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PubMed1986

Evaluation of the lytic response of prostaglandin F2 alpha in Zebu cattle based on serum progesterone.

To evaluate by means of blood progesterone levels and estrous expression the effect of the injection of 25 mg of PGF2alpha in Zebu cows, 17 Indobrazil cows with a palpable corpus luteum (CL) were injected with PGF2alpha and blood samples taken every 6 h in Experiment I. In Experiment II, 15 cows from the previous experiment at the same stage of diestrus were injected with PGF2alpha and bled every 4 h for 5 d. Progesterone levels had declined by 50% 6 h after injection in all cows and dropped to below 1 ng/ml by 30 h. Estrus was observed in 47% of the animals in Experiment I and 60% in Experiment II. Ovulation was detected accurately in 29% of the animals at 33.6 +/- 11.6 h after the onset of estrus. The correlation between finding a CL by rectal palpation and levels of progesterone higher than 1 ng/ml of blood was 86 and 93% in Experiments I and II, respectively. These studies indicate that the injection of 25 mg of PGF2alpha is sufficient to produce luteolysis in Zebu cattle, although estrous expression is poor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Sexual activity of Assaf ewes after October and February lambings.

The first ovulation in 20 Assaf ewes and the first estrus in 54 out of 77 Assaf ewes after the October lambings occurred at mean intervals of 26 +/- 1.7 and 50 +/- 1.5 d postpartum, respectively. After the February lambings, nine out of 20 examined ewes had their first ovulation and estrus 35 +/- 2.5 and 71 +/- 7.7 d postpartum, respectively, and resumed normal cyclic activity in April. Five animals showed considerable ovarian activity but only occasional estrous activity during spring, while the remaining six ewes had a 6-to 7-mo-long anestrous season during which only occasional ovulations were detected in three of them.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

The effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares.

One stallion and 54 mares were used in an experiment to evaluate the effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares. All mares were inseminated with 250 x 10(6) progressively motile sperm every other day during estrus until detection of ovulation. Mares (n = 18) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) no postbreeding uterine lavage (control); 2) uterine lavage at 0.5 h postbreeding; or 3) uterine lavage at 2 h postbreeding. A dilute solution of povidone-iodine (PIS; 0.05%) previously determined to render spermatozoa immotile in vitro was used to lavage the mare uteri. One liter PIS, prewarmed to 40 degrees C, was used for each lavage. Pregnancy status of mares was determined at 21 d and 36 d post ovulation, using transrectal ultrasonography. The pregnancy rate of Group 1 (66.7%) was higher than that of Group 2 (22.2%; P<0.05) or Group 3 (33.3%); P<0.10). The pregnancy rates of Groups 2 and 3 were similar (P>0.70). Evaluation of endometrial biopsies obtained from a separate set of mares (n = 3) on Day 6 post ovulation, both before and after uterine lavage, revealed no difference in the accumulation of inflammatory cells, suggesting adverse effects of lavage on fertility may have been due to excessive removal of spermatozoa from the uterus during the lavage process or damage to oviductal spermatozoa.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Pregnancies following transfer of equine embryos cryopreserved by vitrification.

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo developmental abilities of equine embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. Twenty-eight embryos were recovered from Native pony and Thoroughbred mares at Days 5 to 7 by nonsurgical uterine flushing (detection of ovulation=Day 0). The vitrification solution contained 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll, and 0.3 M sucrose in PBS. The embryos were placed for 1 to 2 min in vitrification solution (Group 1) or following exposure to 20% ethylene glycol in PBS for 10 to 20 min (Groups 2 and 3). Single embryos were loaded in 0.25-ml straws, cooled for 1 min in liquid nitrogen vapor and immersed in liquid nitrogen. Straws were warmed in water (20 degrees C, 20 sec), and the contents were expelled with 0.5 M sucrose in PBS. Then the sucrose was diluted in 1-step (Groups 1 and 2) or 4-steps (Group 3). Embryos (n=21) were cultured for 120 h in TCM199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air and evaluated morphologically. Development to the hatching or hatched blastocyst stage was obtained in 0 7 , 4 7 and 4 7 embryos in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. An additional 7 embryos were vitrified-warmed according to the treatment of Group 2 (4 embryos) and Group 3 (3 embryos). Five embryos were selected after in vitro culture for 4 h and were transferred nonsurgically into the uterine horn of Day-4 recipient mares. Transfer of 2 embryos (both Day-6 blastocysts: Group-2 treatment) resulted in pregnancies with a viable fetus at Day-60 of the gestation period.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Contraceptive effects of extended lactational amenorrhoea: beyond the Bellagio Consensus.

We have recorded the duration of lactational anovulation and amenorrhoea in a well-nourished group of Australian women who breastfed their babies throughout the study. The data enabled us to compare the theoretical cumulative probability of conception among breastfeeding women who had unprotected intercourse irrespective of their menstrual status with that of those who had unprotected intercourse only during lactational amenorrhoea. Breastfeeding alone is not an effective form of contraception, since all the women in our study resumed normal ovulation while still breastfeeding. However, among women who have unprotected intercourse only during lactational amenorrhoea but adopt other contraceptive measures when they resume menstruation, only 1.7% would have become pregnant during the first 6 months of amenorrhoea, only 7% after 12 months, and only 13% after 24 months. Thus for our women it would be possible to extend the Bellagio Consensus Conference guidelines which stated that lactational amenorrhoea can only be relied on as a contraceptive for the first 6 months post-partum in women who are fully or almost fully breastfeeding. The lactational amenorrhoea method can be relied on for excellent contraceptive protection in the first 6 months of breastfeeding, irrespective of when supplements are introduced into the baby's diet; for women who continue to breastfeed the method can also give good protection for up to 12 months post partum. Once menstruation has returned, other forms of contraception are essential to prevent pregnancy.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1982

Ultrasound observations in patients on gonadotrophin therapy.

Twenty-four courses of ovulation induction with HMG-HCG were accompanied by ultrasound sector scanning. The results of cross-sectional studies did not deviate from those reported for normal cycles. Cross-sectional studies indicate smaller peak follicular volumes than repeated measurements of the same follicles. Results may, however, be influenced by frequency and time of measurements, as well as frequency and time of coitus for the patients. Peak-size follicular volumes in patients who became pregnant were relatively large. Peak volumes connected with subsequent pregnancies may therefore have another range of variation than follicles releasing oocytes which will remain unfertilized.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1989

Ovarian follicular dynamics in heifers: test of two-wave hypothesis by ultrasonically monitoring individual follicles.

The two-wave hypothesis for follicular development during the bovine estrous cycle was tested by ultrasonically monitoring individual follicles in 10 heifers during an interovulatory interval. A dominant follicle was defined as one that reached a diameter of at least 11 mm. Subordinate follicles were defined as those that appeared to originate from the same follicular pool as a dominant follicle. A dominant follicle and its cohorts were defined as a wave. Two waves during an interovulatory interval were identified in 9 of 10 heifers. The first wave was first identified, retrospectively, on a mean of Day 0.2 +/- 0.1 (ovulation = Day 0) and gave origin to a dominant anovulatory follicle and a mean of 1.4 +/- 0.3 identified subordinates. The dominant follicle reached maximum diameter (mean, 15.8 +/- 0.8 mm) on an average of Day 7 and then decreased (P less than .04) by Day 11. The subordinate follicles increased in diameter for a few days and then regressed. The second wave was first identified on a mean of Day 10.0 +/- 0.4 and gave origin to the ovulatory follicle and a mean of 0.9 +/- 0.3 subordinates. One of the 10 heifers had 3 waves of follicular activity characterized by an anovulatory wave emerging on Day 0, another anovulatory wave emerging on Day 10, and an ovulatory wave emerging on Day 16. Results strongly supported the two-wave hypothesis but also indicated that a minority of interovulatory intervals in this heifer population may have 3 waves of follicular activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Methods of monitoring menstrual function in field studies: attitudes of working women.

This study was designed to determine the attitudes and compliance of working women toward methods being evaluated for use in the assessment of the effects of toxicants on reproductive potential. Women such as the highly motivated fertility patients and nurses, who are typically familiar with the methods and procedures of fertility assessment and the value of medical research, have been used to validate such methods in a clinical setting. However, the attitudes of a general working female population toward these methods are unknown. Nine participants were selected on the bases, in part, of not seeking fertility assistance, working full-time but not in the medical field, and having less than one year of college education. Attitudes were also evaluated for 193 non-participating women to whom the procedures had been verbally described. Participants measured basal body temperature and salivary and vaginal mucous electrical resistance, evaluated cervical mucus manually (CME), and collected the first morning urine for two menstrual cycles. Blood, saliva, and transvaginal ultrasonograms (US) were obtained at a fertility clinic 6 to 9 days per cycle. Participants brought urine to the laboratory every 3 days. All participants performed all methods. Participants were paid $400; nonparticipants were not compensated. Only 3% of the respondents objected to the proposed methods: principally to CME, US, and giving blood samples. No respondent perceived the study as unimportant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Vaginal temperature sensing using UHF radio telemetry.

User-induced errors are common when women repetitively employ conventional probe type thermometers to chart their basal body temperatures in an effort to indicate ovulation. An alternative technique employing a two-part telemetric thermometer is proposed, with low-power, SAWR-controlled UHF radio as the transmission medium. Worn overnight in the vagina, the 1 microW erp telemetry transmitter sends pulse modulated data continuously to a microcontroller in a nearby receiver; a real time clock enables programmable sampling and storage of the subject's temperature to 0.1 degrees C resolution. Initial clinical results indicate an enhanced performance compared to oral and axillary temperature trends taken by a mercury-in-glass thermometer. Polar plots of both the isolated and body-worn telemetry transmitter are presented; body induced attenuations of up to 30 dB were measured.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2005

Controlling interrelationships of progesterone/LH and estradiol/LH in mares.

The interrelationships of progesterone, estradiol, and LH were studied in mares (n=9), beginning at the first ovulation (Day 0) of an interovulatory interval. An increase in mean progesterone concentrations began on Day 0 and reached maximum on Day 6, with luteolysis beginning on Day 14. A common progesterone threshold concentration of about 2 ng/ml for a negative effect on LH occurred at the beginning and end of the luteal phase. Progesterone and LH concentrations decreased at a similar rate from Day 6 until the onset of luteolysis on Day 14, consistent with a decreasing positive effect of LH on progesterone. Concentrations of LH during the increase in the ovulatory surge consisted of two linear regression segments involving a rate of 0.4 ng/ml/day for Days 14-22 and 1.8 ng/ml/day for Day 22 to 1 day after the second ovulation. The end of the first segment and beginning of the second segment was 2 days before ovulation and was the day the ovulatory estradiol surge was at a peak.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Expression of growth hormone family and growth hormone receptor during early development in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica).

In a previous study, we identified cDNAs encoding the growth hormone receptor (eGHR1) and eGHR1 homologue (eGHR2) in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). In the present study, changes in the developmental expression of growth hormone (GH), eGHR1 and eGHR2 were investigated in the Japanese eel eggs and preleptocephali by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods in an attempt to examine the involvement of these proteins in larval growth. The GH transcripts and the production of GH protein were not detected in the newly hatched larvae and preleptocephali at day 3 post-hatch, however, these were detected at day 6 post-hatch, and also detected at higher levels at day 10 post-hatch. In contrast, prolactin and somatolactin transcripts could not be detected in all preleptocephalus specimens (newly hatched larvae and preleptocephali at day 3, 6 and 10 post-hatch). eGHR1 and eGHR2 transcripts were detected in all preleptocephalus specimens. Therefore, it is plausible that the actions of GH during the preleptocephalus stage are mediated through the eGHRs. The present data suggest that GHR-mediated actions of GH begin at the same time as the initiation of GH production, and that GH plays important roles in larval growth and survival to the leptocephalus stage. eGHR1 mRNA, which is thought to be of maternal origin, was also detected in ovulated eggs. However, the role of eGHR1 mRNA in eggs is not clear.

Anguilla↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of the fertile phase as determined by the Clearplan Easy Fertility Monitor and self-assessment of cervical mucus.

The purpose of this study was to compare the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle as determined by the Clearplan Easy Fertility Monitor (CPEFM) with self-monitoring of cervical mucus. One-hundred women (mean age = 29.4 years) observed their cervical mucus and monitored their urine for estrogen and luteinizing hormone metabolites with the CPEFM on a daily basis for 2-6 cycles and generated 378 cycles of data; of these, 347 (92%) had a CPEFM peak. The beginning of the fertile window was, on average, day 11.8 (SD = 3.4) by the monitor and day 9.9 (SD = 3.0) by cervical mucus (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). The average first day of peak fertility by the monitor was 16.5 (SD = 3.6) and by cervical mucus 16.3 (SD = 3.7) (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). The mean length of the fertile phase by the monitor was 7.7 days (SD = 3.1) and by cervical mucus 10.9 days (SD = 3.7) (t = 12.7, p < 0.001). The peak in fertility as determined by the monitor and by self-assessment of cervical mucus is similar but the monitor tends to underestimate and self-assessment of cervical mucus tends to overestimate the actual fertile phase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Acceptability of a home monitor used to aid in conception: psychosocial factors and couple dynamics.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the psychological acceptability of technologies designed to assist couples in achieving pregnancy is complex. OBJECTIVE: The current study developed measures relating to the impact of one such technology on 52 couples' relationships, their feelings relating to pregnancy status and their feelings about the technology itself. METHODS: Pregnancy status and daily logs of sexual activity were recorded for four menstrual cycles, in addition to the completion of acceptability questionnaires. RESULTS: Baseline acceptability measures were more favorable among couples eventually achieving pregnancy. For couples not becoming pregnant, acceptability declined over time and relationships became more strained. Behavioral data clearly indicated a "targeting" and focusing of sexual activity in response to the information displayed by the monitor. CONCLUSION: Expectations of success, couple disagreements about prior failure and partner communication patterns appear to be related to pregnancy success when using such technology.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

I got rhythm: Gershwin and birth control in the 1930s.

Gershwin's song 'I Got Rhythm' serves here as a backdrop representing the social context of the inter-war years. On center stage is a particular aspect of the history of birth control--the application of a new theory of ovulation to contraception. Starting in 1928, a series of experiments revealed a biochemical rhythm in the female reproductive cycle, which contradicted the widespread idea that ovulation and pregnancy could occur at any time. This discovery was applied to a new contraceptive method, the rhythm method, which enjoyed significant popularity during the 1930s, especially among Catholics. For a short period, women could join Ethel Merman in the refrain 'I got rhythm, I got my man, who could ask for anything more?' But the rhythm method has not lived to its promise, and the play goes on em leader

Contraception↗
PubMed2005

Protocol for determining fertility while breastfeeding and not in cycles.

A protocol was developed and evaluated for nonovulating breastfeeding women to determine potential fertility with an electronic hormonal fertility monitor. The amount of required abstinence (i.e., days of potential fertility) through the first menstrual cycle indicated by the fertility monitor was significantly lower (17% of the total days) compared with the amount of abstinence (50% of the total days) indicated by the self-observation of cervical mucus.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Increased pregnancy rate with use of the Clearblue Easy Fertility Monitor.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect on pregnancy rates through use of the Clearblue Easy Fertility Monitor (CEFM) in women trying to conceive. DESIGN: Prospective study, in which volunteers were randomly assigned either to use or not to use the CEFM. All participants could also use other aids to conception. Data were self-reported by volunteers using daily diaries, supplied and collected by mail. SETTING: Home use, under conditions normally experienced by over-the-counter purchasers of the marketed device. PATIENT(S): Women who were trying to conceive; 653 (CEFM 305, control 348) provided evaluable information. INTERVENTION(S): CEFM was used for two cycles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cumulative pregnancy rates over two cycles of use. RESULT(S): The cumulative pregnancy rate for 2 cycles was significantly higher in the CEFM group (22.7%) compared with the control group (14.4%). More women who had been trying to conceive for <6 months became pregnant than women who had been trying to conceive for >6 months (odds ratio: 2.67). Previous pregnancy and younger age of partners were also significant prognostic factors, but use of other aids to conception was not. After adjustment for other factors, CEFM use remained a significant factor affecting the chance of conceiving within two cycles (odds ratio: 1.89). CEFM users found the device to be easy/very easy to use (90%) and convenient/very convenient (80%). CONCLUSION(S): Use of the CEFM increases the likelihood of getting pregnant during the first two cycles of use compared with its nonuse, in women who had been trying to conceive for up to 2 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Follicle stimulating hormone as a predictor of ovarian response in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of basal follicle stimulating hormone (FHS) level on ovarian response in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. METHODS: A descriptive and analytic study of 212 cycles of IVF chosen from about 2200 files of women treated at Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran, from 1991 to 1999. Treatment was started with intranasal or subcutaneous buserlin (0.5 cm3), on day 21 (long protocol). On day 2 of the next cycle, stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) was initiated. When the number and size of follicles were suitable, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was given intramuscularly for ovulation induction, followed by oocyte retrieval 36 to 40 h later. Embryos were transferred about 48 to 72 h after oocyte retrieval. The women were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of day 3 serum FSH levels (>or=15 IU/mL, group 1 and <15 IU/mL, group 2). RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in number of follicles, number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transferred (lower in group 1), and level of serum luteinizing hormone and number of canceled cycles (higher in group 1). There were no statistical differences in number of ampoules of hMG used or age of patients. CONCLUSION: Day-3 serum FSH level was a predictor of ovarian response and IVF outcome in this study.

Adult↗