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PubMed1997

Confessions of an expert ethics witness.

The aim of this essay is to describe and reflect upon the concrete particulars of one academician's work as an expert ethics witness. The commentary on my practices and the narrative descriptions of three cases are offered as evidence for the thesis that it is possible to act honorably within a role that some have considered to be inherently illicit. Practical measures are described for avoiding some of the best known pitfalls. The discussion concludes with a listing of the distinctive competencies and understandings that are useful in serving as an expert ethics witness.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of alcoholic violent offenders: ethics and efficacy.

The published literature tends to find that the outcome of mandatory treatment for alcohol dependence is no worse than that for 'voluntary' treatment. Supervised disulfiram has been shown to improve outcome in Court-referred patients. When offenders take treatment offered as part of probation or a deferred sentence, they choose to do so, rather than face a penalty. It is not a 'free' choice in the usual sense, but the outcome can be beneficial to the offender as well as to society and this helps to justify its use. Coping and social skills therapy have value, as probably have antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs in some cases. Supervised disulfiram has a role supported by controlled studies.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1991

Ethical issues in human genome research.

In addition to provocative questions about science policy, research on the human genome will generate important ethical questions in at least three categories. First, the possibility of greatly increased genetic information about individuals and populations will require choices to be made about what that information should be and about who should control the generation and dissemination of genetic information. Presymptomatic testing, carrier screening, workplace genetic screening, and testing by insurance companies pose significant ethical problems. Second, the burgeoning ability to manipulate human genotypes and phenotypes raises a number of important ethical questions. Third, increasing knowledge about genetic contributions to ethically and politically significant traits and behaviors will challenge our self-understanding and social institutions.

Bioethics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Float pools and resource teams: a review of the literature.

The use of nursing float pools and resource teams is a strategy used to cope with variable or inadequate staffing. Though identified as a solution to staffing shortages, there is limited research to support their use. Little is known about how resource teams and float pools work, are structured, or their impact. Both allow for staffing flexibility; however, only resource teams appear to be designed with nurse competency and patient safety in mind.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed1995

Use of live animals in the curricula of U.S. medical schools in 1994.

In 1994, the AAMC surveyed the 126 U.S. medical schools to obtain data on live-animal use in the undergraduate medical curriculum. The questions focused entirely on the use of live animals in teaching laboratories that are either required or optional parts of the undergraduate medical curriculum. Seventy-seven of the 125 responding schools used live animals in one or more courses; of the required courses, animals were most often used in physiology courses (49 schools), followed by surgical clerkships (21) and pharmacology courses (13). Although these data show that the majority of schools used live animals in their curricula, the data also show that the majority of schools did not use live animals as part of the teaching of any specific course of discipline in 1994. The animals most often used were dogs (54 schools) and pigs (12). Forty-three of the 77 schools that used live animals offered a variety of alternatives to their use. The respondents' data indicate a steady decline in the number of schools using live animals in teaching labs since before 1982. The reasons most often reported for discontinuing live-animal use were expense, changes in curriculum or curriculum focus, and lack of time, faculty, or space. Several other reasons were also listed, but live animals' value in teaching was seldom a factor. Only 15 schools indicated they had experienced harassment, protests, or legal actions arising from their use of live animals in the previous two years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1983

Estimation of shallow-dose equivalent using a two-element dosimeter.

Estimation of shallow-dose equivalent using a two-element dosimeter is described under the guidelines of a standard adopted by the Health Physics Society Standards Committee and the dosimetry practices followed by most dosimeter processors. This standard is to be used in a future mandatory testing program in the U.S. A mathematical formulation, correlating dosimeter response and "shallow-dose equivalent factors" at different energies, is presented. A thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), currently used at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, is examined for determining shallow-dose equivalent response and the results are discussed for beta as well as photon responses.

Radiation Dosage↗
PubMed1990

Associations between cerebrospinal fluid parameters and high degrees of anxiety or depression in United States Air Force personnel infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

The relationship between anxiety and depression, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune parameters was studied in 98 patients randomly selected from those undergoing routine medical evaluation for human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity as part of the U.S. Air Force's mandatory screening program. A total of 95% of the sample did not have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The population was subdivided into high and low anxiety or depression groups for statistical purposes. Significant correlations were obtained between high Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores (greater than 10) and CSF nucleated cell count and protein levels. High Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (greater than 10) scores were positively correlated with CSF nucleated cell count and absolute CD4a counts. There were no statistically significant group differences with respect to mean laboratory values between high and low anxiety or depression subgroups. Serum viral titers to Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were not correlated with anxiety or depression scores. These results suggest a complex relationship between CSF and systemic immune abnormalities and degree of anxiety and depression.

Adult↗