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PubMed1996

Analysis of sequence polymorphism of a major mite allergen, Der p 2.

BACKGROUND: The major house dust mite allergen Der p 2 has been regarded as an important allergen involved in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma and eczema. OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree of sequence polymorphism exists in Der p 2 at both the genomic DNA and cDNA levels. METHODS: Isolation of cDNA clones was performed by screening the cDNA libraries with Der p 2 cDNA probe and the genomic sequences for Der p 2 were obtained by PCR amplification from environmental dust mites with Der p 2-specific primers. DNA sequencing was carried out by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The study of Der p 2 isoforms was performed by 2-D gel immunoblot analysis using mouse anti-Der p 2 serum. RESULTS: In this study, we have characterized the sequences of three different gene alleles coding for the major house dust mite allergen Der p 2 at the cDNA level. The translated polypeptides from these clones differed from each other by 3-4 amino-acid residues. These polymorphic residues determined were also found in Der f 2 and they were located in regions containing T-epitopes. In addition, the genomic DNA sequences of Der p 2 which were obtained by PCR amplification using the environmental mites isolated from Taiwan and Australia have helped to confirm the authenticity of the polymorphisms detected in the cDNA clones generated from CSL cultured mites. Furthermore, 2D- immunoblot analysis indicated that there were at least 10 different isoforms (p 1 values range from greater than 7.0-5.9) of Der p 2 proteins produced by CSL cultured mites. CONCLUSION: The results showed that there was a small but significant degree of sequence polymorphisms exists in Der p 2 gene alleles. Interestingly, the polymorphic residues were found in regions containing previously determined T-epitopes. The polymorphism data reported here will be important for the understanding of the immune responses of mite allergens as well as for the development of the peptide-based immunotherapeutic reagents for mite allergy.

Allergens↗
PubMed1997

[Enhanced lymphocyte proliferative response to house dust mite in infants with atopic dermatitis].

Allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation was measured in 24 children with atopic dermatitis and 20 non-atopic controls. The level of house dust mite-specific S.I.F. (stimulation index measured by flow cytometry) in the atopic children was significantly higher than that in the non-atopic controls in every age-group, suggesting that the elevation of the mite-specific S.I.F. level is related to the development of atopic dermatitis. The level of house dust mite-specific S.I.F. correlated significantly with the level of house dust mite-specific IgE-RAST in older children (r < 0.73, p < 0.001), indicating that S.I.F. reflects the activity of lymphocytes competent to promote the production of IgE. In the atopic infants, there was no significant positive correlation between the levels of mite-specific S.I.F. and mite-specific IgE-RAST since, although the former was usually elevated the latter was often very low or negative. The result suggests that the sensitization of T lymphocytes to house dust mite begins as early as in infancy prior to the development of mite-specific IgE antibody.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

House dust mite fauna in Turkey.

Storage and house dust mites (HDM) appear to be important allergen sources in sensitive patients. The acarofauna of dust samples collected from 133 homes located in five regions of Anatolia with different weather conditions were evaluated. HDM and/or storage mites were found in 32 samples. Twenty of them were identified as containing D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, and 21 had storage mites. Lepidoglyphus destructor and Gamasidae were the most frequently found, followed by Cheyletus eraditus, Glycyphagidae and Acaridae, Tydeus interruptus and Glycyphagus domesticus, Gohieria fusca and Cryptostigmata. The presence of mite species seemed to be related to the climate, and particularly to humidity. Therefore, mites in samples obtained from the northern Anatolia region were found at higher rates. The data is consistent with the fact that allergic patients in Turkey have significant exposure to HDM, and a variety of storage mites may be clinically important as well. Because of the partial cross-reactivity between D. pteronyssinus and storage mites, we conclude that in Turkey, storage mites should be included in standard skin testing when allergic asthma and/or rhinoconjunctivitis is suspected.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hypersensitivity to mites and house dust].

The paper deals with the current data on hypersensitivity to house dust allergens, particularly to house dust mite allergens. Hypersensitivity to house dust mites is more prevalent than hypersensitivity to any other allergen. Ecologic factors for mite survival are cited, particularly emphasizing the importance of air humidity. Over the last 50 years there have been several changes in construction and furnishing of houses in developed countries which fostered mite proliferation. Mite allergens are identified and cloned, monoclonal antibodies to these allergens are produced. There are methods for estimating mite allergen concentration in homes which made possible to investigate the relationship between mite allergen exposure and development of bronchial hyperreactivity. Various methods for mite allergen avoidance are developed and their efficacy is under investigation.

Allergens↗
PubMed1999

The transmission of deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the ectoparasitic mite varroa jacobsoni Oud

Under field conditions, Varroa jacobsoni were shown to be highly effective vectors of deformed wing virus (DWV) between bees. Adult female mites obtained from honeybee pupae naturally infected with DWV contained virus titers many times in excess of those found in their hosts and, beyond that, which might be expected from a concentration effect. It is therefore possible that DWV may be capable of replicating within V. jacobsoni. Bees which tested positive for DWV exhibited characteristic morphological deformity and/or they died during pupation. Asymptomatic bees had much lower virus titers than those which were deformed or had died during pupation. It is therefore suggested that for DWV to cause pathology it must be present in pupae above a certain concentration. The amount of DWV vectored by V. jacobsoni will depend on the mites' level of infection, which will in turn depend on whether they had fed previously on dead or deformed bees and also on the rate of replication of the virus within the mites. Consequently, developing bees infested with large numbers of mites could suffer a high incidence of deformity if the mites are heavily infected or harbor an especially virulent strain of virus. A positive relationship was found between increasing numbers of mites on individual bees and the incidence of morphological deformity and death. This probably reflected the large number of viral particles transmitted by the mites, which resulted in many multiply infested bees dying before emergence. These results demonstrate the importance of the role of viruses when considering the pathology of V. jacobsoni and that much of the pathology previously associated with the effects of mite feeding could be attributed directly to secondary pathogens vectored by V. jacobsoni. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Mite immunotherapy.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae are the most common house dust mites and are among the most common sources of indoor allergens worldwide. These species are very common in humid regions, where most allergic individuals are sensitized to house dust mites. Specific immunotherapy with mite extracts has demonstrated clinical benefits in several double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that are included in recent reviews of subcutaneous immunotherapy, including pediatric and adult patients with rhinoconjunctivitis and or asthma. Most successful studies of mite immunotherapy have used native allergen extracts adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide, or chemically modified mite-allergen extracts. Several studies have also shown efficacy using sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric and adult patients with asthma and/or rhinitis. Additionally, the efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy has been demonstrated in patients with atopic dermatitis, although more double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed. Based on several studies, it cannot be concluded that mite immunotherapy is more dangerous or safer than immunotherapy with grasses, epithelia, or animal epithelia. Because the delivery of high doses of allergen carries with it the risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated events, several methods have been developed to reduce specific IgE binding to mite-allergen extracts. An important challenge for future mite immunotherapy modalities is the delivery of relatively high doses without a significant risk for severe reactions.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Susceptibility of populations of Banks grass mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) suspected of developing bifenthrin resistance from three maize fields.

Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), from three Texas maize fields were assayed for bifenthrin resistance following poor field control in 1995. Laboratory bioassays showed the field mites to be 3- to 23-fold more tolerant to bifenthrin than the susceptible laboratory culture. Comparison of LC50 values to assays with bifenthrin from 1985 to 1993 indicated no statistically significant changes in mite resistance. However, high LC90 values in 1995 suggest possible resistance development. The percentages of resistant mites from the three fields in 1995 were calculated to be 4.7%, 17.9%, and 30.9%. The Banks grass mite population exhibiting the highest level of tolerance to bifenthrin was further assayed to evaluate tolerance levels to other insecticides alone and in combination with synergists and insecticides. A high level of tolerance existed in the 1995 'bifenthrin-selected' Banks grass mite strain to bifenthrin, dimeothate, and amitraz. The combination of bifenthrin or dimethoate with a synergist indicated changes in the ability of the more resistant 1995 mites to detoxify insecticides. The activity of a dimethoate + bifenthrin mixture and a three way mixture of dimethoate, bifenthrin, and piperonyl butoxide caused 5- and 38-fold increase in toxicity against the more resistant Banks grass mite.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

House-dust mites and mattresses.

BACKGROUND: Despite considerable efforts to develop anti dust mite strategies, surprisingly few studies have evaluated the allergen content in different types of mattresses in everyday use. This study investigated the presence of mite feces (an indicator of mite allergens) in foam and spring mattresses. METHODS: The homes of 152 schoolchildren in Northern Norway were investigated. Dust samples were collected in a standardized way from 24 foam mattresses without covers, 68 foam mattresses with covers, and 24 spring mattresses, and the presence of mite feces detected by a guanine colorimetric paper test (Acarex). RESULTS: We found mite feces in 15 (40.5%) of the dust samples from the foam mattresses without covers and 18 (26.3%) of the foam mattresses with covers. Only three (12.5%) of the spring mattresses contained detectable amounts of feces. Signs of dampness, age of mattress, cleaning of mattress, frequency of vacuuming the bedroom, mechanical ventilation, bedroom temperature and bedroom relative humidity were associated with the presence of mite feces. After adjustment for relevant confounders, the risk of finding mite feces was four times higher in foam compared to spring mattresses (odds ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-15.1), and eight times higher for the foam mattresses without cover (OR 8.1, 95% CI 1.8-36.9). CONCLUSION: A simple replacement of foam mattresses with spring mattresses may reduce the exposure to house-dust-mite allergens.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2003

House dust mite allergen in US beds: results from the First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing.

BACKGROUND: Although exposure to house dust mite allergen is a major risk factor for allergic sensitization and asthma, nationwide estimates of dust mite allergen levels in US homes have not been reported. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dust mite allergen in beds of US homes and to identify predictors of dust mite allergen concentration. METHODS: Data were obtained from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, a cross-sectional survey of 831 permanently occupied noninstitutional housing units that permitted resident children. Dust mite allergen concentration (Der f 1 plus Der p 1) was determined from a dust sample collected from a bed. The percentages of homes with concentrations at or greater than detection, 2.0 microg/g bed dust, and 10.0 microg/g bed dust were estimated. Independent predictors of allergen concentration were assessed with multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: The percentages of US homes with dust mite allergen concentrations at or greater than detection, 2.0 microg/g, and 10.0 microg/g were 84.2% (SE, 1.73), 46.2% (SE, 2.0), and 24.2% (SE, 2.1), respectively. Independent predictors of higher levels were older homes, non-West census regions, single-family homes, no resident children, lower household income, heating sources other than forced air, musty or mildew odor, and higher bedroom humidity. CONCLUSION: Most US homes have detectable levels of dust mite allergen in a bed. Levels previously associated with allergic sensitization and asthma are common in US bedrooms. Predictors can be used to identify conditions under which homes are more likely to have increased dust mite allergen levels.

Allergens↗
PubMed2018

Midface toddler excoriation syndrome (MiTES) can be caused by autosomal recessive biallelic mutations in a gene for congenital insensitivity to pain, PRDM12.

BACKGROUND: Midface toddler excoriation syndrome (MiTES) is a condition recently reported in three unrelated children. Habitual scratching from the first year of life inflicted deep, chronic, scarring wounds around the nose and eyes. One child had a mild neurological deficit but there was no other evidence of insensitivity to pain. Bilateral distribution and localization to the midface distinguish MiTES from other causes of self-inflicted skin damage such as trigeminal trophic syndrome. An earlier study of five siblings from a consanguineous Irish family, with lesions corresponding to MiTES plus other sensory deficits, showed homozygous mutations in a gene for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VIII (HSAN8), PRDM12. OBJECTIVES: To study further cases of MiTES, including analysis of PRDM12. METHODS: We describe five further children, from four families, with facial lesions typical of MiTES, in whom mutation analysis of PRDM12 was carried out. RESULTS: Homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic expansions of the PRDM12 polyalanine tract were found in four of five affected individuals, in three families. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of autosomal recessive mutations in PRDM12 in four of five patients with MiTES extends the phenotypic spectrum of PRDM12 mutations, which usually cause HSAN8, characterized by mutilating self-inflicted wounds of the extremities, lips and tongue. By contrast, MiTES shows severe midfacial lesions with little if any evidence of generalized pain insensitivity. The condition is probably genetically heterogeneous, and other congenital insensitivity to pain and HSAN genes such as SCN11A may be implicated. This new understanding of the nature of MiTES, which can masquerade as factitious disease, will facilitate appropriate management.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of house dust mites and dermatophagoides group 1 antigens collected from bedding, skin and hair coat of dogs in south-west England.

The house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and D. pteronyssinus (Dpt) are commonly implicated as allergens causing canine atopic dermatitis in the UK. However, there are few studies that characterize the exposure of UK pet dogs to these mites. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of the mite species on the skin, hair coat and bedding of a population of pet dogs. Dust samples (n = 68) were collected from both dogs and their beds using a standardized vacuuming technique and stored at -20 degrees C. Mites were identified using accepted morphological criteria. House dust mite allergen concentrations were assayed using standardized ELISA for Dpt and Df group 1 allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Mites were identified in 15/68 samples (22%) and Dpt was the most common. Df mites were not present. Der p 1 allergens were detected in 60% of samples, and Der f 1 in 6% of samples. There were no significant differences between the number of Der p 1 positive samples from dogs and the number of those from their bedding, or between the average Der p 1 concentrations from dogs and the number of those from their bedding. Contrary to studies elsewhere in Europe and the USA, these findings support studies of human asthma patients in the UK, where exposure to Df is rare, but to Dpt is common. As the prevalence of positive intradermal and serological reactions to Df in atopic dogs is high, further investigations are warranted to clarify true Df hypersensitivity or potential immunological cross-reactivity between mite allergens.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The influence of air conditioning, humidity, temperature and other household characteristics on mite allergen concentrations in the northeastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Information about the influence of housing and occupant characteristics on mite allergen concentrations is crucial to determine which methods could be used to decrease exposure of susceptible subjects. OBJECTIVES: To identify housing and occupant characteristics that are associated with mite allergen concentrations in house dust collected from living rooms and mattresses. METHODS: We collected dust samples from 750 homes in the northeastern US. The influence of various characteristics on concentrations of mite allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1) was studied using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Some characteristics, like absence of air conditioners, the presence of mold or mildew, and a lower temperature were consistently associated with higher concentrations of both mite allergens in dust from all sampling locations. However, none of these factors changed Der p 1 or Der f 1 concentrations by more than a factor of 2. People of white ethnic background had roughly two times higher mite allergen concentrations, while family income, family size, and education level only marginally influenced mite allergen concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Various housing characteristics have some influence on mite allergen concentrations, and could possibly be used to decrease exposure of susceptible subjects. However, only a limited percentage of the variation in mite allergen concentrations was explained by these characteristics.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and characterization of full-length cDNAs encoding a novel high-molecular-weight Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus mite allergen, Der p 11.

BACKGROUND: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and D. farinae (Df) mites are the most important source of indoor aeroallergens. Most Dp mite allergens identified to date have relatively low molecular weights (MWs). Identification of high-MW mite allergens is a crucial step in characterizing the complete spectrum of mite allergens and to provide appropriate tools for diagnostic and therapeutic application. METHODS: The full-length Der p 11 cDNA clone was isolated using cDNA library immunoscreening, the 5'-3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) system and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The whole cDNA insert and its PCR-derived DNA fragments (p1 to p4) were generated and expressed in the Escherichia coli expression system. The allergenicity of the recombinant protein and its peptide fragments was examined by IgE immunodot assays. The IgE-binding reactivity of rDer p 11 was analyzed in the serum of 50 asthmatic children with positive reactivity to Dp mite extract. Its recombinant peptide fragments were also examined by immunodot assays in 30 mite-allergic children. RESULTS: Der p 11 cDNA consists of a 2625-bp open reading frame encoding a 103-kDa protein with 875 amino acids. It exhibits significant homology with the paramyosin of other invertebrates. The protein sequence alignment of this newly identified Dp mite allergen (denominated as Der p 11) revealed over 89% identity with Der f 11 and Blo t 1. Among 50 Dp-sensitive asthmatic children, rDer p 11 showed positive IgE-binding reactivity to 39 patients (78%). Using immunodot assays, multiple human IgE-binding activities were demonstrated in all four fragments of Der p 11. Using immunoblot assays, the dominant IgG-binding epitope for monoclonal antibody (mAb642) was located in fragment p3 only. In immunoblot assays, cross-inhibition between rDer p 11 and rDer f 11 was up to 73-80% at concentrations of 100 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the newly identified recombinant Der p 11 is a novel and important high-MW Dp mite allergen for asthmatic children. Our data also indicates that human IgE-binding major epitopes are scattered over the entire molecule of Der p 11.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

House dust mite barrier bedding for childhood asthma: randomised placebo controlled trial in primary care [ISRCTN63308372].

BACKGROUND: The house dust mite is the most important environmental allergen implicated in the aetiology of childhood asthma in the UK. Dust mite barrier bedding is relatively inexpensive, convenient to use, and of proven effectiveness in reducing mattress house dust mite load, but no studies have evaluated its clinical effectiveness in the control of childhood asthma when dispensed in primary care. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of house dust mite barrier bedding in children with asthma treated in primary care. METHODS: Pragmatic, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial conducted in eight family practices in England. Forty-seven children aged 5 to 14 years with confirmed house dust mite sensitive asthma were randomised to receive six months treatment with either house dust mite barrier or placebo bedding. Peak expiratory flow was the main outcome measure of interest; secondary outcome measures included asthma symptom scores and asthma medication usage. RESULTS: No difference was noted in mean monthly peak expiratory flow, asthma symptom score, medication usage or asthma consultations, between children who received active bedding and those who received placebo bedding. CONCLUSIONS: Treating house dust mite sensitive asthmatic children in primary care with house dust mite barrier bedding for six months failed to improve peak expiratory flow. Results strongly suggest that the intervention made no impact upon other clinical features of asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Toxicity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) formulations for twospotted spider mite and Euseius alatus de leon and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)].

The toxicity of selected commercial formulations of neem on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and two predatory mites Euseius alatus De Leon and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) was studied. Topical toxicity was tested with the commercial formulations (Natuneem, Neemseto and Callneem) and extract of neem's seeds at concentration 1%, compared to the standard acaricide abamectin at concentration of 0.3 ml/L and the control treatment (distilled water). Based on the best performance against T. urticae through topical contact, the formulation Neemseto was selected to be evaluated using different concentrations against eggs, and residual and repellent effects on adults of the mites. Egg treatment consisted of dipping eggs into Neemseto dilutions and control treatment for five seconds. In addition, residual and repellent effects of Neemseto for adult mites consisted of using leaf discs dipped into the dilutions for five seconds. The toxicity of Neemseto on eggs and adults was greater for T. urticae compared to the toxicity observed for the predatory mites. Neemseto was repellent for T. urticae and E. alatus when tested at the concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0%, and did not affect P. macropilis. Neemseto using all concentrations, while for the predatory mites significant reduction of mite fecundity was only observed at the largest concentrations reduced the fecundity of T. urticae significantly. So Neemseto, among tested neem formulations, performed better against the twospotted spider mite and exhibited relatively low impact against the predatory mites studied.

Acari↗
PubMed2005

Within-plant distribution of twospotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on impatiens: development of a presence-absence sampling plan.

The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of impatiens, a floricultural crop of increasing economic importance in the United States. The large amount of foliage on individual impatiens plants, the small size of mites, and their ability to quickly build high populations make a reliable sampling method essential when developing a pest management program. In our study, we were particularly interested in using spider mite counts as a basis for releasing biological control agents. The within-plant distribution of mites was established in greenhouse experiments and these data were used to identify the sampling unit. Leaves were divided into three zones according to location on the plant: inner, intermediate, and other. On average, 40, 33, and 27% of the leaves belonged to the inner, intermediate, and other leaf zones, respectively. However, because 60% of the mites consistently were found on the intermediate leaves, intermediate leaves were chosen as the sampling unit. These results lead to the development of a presence-absence sampling method for T. urticae by using Taylor coefficients generic for this pest. The accuracy of this method was verified against an independent data set. By determining numerical or binomial sample sizes for consistently estimating twospotted spider mite populations, growers will now be able to determine the number of predatory mites that should be released to control twospotted spider mites on impatiens.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of reducing sample size on density estimates of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) on citrus fruit: simulated sampling.

The consequence of reducing sample size on the accuracy and precision of estimates of citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), densities on oranges was investigated. The sample unit was a 1-cm2 surface area on fruit. Sampling plans consisting of 360, 300, 200, 160, 80, 48, 36, or 20 samples per 4 ha were evaluated through computer simulations by using real count data from 32 data sets of 600 sample units per 4 ha. The original and reduced sampling plans were hierarchical with different numbers of sample areas per 4 ha, trees per area, fruit per tree, and samples per fruit. Individual estimates (n=100 simulations per data set) using each plan were sometimes considerably below or above target densities. In an original set of count data with a mean of six mites per cm2, simulations of 36 samples per 4 ha produced individual estimates ranging from one to 16 mites per cm2, whereas 80 samples per 4 ha produced estimates ranging from two to 10 mites per cm2. The plans consisting of 36 or more samples were projected to provide precision levels of 0.25 (SEM/mean) or better at densities of five or more mites per cm2 based on log-data, a projection that needs to be verified under real-grove situations. Each plan consistently provided mite detection in these sampling simulations except those consisting of 20 or 36 samples, which sometimes failed to detect mites when the target density was less than five mites per cm2. The study provided insight into the probable precision, accuracy and detection thresholds for eight candidate sampling plans varying from relatively low to high resource input.

Acari↗
PubMed2006

Association between sensitization to outdoor spider mites and clinical manifestations of asthma and rhinitis in the general population of adults.

It has been demonstrated that spider mites such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) are important allergens for fruit farmers. A total of 2,467 adults (795 metropolitan urban, 788 non-metropolitan urban, and 884 rural subjects) were enrolled. They responded to the questionnaire, and underwent methacholine bronchial provocation tests as well as skin prick tests to locally common aeroallergens including the two-spotted spider mite. The prevalences of asthma and rhinitis as reported on the questionnaire were 7.8% and 16.4% of adults aged 20-35, 9.4% and 24.7% of those 36-50, and 17.7% and 21.7% of those older than 50, respectively. Among the older group, the two-spotted spider mite was the most common sensitizing allergen, although it was second of that of house dust mites among the other two age groups. Sensitization to the two-spotted spider mite was significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis among the younger age group, and associated with the prevalence of rhinitis among the older age group. The two-spotted spider mite might be a common sensitizing allergen in the general population of adults, and sensitization to this mite may play a role in the manifestation of asthma and rhinitis symptoms during adulthood.

Adult↗