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PubMed1998

Comparison of dose-response curves for chromosomal aberrations established by chromosome painting and conventional analysis.

PURPOSE: To establish 60Co gamma-ray dose-response curves for dicentrics and translocations visualized by chromosome painting and for dicentrics analysed after conventional solid staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of chromosomal aberrations was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 48 h old cultures of irradiated whole blood. Dicentrics were scored from Giemsa-stained preparations, and bi-coloured dicentrics and translocations after FISH painting of chromosomes 1, 2 and 4. RESULTS: Equal frequencies of complete dicentrics and translocations, where both members of the exchanges were seen, were observed in the chromosome painting analysis at all doses, resulting in similar calibration curves. Due to differences in scoring criteria, dicentrics scored in conventionally Giemsa-stained slides agreed better with data for total than for complete exchanges. Donor differences for translocations at the control level and at low doses were seen and large uncertainty surrounds the linear component of the dose-response for total translocations. CONCLUSIONS: Dose reconstruction of past exposures in cases of low doses is very dependent on the linear coefficient of the curve. Results indicate that total translocations would give less reliable dose estimates and therefore complete translocations are preferred.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Three-dimensional reconstruction of painted human interphase chromosomes: active and inactive X chromosome territories have similar volumes but differ in shape and surface structure.

This study provides a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of differences between the 3D morphology of active and inactive human X interphase chromosomes (Xa and Xi territories). Chromosome territories were painted in formaldehyde-fixed, three-dimensionally intact human diploid female amniotic fluid cell nuclei (46, XX) with X-specific whole chromosome compositive probes. The colocalization of a 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained Barr body with one of the two painted X territories allowed the unequivocal discrimination of the inactive X from its active counterpart. Light optical serial sections were obtained with a confocal laser scanning microscope. 3D-reconstructed Xa territories revealed a flatter shape and exhibited a larger and more irregular surface when compared to the apparently smoother surface and rounder shape of Xi territories. The relationship between territory surface and volume was quantified by the determination of a dimensionless roundness factor (RF). RF and surface area measurements showed a highly significant difference between Xa and Xi territories (P < 0.001) in contrast to volume differences (P > 0.1). For comparison with an autosome of similar DNA content, chromosome 7 territories were additionally painted. The 3D morphology of the chromosome 7 territories was similar to the Xa territory but differed strongly from the Xi territory with respect to RF and surface area (P < 0.001).

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2006

Influence of the nest environment on bone mineral content in hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta).

We performed an experiment at a field site in north-central Nebraska to assess the role of the nest environment in inducing variation in bone mineral content in hatchling painted turtles Chrysemys picta (Schneider 1783). The contents of several newly constructed nests were manipulated by reciprocal transplant, after which the eggs were allowed to incubate for 8 wk under natural conditions. The nests were then excavated, and the eggs were brought into the laboratory to complete incubation and hatch under standard conditions of temperature and moisture. The hatchlings were killed, and their carcasses and residual yolks were analyzed separately for calcium and phosphorus. More of the random variation in carcass calcium and phosphorus was related to the nest in which eggs incubated (37% and 42%, respectively) than was associated with the clutch of origin (21% and 37%). Moreover, hatchlings from some nests contained substantially more calcium and phosphorus than did hatchlings from other nests, both in terms of the absolute amounts of the elements in their carcasses (pointing to variation in body size) and in terms of the concentrations of those elements (pointing to variation in bone density). The amounts of calcium and phosphorus in carcasses of hatchlings were positively correlated with changes in mass of their eggs during the 8 wk that the eggs incubated in nests in the field, thereby indicating that the influence of the nest environment on developing embryos probably was mediated by water exchanges experienced by the eggs. These findings indicate that developmental plasticity underlies a major fraction of the variation in mineral content of hatchling painted turtles emerging from nests in the field. Phenotypic variation attributable to plasticity consequently needs to be addressed in models for life-history evolution of painted turtles and other chelonians producing eggs with soft, flexible shells.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

PAINT: a promoter analysis and interaction network generation tool for gene regulatory network identification.

We have developed a bioinformatics tool named PAINT that automates the promoter analysis of a given set of genes for the presence of transcription factor binding sites. Based on coincidence of regulatory sites, this tool produces an interaction matrix that represents a candidate transcriptional regulatory network. This tool currently consists of (1) a database of promoter sequences of known or predicted genes in the Ensembl annotated mouse genome database, (2) various modules that can retrieve and process the promoter sequences for binding sites of known transcription factors, and (3) modules for visualization and analysis of the resulting set of candidate network connections. This information provides a substantially pruned list of genes and transcription factors that can be examined in detail in further experimental studies on gene regulation. Also, the candidate network can be incorporated into network identification methods in the form of constraints on feasible structures in order to render the algorithms tractable for large-scale systems. The tool can also produce output in various formats suitable for use in external visualization and analysis software. In this manuscript, PAINT is demonstrated in two case studies involving analysis of differentially regulated genes chosen from two microarray data sets. The first set is from a neuroblastoma N1E-115 cell differentiation experiment, and the second set is from neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells at different time intervals following exposure to neuropeptide angiotensin II. PAINT is available for use as an agent in BioSPICE simulation and analysis framework (www.biospice.org), and can also be accessed via a WWW interface at www.dbi.tju.edu/dbi/tools/paint/.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1992

Gene targeting for somatic cell manipulation: rapid analysis of reduced chromosome hybrids by Alu-PCR fingerprinting and chromosome painting.

The techniques of reverse genetics rely heavily on parasexual methods for manipulating the human genome. However, the application of somatic cell genetics is severely limited by the availability of suitable endogenous selectable markers in the genome. We have addressed this problem by targeting a universally selectable marker into a predetermined region of the genome, using a stringent selection for homologous recombination. Correct gene targeting to human chromosome 7q11 was screened for by Southern blotting and confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Reduced chromosome 7 hybrids were generated by chromosome mediated gene transfer and selection for the neo gene. The resultant transgenomes were characterized by a combination of L1 fingerprinting, locus specific marker analysis, Alu-PCR and chromosome 'painting'. Alu-PCR and L1 'fingerprints' are complementary and mutually consistent. Chromosome 'painting' reflects and extends the results obtained for specific marker co-transfer. Thus Alu-PCR 'fingerprinting' and 'painting' combine to rapidly provide an accurate picture of transgenome content and complexity. Gene targeting, chromosome tagging and subsequent isolation can be applied to any region of the genome for which a molecular probe is available.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

In vitro cytotoxicity of textile paint components linked to the "Ardystil syndrome".

The spraying of a paint formula (Acramin F system) had led to severe pulmonary disease in textile printing sprayers in Spain and Algeria (Ardystil syndrome). In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the toxicity of this paint and its main polymeric components, Acramin FWR, Acramin FWN, Acrafix FHN, and Acramoll W, we have undertaken studies using a battery of different cell-types and assessing in vitro cytotoxicity by measuring LDH leakage. This study shows that, as in in vivo studies, the three polycationic paint components, Acramin FWR (a polyurea), Acramin FWN (a polyamide-amine), and Acrafix FHN (a polyamine) exhibited considerable cytotoxicity (LC50 generally below 100 microg/ml for an incubation of 20-24 h) in vitro, while Acramoll W, which is not a polycation, was almost non-toxic (in the concentration range tested). The cytotoxicity was comparable in primary cultures of rat and human type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages as well as in the pulmonary cell line A549 and the hepatic cell line HepG2. In human erythrocytes, the toxicity was less pronounced. We speculate that the multiple positive charges play an important role in the toxic mechanism. It is concluded that Acramin FWR and Acramin FWN have similar intrinsic toxicity and that these polymeric compounds, which have no irritant properties or systemic toxicity when given orally, exert a high, unexpected, degree of cytotoxicity.

Adipates↗
PubMed1977

Fortnightly fluoride rinsing combined with topical painting of fluoride solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions.

The possibility of achieving a caries-reducing effect by a combination of fortnightly mouthrinsings with 0.2% NaF-solutions and topical painting with solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions was examined in a 4-year clinical study. In addition to the fluoride rinses one of two randomized groups was given three paintings per year with a 0.2% NaF-solution. The other group was painted three times per year with a potassium fluoride solution containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions. This group developed significantly less caries during the study than the NaF-group. The results indicate that certain metal ions can enhance the caries-prophylactic action of the fluoride ions.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the relative sensitivity of chromosome painting (FISH) as an indicator of radiation-induced damage in human lymphocytes.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole chromosome libraries, also known as chromosome "painting", is an easy and rapid method for detection of chromosome aberrations. To evaluate the sensitivity of this in radiation dosimetry we have made comparisons with G-banding analysis and also with physicochemical measurements of radiation induced DNA damage (DNA strand breaks and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation). Heparinised human blood was irradiated at room temperature with a range (0-10 Gy) of gamma irradiation from a cobalt 60 source. Chromosome spreads prepared from phytohaemagglutinin stimulated "whole blood" lymphocyte cultures were hybridized in situ with the whole chromosome 1 library, coded, and scored for aberrant cells. Dose response curves plotted as percent abnormal cells obtained by the two cytogenetic methods were similar and it would appear that chromosome "painting" compared favourably with G-banding for the detection of aberrations. The measurement of DNA strand breaks by a fluorimetric alkaline unwinding assay showed similar sensitivity to chromosome "painting" whereas the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine did not correlate with aberration frequencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The influence of lateral organization on the evaluation of paintings.

This study examines the influence of directional properties of lateral organization on evaluation of paintings. Lateral organization, as defined here, has two dimensions: (1) left or right location of the principal figure; and (2) left-to-right or right-to-left sequence of figures represented by the direction of suggested movement, action, or lines. That previous studies have failed to demonstrate consistently a relationship between evaluations and directional properties is attributed to methodological shortcomings involving lack of control of stimulus properties and exposure time. Here, on the basis of a well-defined judging procedure, paintings were distinguished according to whether each dimension of lateral organization depicted one or more than one direction. Under two exposure conditions, 5 and 20 s, three evaluations (general preference, balance, and dynamics) were made for paintings which were presented simultaneously in the artist-created, original view, and the mirror-image, reversed view. It was found that evaluations were influenced by directional properties (sequence of figures) with a 5 s exposure and by more inclusive formal features with a 20 s exposure. Implications of the findings for perception and aesthetics are considered.

Art↗
PubMed1976

Paint Deterioration as a Result of the Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on Wood.

Growth of Aureobasidium was noted on both painted and unpainted wood surfaces but not on painted glass slides, indicating that the source of carbon and energy for growth was not associated with paint components but was probably supplied by the wood. Several aromatic compounds related to aromatic extractives of wood were shown to support growth of this fungus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Simultaneous obtention of an intense G-banding and chromosome painting.

A method for simultaneously obtaining brilliant G-banding and chromosome painting is described. It is based on a modification of methods enabling the detection of incorporated BrdU by anti-BrdU antibodies conjugated to a fluorochrome. It induces a banding of both painted and non-painted chromosomes. The method was adapted for in situ hybridizations on human and non human (ZOO-FISH) chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Conservation of human vs. feline genome organization revealed by reciprocal chromosome painting.

We employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes established by flow sorting metaphase chromosomes of the domestic cat (Felis cattus, 2n = 38) to "paint" homologous segments on human chromosomes and, reciprocally, using human chromosome paints on feline metaphase preparations. The results revealed, by direct microscopic observation, widespread conservation of genome organization between the two mammalian orders and confirmed 90% of the homologous genes mapped to both species. Fourteen of 23 human chomosomes were hybridized with single cat probes, and 9 of 19 cat chromosomes were entirely labeled by a single human probe. All other chromosomes were labeled with only two or, at most, three probes of the respective species. Y-chromosome probes gave no signals. Approximately 30 syntenic segments were identified, and the number of translocations could be estimated to be on the order of one new translocation per 10 million years in the phylogenetic lines leading to human and cat. Using the principle of maximum parsimony, the primitive vs. derived human chromosome segments were identified by comparison to the feline, cattle, and pig genomes, a first step in reconstructing the evolutionary heritage of the mammalian radiations. The results suggest that reciprocal chromosome painting will help reconstruct the history of genomic changes by determining the polarity of chromosomal rearrangements and establishing the ancestral karyotype for each principle branching point in mammalian evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Reciprocal chromosome painting between human and prosimians (Eulemur macaco macaco and E. fulvus mayottensis).

We used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to delineate the homology between the human karyotype and those of two lemur species (Eulemur macaco macaco and E. fulvus mayottensis). Human and lemur chromosome-specific probes were established by bivariate fluorescence-activated flow sorting (FACS) and subsequent degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR). Reciprocal painting of human probes to lemur chromosomes and vice versa allowed a detailed analysis of the interchromosomal rearrangements that had occurred during the evolution of these species. The results indicate that the genomes of both species have undergone only a few translocations during more that 45 million years of lemur and human evolution. The synteny of homologs to human chromosomes 3, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, X, and Y was found to be conserved in the two lemur species. Taking non-primate mammals as the outgroup for primates, ancestral conditions for various primate chromosomes were identified and distinguished from derived forms. Lemur chromosome painting probes were also used for cross-species hybridization between the two lemur species. The results support an earlier assumption, made on the basis of chromosome banding, that the karyotypes of the two species have evolved exclusively by Robertsonian transformations. All probes derived from E. f. mayottensis chromosomes specific for homologs involved in rearrangements in E. m. macaco exclusively painted entire chromosome arms. The results further indicate that E. f. mayottensis most probably has a more ancestral karyotype than E. m. macaco. Probes derived from prosimians will be useful in comparing the karyotypes of other lower primates, which will improve our understanding of early primate genome evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

An open-label study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Betadine cold sore paint.

An open-label, randomised, parallel-group efficacy study was designed to compare Betadine cold sore paint and Stoxil topical ointment for the prevention of shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from cold sores. Seventy-two patients aged 18-61 years (mean 32.2 years), with symptoms indicating recent onset of herpes labialis, were entered into the study. Patients were randomised to receive Betadine cold sore paint, Stoxil topical ointment or no treatment. To detect infectious virus, swabs were taken for virus culture before and 2 h after treatment. The no-treatment control group was included to monitor the efficiency of the swabbing technique. The primary measure of efficacy was the proportion of patients in each group returning a swab positive for HSV prior to treatment application and negative for HSV 2 h after treatment application. All 72 patients completed the study. HSV clearance rates were 0.636 for the Betadine treatment group and 0.092 for the Stoxil treatment group (p = 0.00056). It was concluded that recovery of infectious HSV from the lips of patients who applied Betadine cold sore paint to their lesions was significantly lower than from patients who applied Stoxil topical ointment.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1996

Chromosomal aberrations detected by chromosome painting in lymphocytes from cancer patients given high doses of therapeutic X-rays.

Chromosome painting by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a whole chromosome-specific DNA probe was used to detect chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from cancer patients given partial-body fractionated X-ray therapy. Six male patients with cancer of the stomach, prostate, lung, or hepatocellular carcinoma, received X-rays in total doses of 40.5 to 70.08 Gy. Lymphocytes were cultured for 50 h with phytohemagglutinin. The mean frequency of aberrant cells detected by chromosome 4 painting varied from 1.57% to 14.34% in the patients and was markedly higher than in healthy controls (mean = 0.12%). Chromosome painting effectively detected chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes from cancer patients. Equivalent biological doses extrapolated from a dose-response curve obtained in an in vitro human lymphocyte X-ray irradiation study are discussed as an indicator of the cytogenetic damage inducible by radiotherapy in cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Toothbrush abrasion of paint-on resins for shade modification and crown resins: effect of water absorption.

In order to investigate the clinical application of paint-on resins, the effect of water absorption on toothbrush abrasion and light transmittance of ten crown resins including three paint-on resins was examined. Water absorption into each material ranged from 0.29 to 0.89 mg/cm2 after storage in distilled-water for 6 weeks and their hardnesses decreased by 3.5-22.3%. Maximum surface roughness (Rmax) of the materials stored in distilled water for 6 weeks increased with an increasing number of toothbrush abrasion cycles and ranged from 1.9 to 10.5 microm after 100,000 cycles. Also, Maximum depth and weight loss as an indicator of the amount of each material lost by abrasion showed similar behaviors similar to Rmax. These results indicated that the abrasion resistance of paint-on resins was located in the middle among all materials examined.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

In vitro evaluation of bond strength and surface roughness of a resin-paint material.

This study investigated the stability of a resin-paint material (Master Palette)--which was developed for chairside shade modification of composite restorations--by evaluating its bond strength to indirect resin composite and surface degradation. Bond strength was evaluated with four surface treatments including an application of methylene chloride, airborne particle abrasion with 50 microm aluminum oxide, and additional applications of bonding agents after air-abrasion. The surface roughness (Rz value) of both the resin-paint and indirect resin composite before and after thermo-cycling (4-60 degrees C, 50,000 cycles) was also evaluated. All data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Boneferroni's test (p=0.05). It was found that bond strength was improved by bonding agent application (14.9+/-1.9 MPa to 18.6+/-2.2 MPa, p<0.0054) after thermo-cycling. As for surface roughness, its results after thermo-cycling (2.7+/-0.2 microm, p<0.001) demonstrated that the resin-paint needed further improvements to maintain the original surface texture.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1992

Calibrating microwave-incubation times for droplet immunostaining: reversible Thermo-Paint as a low cost alternative.

Reversible Thermo-Paint R50 (Manufactured by Thermographic Measurements, Ltd., Burton, UK and imported in The Netherlands by Blanken Controls, Loenen (Vel.)) has a yellow colour that changes to orange when a temperature of 50 degrees C is reached. Microscopical glass slides can be painted with R50. Under the droplet on the painted slide an orange disk will appear at the moment the droplet has reached the temperature of 50 degrees C. This test provides us with information about how much energy per minute is available to be absorbed by that precisely defined "test droplet" using a certain setup of the microwave oven. The obtained data can be used to calibrate incubation times for various microwave ovens. The results explain why, when short cycle times are used, immunostaining is highly reproducible.

Calibration↗