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PubMed1993

Exploitation: comparing sexual and violent imagery of females and males in advertising.

This study examines the way female and male models are portrayed in magazine advertisements. Specifically, we focus on differences in sex role stereotyping, sexual display of the body, and violent imagery. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of magazines displaying fashion and fitness advertisements (N = 254). Findings from the analysis show that females are more likely than males to be placed in submissive positions, sexually displayed, and subjects of violent imagery. Sexual display and violent imagery measures are the strongest predictors of subjective level of exploitation.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

The use and image of mature adults in health care advertising (1954-1989).

Health care professionals who treat older (over 65) patients are influenced by the journals they read. Advertising directed at health care professionals during the period 1954 to 1989 was subjected to a content analysis. Advertising in health care journals was expected to reflect the demographic changes in American society with increasing numbers of older models and to present positive images of older people. Contrary to content analyses of magazine cartoons (Smith 1979) and general readership magazines (Bramlett-Solomon and Wilson 1989; Gantz, Gartenberg, and Rainbow 1980; Ursic, Ursic, and Ursic 1986), this study did find a significant use of older people in health care advertising and positive role portrayal.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Effects of direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical products on college students.

This study examines college and university students' responses to direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical products in magazines. Four hundred seventy-one students from three institutions participated in the study that found that the majority of the students were frequent magazine readers, they noticed ads for the pharmaceutical products, and they used the advertised products. Although most students denied buying or using the products because of the ads, there was a significant correlation between number of ads seen and number of products used.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

How consumers view physician advertising.

In this study, it was found that consumers generally favor advertising by physicians. They felt that newspaper and professional magazines were more appropriate media for such advertising than television, radio, billboards, telephones, direct mail, and popular magazines. Finally, most consumers have not seen physicians advertise, but of those who have, most have noticed such advertising in a newspaper.

Advertising↗
PubMed1998

The purloined Ladder: its place in lesbian history.

This essay traces The Ladder from its initial publication in October 1956 as the official vehicle of the lesbian rights group the Daughters of Bilitis to its final issue as a privately published magazine in August 1972. By excerpting quotes from key lesbian figures of the time, it seeks to trace The Ladder's history from amateur newsletter to a more polished literary magazine--a reflection of the shift in the culture's perspective of itself from "variant" to "lesbian."

Female↗
PubMed2004

Madness, fear, and control in Bangladesh: clashing bodies of power/knowledge.

This article presents an understanding of how Bangladeshis cope with madness in relation to two assumptions: that systems of knowledge and of power are coterminous, and that actors in medical encounters draw on incompatible and unequal bodies of knowledge-power I first offer a perspective on psychiatry, emotion, and discourse in Bangladesh as a society increasingly caught up in globalizing modernity. Then I present two types of data to illumine tensions between various attempts to control the fears associated with schizophrenia. The first is a set of exchanges in the advice column of a new popular psychiatry magazine in Bangladesh that inculcate new perspectives on self Those who write to the editors signal their fears of what might, in the end, be impossible to control. Answers from the psychiatrists who edit the magazine reflect discourses circulating on the web, at international conferences, and at the institutions in the United Kingdom and the United States where one of them received his training. The second data set consists of video recordings of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia interacting with families and/or psychiatrists. In part because of knowledge-power asymmetries, attempts at controlling fears surrounding schizophrenia in these four cases fail to address the depths, tacitness, embodiment, and narrative embedding of anxieties experienced by all parties. I close with an argument about the implications for theories of culture and of medical pluralism that arise from cases in which the local Self is experienced from the perspective of powerful Others.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Media, product differences and seasonality in alcohol advertising in 1997.

OBJECTIVE: To spell out recent events related to the alcohol advertising controversy and to describe the extent of alcohol advertising for 1 year, the media favored for advertising different types of alcoholic beverages and seasonal variation in advertising patterns. METHOD: Monthly advertising data for 1997 were obtained from a variety of sources, including a commercial media monitoring service, a watchdog group, and trade and business press. Media examined were national and local television, radio, magazines, newspapers and billboards. RESULTS: Alcohol advertising expenditures were greatest in the late spring/early summer and during the holiday season. Television received the preponderance of alcohol advertising dollars for beer, wine, wine coolers and premixed drinks. Distilled spirits relied mostly on magazine advertising. Beer was the most heavily advertised product. More than half of televised beer ads aired on Saturday or Sunday afternoon during sporting events. There were more radio and TV ads for premixed low-alcohol beverages--some of which contain distilled spirits and many using brand names of distilled spirits--than for higher proof distilled spirits. CONCLUSIONS: Public health officials can use the results to plan the month and media in which to launch messages against alcohol misuse, to directly counter pro-alcohol messages in advertising. They should monitor consumption and advertising of premixed beverages. Those concerned with the debate on alcohol advertising should note the access children have to beer ads when these ads are aired during weekend daytime sporting events, and that beer remains the greatest advertised beverage, despite the 1996 lifting of the broadcast advertising ban on distilled spirits.

Advertising↗
PubMed1970

Inappropriate speech in a severely retarded child: a case study in language conditioning and generalization.

The modification of inappropriate speech, a class of behaviors rather than a limited number of specific examples, is little known in the severely retarded. In this study, operant techniques were used to modify the strikingly bizarre and inappropriate speech of a severely retarded boy. The boy's appropriate verbal responses to questions about magazine pictures were reinforced with candy. When he responded inappropriately, the magazine was withdrawn, and social interaction was discontinued for a 10-sec timeout period. Negative responses were ignored, the next picture displayed, and the next question asked immediately. In 10 sessions, appropriate responses increased from 26% to 86% of all responses. A reversal of reinforcement was then introduced, in which inappropriate responses were reinforced, appropriate responses resulted in timeout, and negative responses were treated as before. This reduced the percentage of appropriate responses to 24%. Subsequent sessions of reinforcement for appropriate responses increased appropriate responses to 96% of all responses. At significant stages in the experiment, a measure of possible generalization was attempted. Although some generalization was recorded, it was minimal: some explanations are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The association between alcohol and breast cancer: popular press coverage of research.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to examine popular press reports of the association between alcohol and breast cancer. METHODS: Articles from scientific journals and stories from newspapers and magazines published from January 1, 1985, to July 1, 1992, were retrieved from six on-line databases. Lay press stories were analyzed to determine which medical articles were publicized and what information was reported. RESULTS: Fifty-eight scientific articles on the relationship of alcohol and breast cancer were found, and 64 newspaper and 23 magazine stories were retrieved. The press cited 11 studies, 19% of those published during the study period. Three studies were featured in 77% of popular press stories. No scientific review articles were reported. Behavioral recommendations were given to the public in 63% of stories. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of scientific studies on alcohol and breast cancer were ignored in press reports. We encourage researchers and the popular press to give the public a broader understanding of public health issues.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Seventh graders' self-reported exposure to cigarette marketing and its relationship to their smoking behavior.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined among youth the extent of their perceived exposure to cigarette marketing and the relationship of their perceptions to their smoking behavior. METHODS: Surveys measuring exposure to cigarette advertisements and promotions were completed by 571 seventh graders in San Jose, Calif. RESULTS: Eighty-eight percent of these 13-year-olds reported exposure to cigarette marketing: the majority often saw ads in magazines, on billboards, and at stores and events, and one quarter owned cigarette promotional items. After social influences to smoke were controlled for, exposure to cigarette marketing was related to self-reported smoking behavior. Likelihood of experimenting with smoking was 2.2 times greater among those who owned promotional items and 2.8 times greater among those who had received mail from a tobacco company. Seeing cigarette advertisements in magazines increased this likelihood by 21%, and seeing tobacco marketing in stores increased it by 38%. CONCLUSIONS: Youth are daily and widely exposed to tobacco industry marketing efforts; this exposure is related to smoking behavior. More effective regulation is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

R.J. Reynolds' targeting of African Americans: 1988-2000.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe RJ Reynolds (RJR) Tobacco Company's strategy for targeting African Americans, as revealed in tobacco industry documents and magazine advertisements. METHODS: The authors searched industry documents to determine RJR's strategies and analyzed magazine advertising during 2 periods: the time of the launch of the company's Uptown cigarette (1989-1990) and a decade later (1999-2000). RESULTS: RJR's efforts to target the African American market segment existed before and after Uptown, and the company's strategy was largely implemented via other RJR brands. Advertisements featured mentholated cigarettes, fantasy/escape, expensive objects, and nightlife. CONCLUSIONS: To help all populations become tobacco-free, tobacco control practitioners must understand and counter tobacco industry strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Frequency of contact with cigarette advertising and smoking experience among young women in Japan.

Cigarette advertising plays a crucial role in adolescent smoking. A survey with a self-administered questionnaire was conducted to 198 female nursing students in Kitakyushu City in 1996 to provide primary data on the young women's contact with cigarette advertising in various media in Japan. The proportions of respondents who had seen cigarette advertising on TV and that on billboards were both over 95% of the effective respondents, the highest among all the media, followed by magazines, newspapers and the radio. The proportion of respondents who "frequently" had contacts was the highest by TV, followed by billboards, newspapers, magazines and radio. Over 50% of students who had past/current smoking experience felt that they were "frequently" exposed to cigarette advertising, and, on other hand, approximately 50% of those who had never smoked felt that they "occasionally" saw cigarette advertising, on both TV and billboards. In Japan, young women seem to be heavily exposed to cigarette advertising through various media. This study implies that TV and billboards are the most frequently contacted media of cigarette advertising and perhaps the most influential to smoking among young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The construction of patienthood in medical advertising.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dominant symbolic elements, themes, and discourses used in drug advertisements published in a weekly magazine directed toward physicians. The discussion is concerned with both the visual signs and textual format of the advertisements, analyzing their attempts to create images around the drugs that appeal to the medical readership of the magazine. With the premise that the producers of the advertisements drew upon shared knowledge and belief systems of their medical audience to create a meaningful image for the drugs, the focus of the article is upon the portrayal of patients in the advertisements, with particular interest in gendered representations. The author argues that the way in which patients are portrayed visually and verbally in such advertisements is revealing of the ideological dimension of the doctor-patient relationship within the biomedical system of healing, including notions of the mechanical man and the vulnerable woman as archetypal patients.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

Sexual aggression: perceptions of its likelihood of occurring and some correlates of self-admitted perpetration.

175 college undergraduate students completed a questionnaire which contained dating scenarios and questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions about the likelihood that sexual aggression would occur in the described dating situations and how justified sexual aggression would be in those situations. Also included were items to assess self-admitted sexual aggression, self-reported sexual victimization, attitudes toward certain affectionate behaviors, and enjoyment of several magazines including the "soft-core" sexually oriented publication Playboy. Analysis indicated that women made significantly higher estimates of the chances of sexual aggression occurring in the described dating situations. Relative to nonvictimized women, victimized women gave significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of sexual aggression and believed that sexual aggression was significantly more justified. Men rated sexual aggression as significantly more justified in a relationship in which the male had been paying all dating expenses relative to one in which dating expenses were shared. Women's ratings were not significantly different. Also, correlates of self-admitted male sexual aggression included greater rated enjoyment of Playboy magazine and less agreement with an item designed to measure attitudes toward physical affection.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

On the nature and properties of appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs.

The past decade has seen a steady rise in expenditures for direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. While total revenues across all media are approaching the $1 billion dollar mark, surprisingly little is known about the effectiveness of these types of advertisements, including the appropriateness of various forms of emotional and informational appeal. A content analysis of direct-to-consumer advertising in 24 popular magazines shows that these advertisements are found in every category of magazine, the advertisements employ a mix of informational and emotional appeals, all types of emotional appeals are used, and to date, the type of appeal (emotional and/or informational) tends not to be based on the type of drug advertised. Implications of this content analysis are considered and directions for research on appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising are suggested.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Priming relations in ambiguous noun-noun combinations.

We conducted two experiments to examine whether the interpretation of an ambiguous noun phrase is influenced by exposure to a similar combination. In Experiment 1, we found that it was easier to verify a definition for a combination (e.g., adolescent doctor, a doctor for adolescents) when the prime used the same relation as the target (e.g., adolescent magazine, a magazine for adolescents; animal doctor, a doctor for animals) than when the prime used a different relation (e.g., country doctor; adolescent experience). In Experiment 2, we found that the interpretation generated for an ambiguous combination was affected by prior exposure to sentences containing a combination with the same modifier or head noun as the target combination. The data are inconsistent with key predictions of schema-based theories of conceptual combination. Although the results do not contradict key assumptions of relation-based theories, modifications to these theories are required to account for these data.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sources of sexual information and its relevance to sexual behaviour in Nigeria.

A study was carried out to identify the various sources of sexual information by adolescents in Nigeria and their influence on the sexual behaviours of the subjects, using: a) coitus prior to marriage b) expectation with first coitus c) freeness to discuss with spouse or anybody as parameters. The study was carried between 1997 and 1998 using subjects randomly selected from three Nigerian communities, viz: Enugu, Benin and Nnewi. Coitus before marriage was significantly higher in those who got their first ever information from peers than those who got it from other sources (P < 0.01). Fulfillment of expectation with first coitus was also significantly higher among those who were taught by parents, peers and teachers than those who sought their information on their own from books, magazines and films (p < 0.05). However, in considering their ability to discuss with anybody, this was found to be significantly higher in those who sought information on their own than those who got their first information by personal contact with parents, peers and teachers (p < 0.05). The latter was found to be more inhibited from discussing sexuality with their spouse or anybody than those who got their information from books/magazines and films. Sex education of adolescents should, therefore, be provided in a cultural, community-based setting of which the guardian programme should be only one component. It may be counter-productive in Nigeria if the adolescents continue to learn about sexuality on their own from books, magazines and films.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Dieting and slimming practices of South Australian women.

A random population survey of 406 Adelaide women who were aged 18 to 86 years, which was conducted in July, 1986, showed that in the previous year 68% of the women had exercised, 38% of the women had dieted, 15% of the women had fasted, 10% of the women had taken slimming tablets, 6% of the women had used diuretic agents and 3% of the women had used laxative agents in order to reduce or to control their weight. At the time of the survey 43% of women (60% of overweight women and 34% of non-overweight women) were attempting to lose weight. The most common reasons for wishing to lose weight were: to feel better (75% of women); to look better (65% of women); and health or medical reasons (33% of women). In addition, a majority of the women were dissatisfied with the shape of their stomach, hips, midriff, waist, thighs and buttocks. The family doctor, books and magazines acted as the major sources of information on dieting and weight control. However, most of the women felt that their doctors did not provide them with enough advice on this topic, and the women were almost unanimous in their criticism of the preoccupation of magazines with slimness. The results suggest that health professionals need to provide women with more advice on safe weight-control strategies and sensible body-weight goals.

Adolescent↗