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PubMed1986

ODDC and MULTIGRAPH: programs for spectrophotometer data collection and manipulation using a microcomputer.

A software package is described that collects, graphs, performs peak sensing, and prints data from a spectrophotometer interfaced to an Apple II microcomputer with an ADALAB analog-to-digital converter card. Data collection and storage is performed by an interpreted BASIC program with machine language subroutines. Recalling, graphing, and printout of the data is accomplished by a separate compiled BASIC program. Both of these programs, as well as assisting utility programs, are under control of a menu program. The programs take advantage of all available memory in the 64-K Apple II computer to allow for storage of up to 12 600 data points (7 hours of data collection at a sampling rate of 1 sample every 2 s). As the data collection program provides peak sensing, and the capability of annotating various time points, the programs are ideally suited for use in column chromatography.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1986

Real-time detection of ventilatory maneuvers by a microcomputer.

The SYTER software system was built around an Apple II microcomputer to automatically process the data yielded by three ventilatory tests: analysis of lung elasticity during an expiratory maneuver, plethysmographic measurement of airway resistance during a panting maneuver, and similar measurements of lung volumes. A volume signal is displayed to the operator throughout each test to help control the maneuver. The various stages of the test are recognized in real time by routines written in assembling language, so that significant data are displayed and stored during the maneuver. This paper describes the algorithms used to perform waveform analysis, and presents illustrative displays obtained in the Lung Function Laboratory.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1986

MODDIS: a microcomputer program for model discrimination.

A computer program for a microcomputer (HP 86) is presented to discriminate between different models and to design new experiments for model discrimination. By a non-linear fitting algorithm a set of experimental data is fitted with different models suggested by the user. The parameters characterizing each model are estimated by minimizing the sum of squared residuals; different criteria are used to test the choice between two or more models at different levels of probability and the smallest number of additional experiments required for discrimination is computed. If discrimination is not achieved a direct search method is used to find the local maxima of the divergence (or information for discrimination) over a user-chosen domain of independent variables (x R'''). The x value corresponding to the absolute maximum of the divergence is the best choice to run a new experiment for discrimination.

Biometry↗
PubMed1986

The Personal Acoustics Lab (PAL): a microcomputer-based system for digital signal acquisition, analysis, and synthesis.

A new, integrated digital signal processing (DSP) system, the Personal Acoustics Lab (PAL), is described. This microcomputer-based system is suitable for analogue signal digitization at rates from several samples per hour to 150,000 samples per second in 12- or 16-bit words. Data may be acquired on one to sixteen single-ended A/D, or one to eight double-ended A/D channels in bipolar or unipolar modes. Digitized data may be reconverted to analogue signals using one or two D/A channels. An external clock and trigger and two bidirectional digital ports are provided. Integrated PAL-ILS software commands perform all necessary DSP functions, including: data editing, time- and frequency-domain graphical display, plotting, filtering, Fourier and Hilbert transforms, linear predictive coding, auto- and cross-correlation, and summary statistics. The system is suitable for biological and engineering DSP applications. Output from selected PAL-ILS software commands is illustrated using a bioacoustical example.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A microcomputer-assisted analysis of drug resistance in bacteria.

A software package for analysis of antimicrobial drug resistance traits has been developed. It is written in PASCAL and implemented on a microcomputer. The microbiological data to be analysed is reduced to the different patterns of drug resistance found and the associated numbers of isolates. Based upon these patterns of drug resistance, the incidence of resistance to individual drugs and combinations is calculated. Furthermore, the extent and nature of the multiple drug resistance within a group of microorganisms is examined by looking at various aspects of the statistical association of drug resistance traits.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

An application of the microcomputer as a generator of target movements for the eye tracking test (ETT).

We have developed a new system to produce target movements for our particular purposes using a microcomputer and 9-bit digital-to-analog converter. A continuously changing sinusoidal wave was produced to examine the relationship between the frequencies of target movements and smooth pursuit. A random sinusoidal wave was produced to make clear the predictive function of smooth pursuit.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

A pulse generating and data recording system based on the microcomputer PDP 11/23.

A widely applicable measuring system, especially suited for all types of 'voltage-clamp' (including 'patch-clamp') experiments, is presented. It is mainly based on commercially available hardware and software components. All interfacing with the analog world takes place on the front panel of the microcomputer box. Synchronization of pulse generation with data acquisition and other control actions take advantage of the four upper bits not used by the digital-to-analog converter during direct memory access transfer.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1986

A microcomputer program for individualizing factor VIII dosage in hemophilia patients undergoing major surgery.

A pharmacokinetic program that allows individualization of Factor VIII dosage regiments in hemophilia patients undergoing major surgery is described. The program, which is designed for the IBM PC microcomputer and compatible machines, is based upon the one-compartment open model with instantaneous input. In the framework of such a pharmacokinetic model, it is assumed that the elimination of Factor VIII is faster during the early post-operative period and that it decreases progressively over the following days. Since Factor VIII half-life is dependent on the time elapsed since the operation (short half-life values during the early post-operative period, longer half-life values thereafter), the pharmacokinetic model is a nonlinear one. A first-order 'variation' rate constant is used to describe the prolongation of Factor VIII half-life from the initial value immediately after surgery to the final value achieved several days later. Individualized estimation of the patient's kinetic parameters (initial half-life, 'variation' rate constant and volume of distribution) is performed through the Bayesian method. Therefore, for such estimation the program exploits the Factor VIII plasma levels measured in the individual patient as well as the population pharmacokinetic data of Factor VIII. After estimating the individual's Bayesian parameters, the program predicts the dosage regimen that will elicit the desired time-course of Factor VIII plasma levels. If requested, the program is able to calculate the least-squares estimates for the parameters of the pharmacokinetic model and dosage prediction can also be made on the basis of such estimates. The least-squares estimates are useful for calculating population pharmacokinetic parameters according to the Standard Two-Stage method. Some examples of clinical use of the program are presented.

Computers↗
PubMed1986

Development of electrocardiographic teaching materials using an MC68000-based, interactive graphics microcomputer.

Interactive computer-graphics methods of computer-aided design (CAD) have been applied to problems in physical science and industry for several years; however, at the present time CAD methods have not been widely used to solve similar problems in medical education. Electrocardiogram waveform fabrication for the production of teaching materials seemed to be a well-defined area for CAD application. The availability of inexpensive, 16/32 bit word, MC68000-based microcomputers (e.g. Apple, Macintosh) and interactive graphics software (e.g. MacPaint and MacDraw) seemed to provide the necessary tools to make this application. This paper describes the authors' initial experience (from June 1984 to March 1985) in developing and employing an interactive computer graphics routine to produce ECG teaching materials.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Fast microcomputer-based multipurpose filtering routine.

In order to perform high-speed digital signal filtering or differentiating at reduced costs, we developed a 68000 assembler routine which runs on a 68000 coprocessor card in an Apple II computer. It achieves a remarkable saving of computational time and may also be used directly with any 68000-based microcomputer.

Microcomputers↗
PubMed1987

Microcomputer-based programs for calculating mean and variance residence time by the method of prospective areas.

A published package of microcomputer-based pharmacokinetic programs has been expanded to include programs to calculate mean and variance above the residence time (MRT and VRT) using the method of prospective areas. Three programs, one for plasma concentration time data, one for urinary excretion data, and one for in-vitro dissolution data, are available. All programs were tested with the data obtained from original articles or from simulated theoretical data. These programs were written in a modular fashion in such a way that they form an integrated software package. In conjunction with the programs previously developed, the user can choose/select how extensively the data are to be analyzed without reentry of data. This is particularly important since proper pharmacokinetic data analysis can only be made by using different calculations with different assumptions. Graphic display and linear regression subroutines are included in each module to simplify operation for the user. The modular design also facilitates modifications, upkeep, and accommodation to new methods of calculation.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer BASIC program to calculate the probability of graft and patient survival in renal transplantation.

A BASIC program was written for the estimation of the probability of graft and patient survival in renal transplantation on a microcomputer. The program was developed for single-centre statistics in renal transplant units and uses the life table and logrank test method for calculation of survival rates. The program structure is described in detail to make rewriting easy. It is hoped that this report will help transplant centres without access to main-frame computers to develop user-friendly software running on their own computer.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microcomputer program for interactions in drug elimination in the rat.

In modern medicine patients often require multiple drug therapy. Such therapy can be modeled by a physiological flow model using interlinked differential equations to represent the differential rates of delivery and uptake of a drug by organs. Included in the model are the sites of action, toxicity, elimination and drug binding. A menu-driven computer program for this model was developed in FORTRAN 77 for execution on a microcomputer. The program computes the rate of uptake and concentration of drug in key tissues as a function of time. Drug administration can be modeled for bolus injection with up to 10 repeats and/or for continuous infusion of the drug. The drugs warfarin and adriamycin are used as illustrative examples. The program can handle multifactorial problems such as acute and chronic competitive elimination interactions, liver damage, and features of aging such as reduced drug binding and organ function. The computed results can be printed numerically or displayed graphically, either on a screen terminal or as hard copy. The results of several simulations may be cross-plotted for studies involving parametric changes such as would occur in multiple pathology and aging.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementation of multiuser MUMPS language database systems on microcomputers.

This paper outlines the problems involved in implementing multiuser MUMPS language database systems on microcomputers and discusses practical solutions. Examples of the techniques presented are derived from experience with a large database system, PTIN/PTQ/MEDAR, running on an IBM AT with up to 10 separate users.

Computer Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A multiuser MUMPS language patient/physician scheduling system for microcomputers.

A microcomputer based patient and physician scheduling system is described that accommodates the special needs unique to residency training programs. Appointments are scheduled automatically according to the type of problems the patient brings to the office as well as the differing time requirements of attending physicians and residents at various levels of training.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed1989

A microcomputer-based sleep stage analyzer.

A microcomputer-based sleep stage analysis system for laboratory use is described. Rapid spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is achieved through hardware; subsequent analysis, including determination of the relative power in user-defined EEG frequency bands is provided through software. A decision matrix, based on standard sleep state analysis criteria, enables these spectral data, in conjunction with integrated electromyogram (EMG) power, to determine sleep stages. The system has been configured here to quantify standard sleep stages, but the algorithm can also identify, and provide information about, EEG states which are not easily classified according to earlier criteria used for visual classification of polygraphic records. This low-cost, user-friendly system thus achieves flexible, quantitative analysis of EEG and EMG signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A microcomputer-based clinical trial database incorporated with an 'audit trail' for correction process.

Multicenter clinical trials usually involve several hundred research variables with tens of thousands of records and require mainframe computers for processing. Because of recent advances in hardware and software, it has become possible to support data management and statistical analysis for a complex research project totally on a microcomputer. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (CSPCC) in Hines, IL, U.S.A. has successfully implemented three studies employing the SIR/PC Database Management System (DBMS) on an IBM PC AT. The CSPCC DBMS was designed with a method of verifying data and of updating the database, that leaves a more detailed 'audit trial' of the original data and subsequent modifications than provided by the SIR audit trail facility. Data validation can be done at any time throughout the study to facilitate error identification as early as possible in the data handling process. DBMS operation and maintenance are automated by a system of menus. The utility programs are prestored in a procedure file to optimize performance. The simple design speeds implementation and also reduces the cost of development.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗