex) in the cream group (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to the tablet (oestradiol). Eleven studies compared acceptability to the participants by comparing: comfort of product use, ease of use, overall product rating, delivery system and satisfaction. Results showed a significant preference for the oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Creams, pessaries, tablets and the oestradiol vaginal ring appeared to be equally effective for the symptoms of vaginal atrophy. One trial found significant side effects following cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) administration when compared to tablets causing uterine bleeding, breast pain and perineal pain. Another trial found significant endometrial overstimulation following use of the cream (conjugated equine oestrogen) when compared to the ring. As a treatment choice women appeared to favour the oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring for ease of use, comfort of product and overall satisfaction.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1996

Treatment of vaginitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole 500 mg and miconazole nitrate 100 mg (Neo-Penotran, Embil Pharmacy Company, Istanbul, Turkey) in the treatment of vaginitis. METHOD: One hundred patients (mean age 26.5 years, range 18-50) with a clinical diagnosis of vaginitis entered this open, noncomparative study. Each patient inserted a Neo-Penotran pessary twice daily for 14 days. Assessments were carried out at the beginning of the study and 15 and 22 days after the start of therapy. Student's t-test was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients who were initially recruited to the study, 20 were subsequently excluded, leaving a total of 80 patients (80%) who completed the full course of treatment. Vaginitis was resolved in 75% of cases, it improved in 18% and was unchanged in 7%. The success rate for the treatment of trichomoniasis was 80%, 93.4% for bacterial vaginosis and 84.4% for candidal vaginitis. CONCLUSION: Neo-Penotran pessaries represent a novel and effective formulation for the treatment of common types of vaginitis and this pessary may also be of particular value in the treatment of resistant or recurrent vaginitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Time of ovulation in the South Australian Merino ewe following synchronization of estrus. 1. Variation within and between flocks.

Observations were made by repeated laparoscopy to determine the time of ovulation in seven flocks of South Australian Merino ewes treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 400 IU per ewe) and an intravaginal pessary containing 60 mg medroxy-progesterone acetate (MAP). Ovulation most often commenced within 57 h of pessary removal and was completed in all flocks within 81 h. There was, however, significant variation in the time of onset of ovulation; it did not commence until 69 h in one of three observations of Flock 1 and in two of three observations of Flock 2. On the other hand, in a flock of two-year-old nulliparous ewes (Flock 7), ovulation commenced significantly (P < 0.001) earlier than in most observations of other flocks, with 18 39 ewes ovulating within 57 h of pessary removal. The effect of the progestagen (MAP vs flugestone acetate) and the gonadotropin preparation (Pregnecol vs Folligon) on the time of ovulation were observed in separate studies. The characteristic time of ovulation was not influenced in either comparison. However, ovulation occurred significantly (P < 0.001) earlier in ewes treated with progesterone released from a controlled internal drug release dispenser (CIDR). The implications of these findings to artificial insemination and embryo transfer are discussed.

Journal Article↗