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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Junzo Kodama, a pioneer of Dutch learning in the Bizen feudal clan, and Hosetsu Nanba, an eclectic of Chinese and Dutch medicines].

J. Kodama (1806-1861) and H. Nanba (1791-1859) were the physicians to the chief retainers of the Bizen feudal clan; Mr. Iki and Mr. Hiki. They lived in the same age, but Kodama lived in obscurity all his life, while Nanba spent his life in famous circumstances. Kodama absconded from the Bizen feudal clan and studied Dutch learning at the private school in Nagasaki which had been founded by Dr. Ph. F. von siebold. But on returning to his native shores his superior officers had no regard for his Dutch learning, resulting in his moving to Osaka, where he died. Nanba learned Chinese medicine from Nangai Yoshimasu, obstetrics from Ransai Kagawa, and surgery from Rokujyō Hanaoka and Seishū Hanaoka. On returning to his native shores, Kanagawa, he founded a private school for the study of medicine, Shiseido, and cultivated many physicians by writing medical books extensively. The author described their activity on the basis of new materials.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

[The Arabic pharmacology and the introduction to Europe: the background of the Arabic pharmacology - the legacy from Greece].

When the Arabic-Islamic medicine evolved partly as a consequence of the wave of translations from mainly Greek medical books to Arabic in the 9th century the pharmacological works, which were available, were also translated. The books of Dioscurides and Galen on pharmacological matters became the decisive books of pharmacological translated literature and they formed the basis of the pharmacological understanding in the subsequent extensive literature on pharmacognosy and pharmacology written in Arabic. Nevertheless the Arabs united these two disciplines in a regular pharmacy and they evolved it as an independent discipline, which although attached to medicine was regarded as having its own praxis. The physicians and scientists rationalized and systematized their knowledge of medicinal plants and drugs and extended their knowledge by using original observations and research. Many books on medicaments were written, both as materia medica, i.e. records on simple drugs, and dispensatories, i.e. books on compounded drugs. These two kinds of books were always written separately as they were seen by the Arabs themselves as pertaining to two different subdisciplines, which meant that they were separated too in independent chapters or books in general Arabic works on medicine. When the extensive translations of Arabic medical literature to Latin took place in Italy and Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Arabic pharmacological literature was of course also translated, and its decisive influence on later medieval European medical writings is easy to demonstrate. In the 18th century Peter Forsskaal was one of the first Europeans in the modern scientific tradition to collect and make notes on drugs used in Cairo and in Yemen.

Arab World↗
PubMed2003

Interface between authorship, industry and science in the domain of therapeutics.

BACKGROUND: Changes in the character of medical authorship. Aims To compare the impact of industry-linked and non-industry linked articles. METHOD: We compared articles on sertraline being coordinated by a medical writing agency with articles not coordinated in this way. We calculated numbers of Medline-listed articles per author, journal impact factors, literature profiles and citation rates of both sets of articles. RESULTS: Non-agency-linked articles on sertraline had an average of 2.95 authors per article, a mean length of 3.4 pages, a mean Medline listing of 37 articles per author (95% CI 27-47) and a mean literature profile of 283 per article (95% CI 130-435). Agency-linked articles on sertraline had an average of 6.6 authors per article, a mean length of 10.7 pages, a mean Medline listing of 70 articles per author (95% CI 62-79) and a mean literature profile of 1839 per article (95% CI 1076-2602). The citation rate for agency articles was 20.2 (95% CI 13.4-27.0) and for non-agency articles it was 3.7 (95% CI 3.3-8.1). CONCLUSIONS: The literature profiles and citation rates of industry-linked and non-industry-linked articles differ. The emerging style of authorship in industry-linked articles can deliver good-quality articles, but it raises concerns for the scientific base of therapeutics.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1954

Coronary sclerosis and thrombosis; industrial aspects associated with compensation.

The California compensation laws and labor codes make adjudication of industrial coronary disease, for purposes of determining industrial liability, difficult for the attending physician. From medical writings on the subject in the past decade and from personal experience before the Industrial Accident Commission the author draws suggestions for a sounder approach on a physiological and pathological basis. Criteria for use in determining such liability in cases of coronary heart disease due to employment are outlined.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1963

Medical authors and professional writers.

Medical writing is a legitimate field for specialization. The specialist literary consultant should be part of the research team. He could smooth the way for both researcher and reader, and could increase the researcher's productivity and his audience.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Voices from the past: ancient views of pain in childhood.

Our understanding of pain in childhood has made many important advances in the past 15-20 years. Examination of the views of ancient writers, who were concerned about pain and disease in childhood, reveals similar concerns that have dominated the discussions of clinicians and researchers in the twentieth century. The most recent pediatric pain research confirms the position of many writers in previous centuries who believed children and infants are sensitive to pain. Although childhood historians have assumed that pain in children was largely ignored in previous centuries, examination of ancient medical writings reveals ongoing debates about the sources of pain in childhood, symptoms of pain and its treatment. This paper contrasts historical perspectives with the views of twentieth century writers.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

[Legendary Hwa Tuo's surgery under general anesthesia in the second century China].

In traditional Chinese medicine, Hwa Tuo (110 ? - 208 A.D.) is one of the most famous doctors. He used only few herbs in drug treatment or applied few points in acupuncture, and achieved excellent results. His ultimate fame came from his remarkable surgical skills and his discovery of general anesthesia. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (ca. 270 A.D.) and the Annals of the Later Han Dynasty (ca. 430 A.D.), Hwa Tuo performed operations under general anesthesia and the operations even included major ones such as dissection of gangrenous intestines. Before the surgery, he gave patient an anesthetic to drink to become drunk, numb and insensible. The anesthetic was called " foamy narcotic powder" and probably dissolved in wine. Because Confucian teachings regarded the body sacred, surgery as a form of body mutilation was not encouraged, or even became a taboo. Despite his great achievement, practice of surgery could hardly take off and the death of Hwa Tuo marked the end of Chinese surgery. Unfortunately, the composition of the anesthetic powder was not mentioned in those two books or other Chinese medical writings. The herb has been thought to be datura flower, aconite root, rhododendron flower, or jasmine root. Furthermore, Hwa Tuo's operations under general anesthesia were not described in details. Therefore, his remarkable achievement needs to be further documented. In Western medicine, the first operation under general anesthesia occurred at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846 when William Morton demonstrated the effectiveness of ether. How could Hwa Tuo accomplish such scientific achievement in the second century has remained a mystery. Even so, it seems quite remarkable that Hwa Tuo had come up with the idea of performing surgery under general anesthesia using the "foamy narcotic powder".

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Handicap caused by clefts of the lips, jaws and/or palate and velum].

Due to clefts of the lips, jaws and/or palate and velum no normal structures are formed in the orofacial system, and thus all processes of growth and development as well as function are disturbed to an extent varying with the extension of the malformation. Integration of these children in kindergartens or regular schools is impossible unless surgery is performed. Apart from qualified interdisciplinary initial care the acknowledgement of these children as severely handicapped persons in accordance with the law could be of great help and relief for the parents. The German law for securing the integration of severely handicapped persons in work, profession and society (Schwerbehindertengesetz) pays particular attention to severely handicapped children. The basic considerations in writing medical opinions are described.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexist language: should we be concerned?

What is sexist language? It is inherently discriminatory language, either written or spoken, that implies an unjustified sexual bias against a group or an individual, usually women, but sometimes men. The identification of sexist language and the need for a change to nonsexist forms have long been topics of controversy. In this article we review the history of the debate as well as the evidence that this form of discriminatory language causes harm. The latter point is important, since the whole question is often dismissed as insignificant. The relevance of the issue to scientific and, particularly, medical writing is explored. Finally, a survey of journal writing is presented to help answer first, the question of how much of a problem still exists, and second, if so, what recommendations are needed to ameliorate it.

Female↗
PubMed1982

[Writing of expertises on whiplash injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)].

Reflections on the definition of the term "whiplash injury" are followed by comments on the mechanism of accidents. The author emphasizes the importance of the biphasic course of the trauma, involving a mass contraction, triggered by reflex action, of the initially suddenly overstretched muscle groups with their synergist. Reference is made to the ideas developed by Kummer, who considers the neck as an arcuate tendon construction with tractional tension on the dorsal as well as on the ventral side. In the analysis of the injury pattern of the cervical spine, the special forms of intervertebral disc injury are dealt with, the relationship to degenerative lesions prior to the accident and to secondary lesions (spondylosis deformans and osteochondrosis) are discussed in detail, and the consequences for writing medical expertises are mentioned.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

[Editors of "Medical Review" throughout the years].

130th anniversary of founding "Medical Review" makes a good occasion to recall silhouettes of its editors. The history of "Medical Review" from 1862 till today is presented in the work. The subsequent stages of its development strife for existence and huge input of work into its editing is shown there. After 2nd World War this scientific paper continued medical writing in the same time trying to bring to the unity of all polish doctors' scientific work.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1993

Diet and cancer: a short review.

The idea that diet and nutrition have an important influence on health is an age-old one. Its link with cancer was mentioned in Chinese medical writings in the twelfth century. Recent interest in this subject started in the 1930s with animal studies. Today, the notion that diet has an aetiological role in cancer is well accepted. Some of the methodological issues in human studies include the inherent difficulty in estimating dietary intakes, the effect of confounding and interaction, and the low risks associated with specific food items or nutrients. The paper will discuss the main factors implicated, with particular reference to studies in Singapore--on colorectal and breast cancers. The findings point to the profiling of a high-risk diet comprising high meat intake and a relative deficiency in fruits and vegetables (especially those of the cruciferae family). The active components of fruits and vegetables point to a number of micronutrients and substances which have cancer inhibitory properties. They are currently subjects of vigorous research all over the world.

Diet↗
PubMed1997

On the causes of collapse and sudden death by Avicenna.

Avicenna's views on the causes of collapse and sudden death are presented from a literal translation of the mediaeval Arabic text. Medical knowledge based on observation mixed with pure abstract reasoning forms the essence of Avicenna's medical writings.

Death, Sudden↗
PubMed2006

Words and wards: a model of reflective writing and its uses in medical education.

Personal, creative writing as a process for reflection on patient care and socialization into medicine ("reflective writing") has important potential uses in educating medical students and residents. Based on the authors' experiences with a range of writing activities in academic medical settings, this article sets forth a conceptual model for considering the processes and effects of such writing. The first phase (writing) is individual and solitary, consisting of personal reflection and creation. Here, introspection and imagination guide learners from loss of certainty to reclaiming a personal voice; identifying the patient's voice; acknowledging simultaneously valid yet often conflicting perspectives; and recognizing and responding to the range of emotions triggered in patient care. The next phase (small-group reading and discussion) is public and communal, where sharing one's writing results in acknowledging vulnerability, risk-taking, and self-disclosure. Listening to others' writing becomes an exercise in mindfulness and presence, including witnessing suffering and confusion experienced by others. Specific pedagogical goals in three arenas-professional development, patient care and practitioner well-being - are linked to the writing/reading/listening process. The intent of presenting this model is to help frame future intellectual inquiry and investigation into this innovative pedagogical modality.

Affect↗