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PubMed2006

Cost-efficiency of decaying wood as a surrogate for overall species richness in boreal forests.

Decaying wood is one of the most important elements for species richness in boreal forests. We tested how well reserve selection based on the amount and quality of decaying wood results in a representation of four ecologically different taxa (beetles, birds, wood-inhabiting fungi, and vascular plants). We also compared the cost-efficiency of the use of dead-wood indicators with comprehensive species inventory. Our database included 32 seminatural old-forest stands located in northern Finland. Decaying wood was a relatively good indicator of saproxylic species but not overall species richness. Even though dead wood did not reflect accurately overall species richness, our results indicated that the use of decaying wood as an indicator in site selection was more cost-efficient than using information from large-scale species inventories. Thus, decaying wood is a valuable surrogate for species richness, but other cost-efficient indicators that reflect the requirements of those species which are not dependent on decaying wood should be identified.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Micrometastasis of a sentinel lymph node in cutaneous melanoma is a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival, distant-metastasis-free survival, and overall survival.

OBJECTIVE: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been proposed as a minimally invasive procedure for the histopathologic staging of the regional lymph node basin. The aim of this work was to investigate the prognostic value of detection of micrometastasis by SLNB. METHODS: In the period from January 1996 to March 2000, a sentinel lymph node (SLN) was identified in 283 patients at the Department Dermatology, University of Tuebingen. In the case of 38 patients (13.4%) histopathologic examination led to the detection of micrometastasis in at least one SLN. The median follow-up period was 29 months. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 245 patients (12.7%) suffered a tumor recurrence following a negative SLNB, and 19 of 38 patients (50%) following positive SLNB. In the case of disease-free survival the remaining significant independent prognostic factors of the multivariate analysis were tumor thickness (p=0.011), ulceration (p=0.026), and the detection of micrometastasis in SLNB (p=0.021). With respect to distant-metastasis-free survival the significant independent prognostic factors of the multivariate analysis were tumor thickness (p=0.0022) and the SLNB results (p=0.0068). For overall survival the tumor thickness (p=0.013) and the SLNB results (p=0.034) were significant independent prognostic parameters in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The study examined patients with melanomas of all tumor thicknesses and SLNB for which the prognostic significance of SLNB was tested. Recurrences were more frequent in patients with a micrometastatic SLN. Patients with a negative SNLB are still at risk for tumor recurrence. The histopathologic result of SLNB is, after tumor thickness, the most significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival, distant-metastasis-free survival, and overall survival.

Disease-Free Survival↗

PubMed2006

Managing acutely ill substance-abusing patients in an integrated day hospital outpatient program: medical therapies, complications, and overall treatment outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Substance-abusing adults are admitted to hospitals for medical complications from their drug and alcohol use at substantially higher rates than the general public; yet, their care is often defined by against medical advice (AMA) discharges and low rates of referral to addiction treatment programs. METHODS: We present findings from a chart review of consecutive admissions to an integrated medical-substance abuse treatment program designed for acutely ill, hospitalized substance using adults. We specifically looked at factors associated with program completion and medical complications in this cohort of at-risk adults. RESULTS: Overall, 83 patient cases were studied. The mean age was 41.2 years; most were African American (73.5%), male (68.7%), and homeless (77.1%). Heroin (96.4%) and cocaine (88.0%), followed by alcohol (44.6%) were the most commonly used substances before admission. The most common admitting diagnoses were infectious endocarditis (43.4%), abscess or nonhealing ulcer (18.1%), and osteomyelitis (13.3%) with intravenous antibiotic (68.7%), physical therapy (48.2%), or wound care (41.0%), the most commonly prescribed care on the integrated care/day hospital unit. The mean length of stay in the day hospital was 12.4 days. Overall, 69.9% of patients successfully completed their medical therapy, and 63.9% were successfully referred to an outpatient substance abuse treatment program. Only 10.8% required an unscheduled hospital readmission and 15.7% required an after-hours emergency department visit during their stay. CONCLUSION: Outpatient/day hospital-based integrated treatment is a viable option for medically ill substance-abusing adults who would otherwise be hospitalized and is associated with higher than expected completion rates and low rate of complications. Co-locating the unit at a hospital and integrating extensive social supports appear to be key components to this model.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

The natural mutation by deletion of Lys9 in the thrombin A-chain affects the pKa value of catalytic residues, the overall enzyme's stability and conformational transitions linked to Na+ binding.

The catalytic competence of the natural thrombin mutant with deletion of the Lys9 residue in the A-chain (deltaK9) was found to be severely impaired, most likely due to modification of the 60-loop conformation and catalytic triad geometry, as supported by long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in explicit water solvent. In this study, the pH dependence of the catalytic activity and binding of the low-molecular mass inhibitor N-alpha-(2-naphthylsulfonyl-glycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine-piperidine (alpha-NAPAP) to the wild-type (WT) and deltaK9 thrombin forms were investigated, along with their overall structural stabilities and conformational properties. Two ionizable groups were found to similarly affect the activity of both thrombins. The pKa value of the first ionizable group, assigned to the catalytic His57 residue, was found to be 7.5 and 6.9 in ligand-free deltaK9 and WT thrombin, respectively. Urea-induced denaturation studies showed higher instability of the deltaK9 mutant compared with WT thrombin, and disulfide scrambling experiments proved weakening of the interchain interactions, causing faster release of the reduced A-chain in the mutant enzyme. The sodium ion binding affinity was not significantly perturbed by Lys9 deletion, although the linked increase in intrinsic fluorescence was lower in the mutant. Essential dynamics (ED) analysis highlighted different conformational properties of the two thrombins in agreement with the experimental conformational stability data. Globally, these findings enhanced our understanding of the perturbations triggered by Lys9 deletion, which reduces the overall stability of the molecule, weakens the A-B interchain interactions, and allosterically perturbs the geometry and protonation state of catalytic residues of the enzyme.

Catalytic Domain↗

PubMed1989

More efficient excision repair of pyrimidine dimers in the specific DNA sequence than in the genome overall in goldfish cells.

Excision repair of pyrimidine dimers induced by 254 nm UV was examined in the genome overall and in a specific sequence containing a transfected gene for hygromycin B resistance, in RBCF-1 cells derived from a goldfish, by the use of UV endonuclease of Micrococcus luteus and alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. More than 40% of dimers were removed from the specific sequence, while about 20% were removed from the genome overall, within 24 h after exposure to UV (2.5-7.5 J/m2).

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of selected ultrasound performance tests with varying overall receiver gain and dynamic range, using conventional and magnified field of view.

Most ultrasound (US) scanner vendors currently offer a feature that allows a region of the ultrasound image to be magnified or zoomed. Although the methods of magnification vary among vendors, the ability to "zoom in" on a selected portion of the image has gained clinical acceptance. However, using this feature introduces additional steps in the quality assurance (QA) measurement procedures. No studies exist that demonstrate the advantage of a magnified field of view (FOV) over the conventional FOV for QA purposes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a magnified versus nonmagnified FOV on various common QA performance tests as a function of the overall receiver gain and dynamic range. Additionally, since the performance tests are subject to variations caused by scanner settings, sets of QC tests were recorded using several different scanner settings to investigate any change in the sensitivity of the QC measurements with respect to the magnified and nonmagnified fields of view. The lateral and axial resolution, slice thickness, and caliper accuracy (vertical and horizontal) as a function of varying overall receiver gain and dynamic range, were obtained using conventional (no zoom) as well as a magnified (zoom) field of view (FOV). Each measurement was performed three times by a single observer using a 4 MHz "vector" format transducer on a single diagnostic medical ultrasound scanner. The results show no statistical significance in the variability of most recorded masurements when using the conventional versus the magnified FOV. However, in some cases, such as lateral resolution, the average value measured using the magnified FOV was typically 0.5 mm lower than when using a conventional FOV.

Calibration↗

PubMed1994

Stimulus variability and spoken word recognition. I. Effects of variability in speaking rate and overall amplitude.

The present experiments investigated how several different sources of stimulus variability within speech signals affect spoken-word recognition. The effects of varying talker characteristics, speaking rate, and overall amplitude on identification performance were assessed by comparing spoken-word recognition scores for contexts with and without variability along a specified stimulus dimension. Identification scores for word lists produced by single talkers were significantly better than for the identical items produced in multiple-talker contexts. Similarly, recognition scores for words produced at a single speaking rate were significantly better than for the corresponding mixed-rate condition. Simultaneous variations in both speaking rate and talker characteristics produced greater reductions in perceptual identification scores than variability along either dimension alone. In contrast, variability in the overall amplitude of test items over a 30-dB range did not significantly alter spoken-word recognition scores. The results provide evidence for one or more resource-demanding normalization processes which function to maintain perceptual constancy by compensating for acoustic-phonetic variability in speech signals that can affect phonetic identification.

Female↗

PubMed1995

Effect of relative and overall amplitude on perception of voiceless stop consonants by listeners with normal and impaired hearing.

Previous studies of the /p/-/t/ contrast for normal-hearing listeners have shown that both manipulation of the amplitude of the burst relative to the vowel in the F4-F5 frequency region and overall presentation level can influence the perception of place of articulation [R. N. Ohde and K. N. Stevens, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 706-714 (1983); Gravel and Ohde, Asha 25, 101 (1983)], such that greater burst amplitude in the high frequencies and higher presentation levels result in more alveolar responses. The influence of relative amplitude and presentation level was tested for both normal-hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) listeners in the present study. Synthetic CV stimuli were used, and the amplitude of the burst relative to vowel-onset amplitude in the F4-F5 frequency region was manipulated across a 20-dB range. In addition, overall presentation level was varied across a 45-dB range. The findings revealed that the hearing-impaired listeners selected more alveolar responses than listeners with normal hearing when tested at equivalent SPLs. A group of five normal-hearing listeners were then presented the synthetic stimuli in a background of broadband noise at a level that produced thresholds at 4 kHz equivalent to the thresholds of five hearing-impaired listeners. Results from the noise-masked normal-hearing listeners did not consistently show more alveolar responses as presentation level of the stimuli was increased, thus failing to mimic the responses from the hearing-impaired listeners in quiet.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Spectral weights for overall level discrimination in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss.

A conditional-on-a-single-stimulus (COSS) analysis procedure [B. G. Berg, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1743-1746 (1989)] was used to measure the weight or relative reliance that normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners give to different frequencies in the discrimination of the overall level of a multitone complex. On each trial, two multitone-tone complexes comprised of six octave frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz were presented to subjects. The levels of the frequencies for each complex were randomly varied. The listeners task was to identify the complex with the higher overall intensity level. Normal-hearing listeners used a variety of listening strategies to perform the task, showing no general preference to weight one component over another. Hearing-impaired listeners, however, showed a general tendency to give greatest weight to the spectral information in the region of their hearing loss. Thirteen of the 14 hearing-impaired listeners, all of whom had a high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, weighted one or more of the high-frequence components in the complex the greatest.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

In vitro susceptibilities of the Bacteroides fragilis group species: change in isolation rates significantly affects overall susceptibility data.

A comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility data of species of the Bacteroides fragilis group for 1989-1990 and 1998-1999 studies showed statistically significant increases or decreases in in vitro activity. Overall significant increases in resistance were noted for ampicillin-sulbactam and clindamycin, while significant decreases in resistance were noted for ertapenem and cefoxitin. Susceptibilities to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, meropenem, and trovafloxacin remained virtually the same for the two studies. Importantly, a change in the rates of isolation of the various species showed the B. fragilis species comprised 58% of the isolates in 1989 to 1990 and 45% of the isolates in 1998 to 1999. This change in rates of isolation of B. fragilis versus non-B. fragilis species had an overall effect on susceptibility data.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1997

Relation between bed use, social deprivation, and overall bed availability in acute adult psychiatric units, and alternative residential options: a cross sectional survey, one day census data, and staff interviews.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relation between bed use, social deprivation, and overall bed availability in acute adult psychiatric units and to explore the range of alternative residential options. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey, combined with one day census data; ratings by and interviews with staff; examination of routine data sources. SETTINGS: Nationally representative sample of acute psychiatric units. SUBJECTS: 2236 patients who were inpatients on census day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bed occupancy levels, judged need for continuing inpatient care, reasons preventing discharge, scores on the Health of the Nation outcome scales. RESULTS: Bed occupancy was related to social deprivation and total availability of acute beds (r = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.88, F = 8.72, df = 2.23; P = 0.002). However, 27% (603/2215) of current inpatients (61% (90/148) of those with stays of > 6 months) were judged not to need continuing admission. The major reasons preventing discharge were lack of suitable accommodation (37% (176/482) of patients in hospital < 6 months v 36% (31/86) of those in hospital > 6 months); inadequate domiciliary based community support (23% (113) v 9% (8)); and lack of long term rehabilitation places (21% (100) v 47% (40)). Scores on the Health of the Nation outcome scale were generally consistent with these staff judgments. CONCLUSIONS: The shortage of beds in acute psychiatric units is related to both social deprivation and the overall availability of acute beds. Patients currently inappropriately placed on acute admission wards should be relocated into more suitable accommodation, either in hospital or in the community. A range of provisions is required; simply providing more acute beds is not the answer.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2006

A modified peripheral neuropathy scale: the Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale.

A new peripheral neuropathy activities measure, the Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale (ONLS), was derived by modifying the Overall Disability Sum Score (ODSS) slightly. Its inter-rater reliability was found to be high and its correlation with the ODSS (r = 0.97), 36-item Short Form Questionnaire Physical Component Summary Score, and participation and impairment measures was significant. Acceptable responsiveness (standardised response mean 0.76) was shown by the ONLS. The results obtained from the questionnaire agreed closely with those obtained from observation of the tasks on the ONLS, but were not equivalent. The simplicity of the ODSS is shared by the ONLS, but the ONLS has better content validity and less ceiling effect, which may make it more useful for clinical practice and research.

Persons with Disabilities↗

PubMed1985

Ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the overall effect of treatment and the influence of patient selection and data presentation on the reported outcome.

An attempt is made to assess the overall impact of current treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, based on the outcome in 200 consecutive patients, unselected in that they were transferred to neurosurgical care as soon as they were referred, regardless of clinical condition. Overall mortality at 1 year was 35.5%. It is estimated that at the present time treatment improves the one-year survival of patients who reach the primary care hospital by no more than 12-15%. In assessing the apparent benefits of treatment, it is easy to overlook the effects of patient selection and the way in which data are presented. Other admission policies in line with current practice but involving greater selectivity and delay in transfer, could have reduced the one-year mortality of this series of patients to 16.1%, by excluding from neurosurgical care patients who were in a poor condition or about to deteriorate. The outcome data in this series could be presented in different ways so as to represent the surgical mortality as ranging between 13.8% and 3.3%.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Update of the Texaco mortality study 1947-93: Part I. Analysis of overall patterns of mortality among refining, research, and petrochemical workers.

OBJECTIVE: To update information on the workers of the Texaco mortality study to determine if the patterns of mortality have changed with 16 additional years of follow up. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All workers were employed for > or = 5 years at company refineries, petrochemical plants, and research laboratories from 1947-93. The cohort now consists of 28,480 employees with an average of > or = 20 years of follow up. RESULTS: The overall mortality, and most cause specific mortalities were lower than or similar to those for the general population of the United States. For white men (86% of the cohort), there were 8873 observed deaths and 11,181 expected resulting in a significantly lower standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 79. There were significant deficits for all the leading causes of death in the United States including all cancers, cancer of the lung, stroke, heart disease, respiratory disease, and accidents. Slightly increased mortality was found for cancer of the pancreas, cancer of the brain and central nervous system, leukaemia, and cancer of other lymphatic tissue. For cancer of the bone, the SMR was 162 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 86 to 278), and for benign and unspecified neoplasms, it was 152 (95% CI 109 to 206). Overall mortality patterns for non-white men and women were similar to those for white men. Mortality patterns for white men were also examined by duration of employment, time first employed, location, and by job and process unit. There were significantly increased SMRs for brain cancer for those people employed as laboratory workers and on units with motor oil and for cancer of other lymphatic tissue for people employed on the fluid catalytic cracking unit. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the updated study showed a favourable mortality experience for employees in the Texaco mortality study compared with the United States population. There were a few increases found consistently including, but not limited to, brain cancer and cancer of other lymphatic tissue. These increases led to additional analyses that will be discussed in the accompanying paper.

Brain Neoplasms↗

PubMed1996

Sympathovagal interplay in the control of overall blood pressure variability in unanesthetized rats.

The role of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences in the control of overall blood pressure variability was studied in chronically instrumented, freely behaving Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) subjected to sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine (100 micrograms/kg ip) twice in 1 wk (effectiveness verified by abolition of pressor and tachycardic response to tyramine, 150 mg/kg i.v.) and/or to cholinergic blockade by atropine (0.7 mg/kg i.v.). Overall heart rate and blood pressure variabilities were measured as variation coefficients computed beat to beat on 90-min blood pressure recordings. As compared with the vehicle-treated controls, sympathectomized rats had much larger blood pressure variability (WKY, +61%, SHR, +86%, both P < 0.01). Cholinergic blockade superimposed to sympathectomy caused heart rate variability to markedly fall and the already augmented blood pressure variability to further rise 47% in WKY and 28% in SHR (both P < 0.01). Prolonged observation of the animals revealed the systematic occurrence of rapid blood pressure falls occurring at the onset of locomotor activity, accounting for a substantial fraction of the sympathectomy-related increase in blood pressure variability. It is concluded that 1) under undisturbed daily life conditions, sympathetic influences oppose blood pressure variations, presumably by adjusting their vasoconstrictor influences to compensate for the metabolic vasodilation occurring in functionally active tissues; 2) when sympathetic vascular control is lost, vagally mediated heart rate variations oppose the rise in blood pressure variability, possibly via rapid changes in cardiac output that partly offset the fluctuations in total peripheral resistance; and 3) chronic hypertension fails to alter these cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Overall "gain" of the respiratory control system in normoxic humans awake and asleep.

With the addition of external dead space in normoxia, PCO2-ventilation response and CO2 production were determined in 10 healthy male subjects. Overall "gain" (G) of the respiratory control system was calculated from the slope of the CO2-response curve (S) and that of the metabolic hyperbola (SL) at alveolar partial pressure of CO2 (PACO2) of the respective experimental run. We found that 1) despite the depression of ventilation during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, G was generally not changed due to decreased SL, although considerable individual variations were seen; 2) effects of external dead space on PACO2 change during sleep and wakefulness were similar in magnitude; and 3) the above PACO2 changes experimentally induced agreed well with the predicted values estimated from G. Contrary to general opinion, these results demonstrated that overall gain of the respiratory control system is generally not depressed during NREM sleep in normal healthy subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Influences of overall thermal balance on local inputs for drive of evaporation in men.

Three kinds of experiments were carried out in a climatic chamber: experiments with warm load on the whole body at 36 degrees C (4 subjects); experiments at 36 degrees C with reduction of thermal load (28 degrees C) on the left leg (right leg at 36 degrees C) (8 subjects); and experiments at 36 degrees C with antisymmetric thermal load on the legs of 44 degrees C (right leg) and 28 degrees C (left leg), which resulted in additional thermal loads of +/- 30 W/leg (8 subjects). The additional thermal loads, which were applied via two climatic boxes, produced measurable effects on sweat rate when applied to one leg only. In comparison to the experiment 1, experiment 2 brought about a significant reduction of local evaporation on the left leg. With antisymmetric thermal loads on both legs (experiment 3), which did not influence the overall thermal balance, there was no significant influence on local evaporation, although significant changes of local temperatures were measured. It is suggested that the well-known regulatory models, declaring local, mean skin, and core temperatures as local evaporation drive should be supplemented with an important additional feature: local control of evaporation by local skin temperature may be blocked by an overall thermal balance.

Body Temperature Regulation↗

PubMed2005

High-level coexpression of JAG1 and NOTCH1 is observed in human breast cancer and is associated with poor overall survival.

Aberrant activation of Notch receptors has been shown to cause mammary tumors in mice. We therefore used in situ hybridization to analyze expression of Notch ligands and receptors in human breast cancer. High levels of JAG1 and NOTCH1 were noted in a subset of tumors with poor prognosis pathologic features (P < 0.05). We therefore used tissue microarrays to analyze the expression of these genes in a collection of breast cancers from patients representing a wide spectrum of clinical stages, and from whom associated follow-up survival data was available (n = 184). Patients with tumors expressing high levels of JAG1 or NOTCH1 had a significantly poorer overall survival compared with patients expressing low levels of these genes [5-year survival rate of 42% versus 65% and median survival of 50 versus 83 months, respectively, for JAG1(Hi vs. Lo) (P = 0.01); 49% versus 64% and 53 versus 91 months, respectively, for NOTCH1(Hi vs. Lo) (P = 0.02)]. Moreover, a synergistic effect of high-level JAG1 and high-level NOTCH1 coexpression on overall survival was observed (5-year survival rate of 32% and median survival of 40 months; P = 0.003). These data (a) identify novel prognostic markers for breast cancer, (b) suggest a mechanism whereby Notch is activated in aggressive breast tumors, and (c) may identify a signaling pathway activated in poor prognosis breast cancer which can be therapeutically targeted.

Adult↗