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PubMed2005

Response properties of dorsal root reflexes in cutaneous C fibers before and after intradermal capsaicin injection in rats.

C fiber dorsal root reflexes (DRR) contribute to neurogenic inflammation and possibly also to touch-evoked pain (allodynia) induced by intradermal capsaicin. The responses of C fibers in the sural nerve to graded mechanical stimuli before and following intradermal capsaicin were studied in 39 adult male rats. Two-thirds of 111 fibers were without spontaneous activity, while the remaining fibers averaged 1.41+/-0.25 spontaneous antidromic spikes per second. Among the quiescent C fibers only two had excitatory receptive fields, whereas the active C fibers showed three patterns of activity, an excitatory response, an inhibitory response, or no response to mechanical stimulation. The excitatory responses were to high intensity mechanical stimuli alone, while inhibitory responses were evoked in a graded fashion by both noxious and innocuous mechanical stimuli. Intradermal injection of capsaicin increased spontaneous and evoked DRRs in all C fibers with excitatory responses to mechanical stimuli, but none acquired responses to innocuous stimuli. Capsaicin initially produced inhibition of spontaneous activity in C fibers with inhibitory or no receptive fields, but this later resumed and achieved a rate higher than baseline. Mechanical stimuli re-applied following the resumption of spontaneous discharges failed to produce any response. Spontaneous DRRs were increased by topical application of 1 mM beta-alanine (a competitive antagonist for GABA transporters) and abolished by ipsilateral spinal nerve L5 lesion, verifying antidromic origin. The role of C fiber DRRs in normal sensory transmission and during hyperalgesia is discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Changes in motor cortex excitability in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Previous studies found that some patients with severe, early onset facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) present epilepsy and mental retardation. This suggests a functional involvement of central nervous system in severe FSHD. It is unknown whether minor functional changes of central nervous system are also present in less severe forms of FSHD. To investigate this, we examined the excitability of neuronal networks of the motor cortex with a range of transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigms in 20 FSHD patients with heterogeneous clinical severity and compared the data with that from 20 age-matched healthy individuals and from 6 age-matched patients with other muscle diseases. There was significantly less intracortical inhibition in FSHD patients (mean responses +/- SD reduced to 58.1+/-43.5% of the test size) than in controls (mean responses +/- SD reduced to 29.3+/-13.5% of the test size; P=0.025) and in patients with other muscle diseases (mean responses +/-SD, reduced to 30.6+/-11.7% of the test size; P=0.046). No significant difference was found between the control group and patients with other muscle diseases (P=0.970).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Intraoperative detection of spinal cord ischemia using somatosensory cortical evoked potentials during thoracic aortic occlusion.

Paraplegia remains a devastating and unpredictable complication of surgical procedures requiring temporary occlusion of the thoracic aorta, interruption of important spinal radicular vessels, or both. Intraoperative monitoring of the physiological integrity of the spinal cord should permit the early detection of spinal cord ischemia, the judicious and timely institution of corrective measures, including bypass or shunting, and the preservation of important intercostal arteries in appropriate circumstances. A model of spinal cord ischemia was created by temporary proximal and distal occlusion of the canine thoracic aorta. Serial measurement of somatosensory cortical evoked potentials (SCEP) generated by peripheral nerve stimulation, reflecting the status of long-tract neural conduction, was used to monitor alterations in spinal cord function during ischemia. Twelve animals subjected to aortic occlusion demonstrated a characteristic time-related deterioration of the SCEP with virtual extinction of the signal at a mean interval (+/- standard error of the mean) of 12.4 +/- 1.5 minutes. Six animals in which reperfusion was established immediately following the loss of the SCEP (Group 1) demonstrated complete recovery without neurological sequelae, as assessed by clinical and histological criteria. In 6 animals (Group 2), the period of aortic occlusion was extended for an additional 15 minutes following loss of the SCEP (27.3 +/- 2.3 minutes); postoperatively, 4 of 6 animals sustained major neurological lesions characterized by spastic paraplegia and histological evidence of spinal cord infarction (Group 1 versus Group 2, p less than 0.05). We conclude that distinctive alterations in the SCEP are indicative of reversible ischemic spinal cord dysfunction. On-line monitoring of spinal cord function using the technique of SCEP provides a rational basis for determining of SCEP provides a rational basis for determining operative strategy during surgical procedures on the thoracic aorta.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Conditions for excitatory or inhibitory masseteric reflexes elicited by tooth pressure in man.

The reflex responses evoked by slowly rising pressure "push' stimuli to an upper lateral incisor tooth in human masseter muscle were studied. Factors such as the preload (the static force applied to the tooth by the stimulus probe before the start of the push stimulus) and the shape of the stimulus wave affected the outcome of the reflex response. When the stimulating probe did not apply preload to the tooth before the push stimulus took place, the force profile exhibited a large fast component as the probe took up the 'slack' in the periodontium. The fast component in the force profile was found to be responsible for inducing the inhibitory reflex (sole inhibitory reflex). When preload was applied, the size of the fast component in the force profile was reduced and the change in force rate became slower and smoother. This slower stimulus profile induced the sole excitatory reflex significantly more often (58% vs 21%) and the sole inhibitory reflex significantly less often (15% vs 52%) than in the experiments that used no preload. The shape of the stimulus wave that drove the stimulus probe was also of importance. Provided that a 0.5-N preload was applied to the tooth, the smoothest stimulus wave induced the sole excitatory reflex most often. Fitting a rubber attachment to the up of the probe made the push-force profile even smoother and thence more successful in inducing the sole excitatory reflex. Furthermore, the rubber tip reduced the possibility of the probe slipping off the tooth due to small and unavoidable movements of the participant's head. It is concluded that the periodontal mechanoreceptors can induce both excitatory and inhibitory reflexes on the jaw closers. The excitatory reflex becomes dominant when a smooth force is applied with preload. The inhibitory reflex becomes dominant when fast-force changes are applied on the tooth and/or no preload is used.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The hippocampal lamella hypothesis revisited.

We have re-examined the hippocampal lamellar organization of the CA3-to-CA1 connection. Based on a new technique with electrophysiological quantification of Schaffer collateral density, and a review of recent literature, we conclude that the lamellar organization remains a useful concept for understanding hippocampal connectivity. Using a sheet-like hippocampal preparation, containing the whole CA1 region, we mapped the distribution of Schaffer collaterals by two procedures. First, we recorded the amplitude of the Schaffer compound action potential in various parts of CA1 after stimulation of a point in CA3. Second, we charted the CA1 positions from which we could antidromically excite individual CA3 neurones. Although the Schaffer collaterals radiated from their CA3 cells of origin within a wide, fan-shaped area, covering a large part of the septo-temporal extent of CA1, the amplitude of the compound action potential was largest in a slightly oblique, transverse band across the CA1 towards the subicular region.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Stimulus time-locked responses of motoneurons during forelimb fictive locomotion evoked by repetitive stimulation of the lateral funiculus.

In cat forelimb fictive locomotion evoked by repetitive stimulation of the upper cervical lateral funiculus, locomotor discharges consisted of activities time-locked to each stimulus, which were rhythmically modulated. The stimulus time-locked activities were investigated by intracellular recording from motoneurons. In both elbow flexor and extensor motoneurons, there observed stimulus time-locked disynaptic EPSPs, trisynaptic IPSPs and polysynaptic EPSPs, all of which were rhythmically modulated with specific patterns. The disynaptic EPSPs of flexor motoneurons were facilitated in the flexor phase of locomotion, whereas those of extensor motoneurons were facilitated from the flexor phase to the flexor-to-extensor transition phase. Modulation depth was larger in flexor motoneurons. Trisynaptic IPSPs changed in amplitude in parallel with the disynaptic EPSPs of the antagonistic motoneurons. Late, polysynaptic EPSPs of both flexor and extensor motoneurons increased in amplitude along with corresponding nerve discharges. After lesions of the lateral funiculus at C6/C7, both the disynaptic EPSPs and trisynaptic IPSPs were abolished in the motoneurons located caudally to the lesions. However, only trisynaptic IPSPs were lost in the rostrally located motoneurons. Furthermore, the lesions disclosed that extensor motoneurons received another kind of stimulus time-locked EPSPs, trisynaptic EPSPs, which were transmitted through the ventral part of the spinal cord, and rhythmically facilitated in the extensor phase. Stimulus time-locked PSPs observed in this study may at least in part be evoked by last-order interneurons of the central pattern generator, which may be reciprocally organized.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Neuronal network analysis based on arrival times of active-sleep specific inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in spinal cord motoneurons of the cat.

The neuronal network responsible for motoneuron inhibition and loss of muscle tone during active (REM) sleep can be activated by the injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into a circumscribed region of the brainstem reticular formation. In the present report, we studied the arrival times of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) observed in intracellular recordings from cat spinal cord motoneurons. These recordings were obtained during episodes of motor inhibition induced by carbachol or during motor inhibition associated with naturally occurring active sleep. When the observed IPSP arrival times were analyzed as a superposition of renewal processes occurring in a pool of pre-motor inhibitory interneurons, it was possible to estimate the following parameters: (1) the number of independent sources of the IPSPs; (2) the rate at which each source was bombarded with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs); and (3) the number of EPSPs required to bring each source to threshold. From the data based upon the preceding parameters and the unusually large amplitudes of the active sleep-specific IPSPs, we suggest that each source is a cluster of synchronously discharging pre-motor inhibitory interneurons. The analysis of IPSP arrival times as a superposition of renewal processes, therefore, provides quantitative information regarding neuronal activity that is as far as two synapses upstream from the site of the recording electrode. Consequently, we suggest that a study of the temporal evolution of these parameters could provide a basis for dynamic analyses of this neuronal network and, in the future, for other neuronal networks as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Postsynaptic dorsal column and cuneate neurons in raccoon: comparison of response properties and cross-correlation analysis.

The responses of 111 postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) neurons in the cervical spinal cord and 51 cuneate neurons with receptive fields on the glabrous skin of the forepaw were studied in anesthetized raccoons using extracellular recording techniques. The PSDC neurons had larger receptive fields than the cuneate neurons, but in both groups the fields never extended onto hairy skin. PSDC and cuneate neurons had approximately the same mean latency to electrical stimulation of the receptive field, but PSDC neurons had significantly lower thresholds. The majority of both PSDC and cuneate neurons also responded to electrical stimulation of an adjacent digit, even though they did not respond to mechanical stimulation of that digit. Cross-correlation analysis of the activity of 51 pairs of PSDC and cuneate neurons recorded simultaneously revealed a significant interaction in 26 pairs during spontaneous activity. In 20 of these neuron pairs, the probability that the cuneate neuron would fire was greater after the PSDC neuron had fired (suggesting a spinocuneate interaction), five pairs showed an interaction in the opposite (cuneospinal) direction, and one pair had a significant inhibitory interaction. These interactions occurred more often when the receptive fields of the two neurons were overlapping than when their fields were on adjacent digits. Frequency response analysis revealed greater coherence for those pairs showing a spinocuneate interaction than for those with a cuneospinal interaction. These results support the hypothesis that the PSDC system exerts a tonic facilitatory effect on cuneate neurons and that there may be some somatotopic organization to the interactions. However, the similar response latencies of the two groups of neurons makes it unlikely that PSDC neurons could contribute to the rapid initial processing of cutaneous information by the cuneate nucleus.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Increase in the discharge of muscle spindles during diaphragm fatigue.

The discharge of 18 single unit spindles located in the right crural diaphragm was recorded during rhythmic diaphragmatic contractions before the onset of and during fatigue. Spindle discharge was significantly greater (P<0.05) during rhythmic exercise when the diaphragm was fatigued than spindle discharge during rhythmic exercise when the diaphragm was not fatigued. The increase in spindle discharge during diaphragmatic fatigue is inconsistent with the notion that spindles comprise the afferent arm of a fatigue-induced inhibitory reflex originating in the diaphragm.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Effects of nitric oxide and GABA interaction within ventrolateral medulla on cardiovascular responses during static muscle contraction.

We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO) has opposing roles in regulating cardiovascular responses within the rostral (RVLM) and caudal (CVLM) ventrolateral medulla by modulating release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We have measured GABA concentrations within the RVLM and CVLM during increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) following a 2-min tibial nerve stimulation-evoked static muscle contraction before and after microdialysis of the NO precursor, L-arginine (1.0 microM), for 30 min, and after the NO inhibitor, L-NMMA (1.0 microM), for 30 min. In eight anesthetized rats, muscle contraction significantly increased MAP, HR and GABA levels within the RVLM area (from 0.53+/-0.09 to 1.22+/-0.10 ng/10 microl). Following microdialysis of L-arginine, muscle contraction augmented GABA levels (from 0.45+/-0.07 to 2.18+/-0.09 ng/10 microl) and attenuated changes in MAP and HR. Subsequent application of L-NMMA significantly decreased GABA levels (from 0.47+/-0.08 to 0.22+/-0.07 ng/10 microl) but potentiated MAP and HR responses to a muscle contraction. In contrast, muscle contraction significantly increased MAP and HR but decreased GABA concentrations within the CVLM (from 1.20+/-0.20 to 0.78+/-0.17 ng/10 microl). Following microdialysis of L-arginine, muscle contraction significantly attenuated GABA levels (from 1.34+/-0.19 to 0.33+/-0.10 ng/10 microl) and augmented changes in MAP and HR in response to muscle contraction. A subsequent microdialysis of L-NMMA into the CVLM reversed the effects of L-arginine. These results demonstrate that NO within the RVLM and CVLM differentially modulates cardiovascular responses during static muscle contraction and that NO influences exercise-induced cardiovascular responses by modulating GABA release within the ventrolateral medulla.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2002

Cooling lesions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus during LiCl activation block acquisition of conditioned taste avoidance in male rats.

Lesions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) disrupt acquisition of LiCl-induced conditioned taste avoidance. Animals with lesions in this area also fail to exhibit taste neophobia. This raises the possibility that an inability of rats to recognize the taste solution as novel contributes to the deficit in taste avoidance learning. If this is the case, then one would expect conditioned taste avoidance not to be disrupted if the lPBN is functional during taste processing but not during LiCl processing. The first three experiments demonstrated that cooling was a viable method by which to temporarily inactivate the lPBN. Measurement of neural temperature during cooling indicated that the lPBN was cooled to temperatures that have been shown to block synaptic transmission but not axonal transmission. Cooling the lPBN itself induced a conditioned avoidance to a sucrose solution but this avoidance was abolished by exposure to daily cooling for 1 week prior to acquisition. In experiment 4, all animals were preexposed to lPBN cooling for 1 week. Those rats that received cooling lesions during a period that started immediately after sucrose solution consumption and extended through the peak effectiveness of LiCl failed to acquire a taste avoidance. These results fail to support the hypothesis that the deficit in taste avoidance learning after permanent lesions of the lPBN is due to an inability of lesioned animals to recognize the taste as novel. They are consistent with the hypothesis that this neural area processes ascending information about LiCl.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Bicuculline attenuates the MLR-induced suppression of dorsal horn neurons receiving group III afferent input.

In decerebrate cats, we found that iontophoretic application of bicuculline, a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, attenuated the mesencephalic locomotor region-induced suppression of dorsal horn neurons responding to group III afferent input from the hindlimb. Our findings raise the possibility that GABA release onto dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord may play an important role in the attenuation of the exercise pressor reflex by central command during exercise.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

Dissociation of human thalamic and cortical SEP gating as revealed by intrathalamic recordings under muscle relaxation.

'Gating' refers to a reduction of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) under multiple simultaneous afferent inputs. This study used the opportunity for intrathalamic recordings in patients with movement disorders to clarify to what extent cortical SEP gating is preceded by thalamic gating. Recordings were performed in 10 patients, narcotised by intravenous propofol when receiving implantation of a therapeutic deep brain stimulator system. SEP were elicited by an 8.1-Hz median nerve stimulation at twice motor threshold and were recorded simultaneously from both intrathalamic and scalp electrodes before and after the application of the depolarising muscle blocker succinylcholine which eliminated both the background muscular tone and the repetitive muscle twitches caused by the median nerve stimulation. Peripheral compound action potentials recorded at the upper arm remained unchanged after complete muscle relaxation, proving a continuously effective nerve stimulation. In contrast, the primary cortical SEP component (N20) was significantly increased under succinylcholine (+17%). This cortical release from gating was not paralleled, however, by an increased thalamic response; rather, the primary thalamic response (P16) showed a slight (-9%) but highly significant amplitude reduction. As the recordings were performed in narcotised patients, any potentially variable attentional bias on part of the subjects can be excluded as confounding factor when comparing the two experimental conditions with vs. without reafferent somatosensory inflow. Thus, given the high signal-to-noise ratio of intrathalamically recorded SEP, the present study shows a distinct thalamo-cortical dissociation with the primary somatosensory cortex representing the predominant level exhibiting SEP gating.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Modulation of monosynaptic transmission by presynaptic inhibition during fictive locomotion in the cat.

The effect of multisensory inputs onto the presynaptic inhibitory pathways affecting IA terminals was studied during fictive locomotion in decerebrated cats. The effect was evaluated from changes in amplitude of the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) measured in lumbosacral motoneurones. Responses were grouped and averaged according to their timing within the step cycle divided into five bins. Presynaptic inhibition was evoked by stimulating group I afferents from the posterior biceps-semitendinosus (PBSt) muscles and one of three cutaneous nerves: superficial peroneal (SP), sural and saphenous. Statistical analysis was applied to compare (1) EPSPs conditioned by PBSt input alone and those conditioned by the combined PBSt and cutaneous inputs, and (2) each bin dividing the step cycle to disclose phase-dependent changes. Results from 19 motoneurones showed that: (1) there was a significant phase-dependent modulation in EPSP amplitude (by 25%) with the maximum usually occurring during the depolarized phase; (2) PBSt alone reduced the EPSP amplitude (by 21%) in 3.2 bins on average; (3) combined PBSt and cutaneous stimuli further modified (up or down) the EPSP amplitude in half the trials but only in one to two bins; and (4) the most efficient cutaneous nerve (SP) usually decreased the PBSt-evoked reduction in EPSP size. Minimal changes in membrane input resistance suggest that the EPSP modifications were mostly due to presynaptic inhibition. Results indicate that muscle afferents can induce an important phase-dependent presynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic transmission and that concomitant activation of cutaneous afferents can alter this inhibition but only for a restricted part of the step cycle.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Cardiopulmonary sympathetic and vagal afferents excite C1-C2 propriospinal cells in rats.

The purpose of this study in anesthetized rats was to determine the effects of stimulating cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferents (CPSA) and vagal afferents on C1-C2 descending propriospinal neurons. We hypothesized that inhibition of spinal sensory neurons produced by CPSA or vagus activation might relay in C1-C2 spinal segments. Extracellular action potentials were recorded from 73 C1-C2 neurons whose axons were antidromically activated in lumbar segments. CPSA input excited 22 cells, inhibited two cells and excited/inhibited one cell, whereas vagal input excited eight cells and inhibited two cells. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that CPSA input can be processed in C1-C2 segments to produce neural modulation in distant spinal segments.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) induce non-synaptic responses in neighboured neurons (buccal ganglia, Helix pomatia).

A non-synaptic spread of excitation between neighboured neurons was studied in a model nervous system using epileptiform activity. The identified giant neuron B3 in the buccal ganglia of Helix pomatia reliably generated paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) when treated with pentylenetetrazol or etomidate. Simultaneous recordings of neuron B3 and other neurons showed that each PDS in neuron B3 was accompanied by a depolarization in the other neurons. These related depolarizations (PDS-RD) appeared about 1 to 5 s after the beginning of PDS, their amplitude was up to 20 mV and their duration ca. 1 min. Reduction of extracellular calcium concentration or application of a "high Mg-low Ca" solution blocked PDS-RD. There were, however, no hints for synaptic contacts of the studied neurons. Occasional failures of spontaneous PDS in one neuron B3 of the B3-network of neurons, resulted in a failure of PDS-RD in the neighboured neurons. Block and induction of PDS in one neuron by injection of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing currents, respectively, blocked and induced PDS-RD in the neighboured neurons. As intracellular staining of neurons B1 and B3 showed that their dendritic arborizations were co-localized in the same region of the ganglion, a dendro-dendritic release of substances may cause PDS-RD. Since PDS-RD could themselves trigger PDS, PDS-RD may provide a new basic mechanism of synchronizing epileptic activity of neighboured neurons within an epileptic focus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Differences in recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway between lengthening and shortening contractions in human soleus muscle.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway are modulated in the soleus muscle of the lower limb during lengthening (LEN) and shortening (SHO) contractions by comparing the shape of the input-output (I/O) relation of the corticospinal pathway. To this end, we investigated the relationship between various stimulus intensities applied via transcranial magnetic stimulation and the size of motor-evoked potentials in 14 healthy subjects during voluntary plantarflexion and dorsiflexion (active lengthening) with a similar background activity (BGA) level. The shape of this relationship was sigmoidal and was characterized by a plateau value, maximum slope and threshold. The plateau value was clearly lower during LEN contractions than during SHO contractions. Likewise, the maximum slope was lower during LEN contractions. However, the threshold did not differ significantly between the two tasks. Since the plateau value and the maximum slope clearly differed between LEN and SHO contractions despite the similarity of their BGA levels, the central nervous system appears to have a different activation strategy for each of these tasks. Namely, the relative balance between excitatory and inhibitory components of the corticospinal volleys, as well as the subliminal fringe of the corticospinal pathway, were reduced during LEN contractions compared with SHO contractions. These strategies may help to avoid reflexive contractions brought about by higher discharge of muscle spindles and enable fine motor actions in voluntary lengthening contractions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Actions of galanin on neurotransmission in the submucous plexus of guinea pig small intestine.

Electrophysiologic recording methods were used to study the actions of galanin on synaptic transmission in the submucous plexus of guinea pig ileum. Exposure to galanin resulted in concentration-dependent suppression of slow noradrenergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and fast nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the majority of neurons. Failure of galanin to suppress nicotinic depolarizing responses to micropressure pulses of acetylcholine and failure to suppress hyperpolarizing responses to micropressure pulses of norepinephrine suggested that galanin acted at presynaptic inhibitory receptors to suppress release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Galanin suppressed slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials in eight of eight neurons with AH (after-hyperpolarization) type electrical behavior and in none of 26 neurons with S (synaptic) type electrical behavior. Suppression of excitatory neurotransmission in AH neurons was always associated with membrane hyperpolarization. Excitatory responses caused by experimentally applied substance P were also inhibited by galanin. Galanin-(1-16) and galanin-like peptide mimicked the inhibitory actions of galanin on neurotransmission. The selective galanin GAL2 receptor agonist [D-Trp(2)]galanin was inactive. The chimeric peptides, galanin-(1-13)-spantide I, galantide, galanin-(1-13)-neuropeptide Y(25-36) amide, galanin-(1-13)-bradykinin-(2-9)amide and galanin-(1-13)-Pro-Pro-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala amide all produced varying degrees of suppression of the synaptic potentials. The evidence suggests that the galanin GAL1 receptor, but not the galanin GAL2 receptor, mediated the presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory actions of galanin.

Animals↗