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PubMed2006

Magnetic properties of BiMnO3 studied with Dc and Ac magnetization and specific heat.

Magnetic and specific heat measurements were performed in a single-phased powder BiMnO3 sample prepared at 6 GPa and 1383 K. The imaginary part of the ac susceptibilities showed strong frequency dependence below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature of 98 K. The relaxation measurements revealed time-dependent magnetic properties below 98 K. These data indicate the appearance of a "spin-glass-like" state in BiMnO3. Specific heat measurements showed the existence of ferromagnetic spin waves. However, no simple term Cm [directly proportional] T3/2 was found indicating an unconventional behavior of the magnetic specific heat. The Debye temperature was estimated to be 410 K using isostructural compounds BiScO3 and BiCrO3.

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PubMed2003

Magnetic properties of tetrakis[4-(alpha-diazobenzyl)pyridine]bis(thiocyanato-N)cobalt(II) in frozen solution after irradiation. Formation of a single-molecule magnet in frozen solution.

Magnetic properties after irradiation of a 1:4 mixture of Co(SCN)2 and 4-(alpha-diazobenzyl)pyridine in frozen solution were investigated by ac and dc magneto/susceptometry. Observations of the frequency dependence of chi'' signals and of a hysteresis loop at 2 K in ac and dc measurements, respectively, indicate that the generated cobalt-carbene complex functions as a single-molecule magnet. This is the first example of a monometallic single-molecule magnet of nanometer size.

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PubMed2004

Synthesis, structure and magnetism of new single molecule magnets composed of MnII2MnIII2 alkoxo-carboxylate bridged clusters capped by triethanolamine ligands.

A family of tetranuclear mixed-valent Mn(II)(2)/Mn(III)(2) complexes of type [Mn(4)(LH(2))(2)(LH)(2)(H(2)O)(x)(RCO(2))(2)](Y)2.nS has been synthesised and structurally characterised, where LH(3) = triethanolamine (N(CH(2)CH(2)OH)(3)), (R=CH(3), x=2, Y = CH(3)CO(2)-, n=2, S = H(2)O; 1), (R=C(6)H(5), x=0, Y=C(6)H(5)CO(2)-, n=1, S = CH(3)CN; 2), (R=C(2)H(5), x=0, Y=ClO(4)(-), n=0; 3). A common structural core was deduced from X-ray crystallography and consists of a rhomboidal (planar-diamond) array with two 7-coordinate Mn(II) "wingtip (w)" centres and two 6-coordinate Mn(III) "body (b)" centres. The Mn(III) ions are bridged to the Mn(II) ions by mu3-oxygen atoms from a deprotonated alcohol "arm" of each tridentate LH(2-) ligand and by mu2-oxygen atoms from each tetradentate LH(2)(-) ligand. The four nitrogen atoms from LH(2-) and LH(2)(-) groups, together with bridging and terminal carboxylates oxygens complete the outer coordination sites around the Mn atoms. A feature of these clusters is that they are linked together in the crystal lattice by hydrogen-bonding interactions involving a non-coordinated hydroxyl arm on each LH(2-) group. Detailed DC and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements and magnetisation isotherms have been made on the three complexes and show that intra-cluster ferromagnetic coupling is occurring between the S = 2 Mn(III) and S = 5/2 Mn(II) ions to yield S = 9 ground states. The g, J(bb) and J(wb) parameters have been deduced. Inter-cluster antiferromagnetic coupling was noted in and this influences the magnetisation versus field behaviour and the temperature and magnitude of the out-of-phase AC chi"M maxima in comparison to those observed for and. An Arrhenius plot of the reciprocal temperature of the maxima in chi"M obtained at different frequencies (10 to 1500 Hz), in the range 1.75 K to 4 K, against the natural logarithm of the magnetization relaxation rate (1/tau) yielded values of the activation energies and pre-exponential factors for two of these new tetranuclear single-molecule magnets (SMMs), and. The activation energies were compared with the potential energy barrier height, U, for magnetisation direction reversal (U = DS(2)) using the axial zero-field splitting parameter, D, deduced from the DC M/H isotherm analysis for these S = 9 species. The very small separation of S = 9 and 8 levels for these clusters highlights the limitations in the determination of D values from M/H data at low temperatures.

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PubMed2005

Theory of long-lived nuclear spin states in solution nuclear magnetic resonance. I. Singlet states in low magnetic field.

We have recently demonstrated the existence of exceptionally long-lived nuclear spin states in solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The lifetime of nuclear spin singlet states in systems containing coupled pairs of spins-12 may exceed the conventional relaxation time constant T1 by more than an order of magnitude. These long lifetimes may be observed if the long-lived singlet states are prevented from mixing with rapidly relaxing triplet states. In this paper we provide the detailed theory of an experiment which uses magnetic field cycling to observe slow singlet relaxation. An approximate expression is given for the magnetic field dependence of the singlet relaxation rate constant, using a model of intramolecular dipole-dipole couplings and fluctuating external random fields.

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PubMed2005

Magnetization dynamics in arrays of strongly interacting magnetic nanocrystals.

Arrays of 6.6 nm iron oxide nanocrystals coated with fatty acid molecules were produced using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The arrays had a varying number of layers stacked together, going from two dimensional to three dimensional and two different in-plane interparticle separations. While temperature-dependent ac susceptibility measurements of the isolated nanocrystals obeyed the Neel-Brown relaxation law, the array relaxation deviated significantly from this simple law. This deviation together with the observed dc field influence on the susceptibility-temperature curves, the large shifts in blocking temperatures and reduction in susceptibility-temperature curve widths on going from isolated particles to the arrays indicated collective magnetization dynamics during magnetization freezing. A scaling law analysis of this freezing dynamics yielded different powers for the two different interparticle separations with no dependence on dimensionality. In spite of the spin-glass-like behavior, it is possible that small, magnetically ordered domains of nanocrystals form at low temperature.

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PubMed1975

Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Molecules in Dense Media: Relation Between Magnetic Circular Dichroism and Hammett's Constants.

The linear relation between the magnetic circular dichroism (benzene (1)A(1g) --> (1)B(2u) transition) of monosubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted benzenes and the substituent constants sigma and sigma(R) are compared. In all cases, better linear correlations were found between the magnetic circular dichroism and sigma(R). Three series of 1,4-disubstituted benzenes, XC(6)H(4)I, XC(6)H(4)NO(2), and XC(6)H(4)CO(2)H, have been chosen for the magnetic circular dichroism measurements.

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PubMed1983

Influence of nuclear spin on chemical reactions: Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects (A Review).

The course of chemical reactions involving radical pairs may depend on occurrence and orientation of nuclear spins in the pairs. The influence of nuclear spins is maximized when the radical pairs are confined to a space that serves as a cage that allows a certain degree of independent diffusional and rotational motion of the partners of the pair but that also encourages reencounters of the partners within a period which allows the nuclear spins to operate on the odd electron spins of the pair. Under the proper conditions, the nuclear spins can induce intersystem crossing between triplet and singlet states of radical pairs. It is shown that this dependence of intersystem crossing on nuclear spin leads to a magnetic isotope effect on the chemistry of radical pairs which provides a means of separating isotopes on the basis of nuclear spins rather than nuclear masses and also leads to a magnetic field effect on the chemistry of radical pairs which provides a means of influencing the course of polymerization by the application of weak magnetic fields.

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PubMed2000

Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The technique used to recognise information in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is based on electromagnetic fields. A linearly varying field (around 10(-2) Tesla per meter) is added to a strong homogeneous magnetic field (order of magnitude of approximately one Tesla). When these fields are disturbed by the presence of a paramagnetic material, in the sample for instance, the resulting image is usually distorted, these distortions being termed artifacts. Our goal is to present a method, assuming the field disturbances are known, to construct the resulting images. A mathematical model of the MRI process is developed. The way the images are distorted in intensity and shape is explained and an algorithm to simulate magnetic susceptibility artifacts is deduced.

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PubMed1999

Time dependence of the magnetic grain concentration and secondary grain aggregation in ferronematic lyotropic liquid crystals subjected to magnetic field gradients.

The dynamical behavior of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals doped with ionic and surfacted magnetic fluids (ferronematics) is studied using a linear optical technique. The response of these mesophases to a combination of a static and a pulsed magnetic field is investigated by measuring the relaxation times as a function of the pulse width. A reversible modification of the magnetic grain concentration in the bulk of the samples and a secondary aggregation process due to the presence of a field gradient introduced by the pulsed field is discussed.

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PubMed2006

Dynamics of an active magnetic particle in a rotating magnetic field.

The motion of an active (self-propelling) particle with a permanent magnetic moment under the action of a rotating magnetic field is considered. We show that below a critical frequency of the external field the trajectory of a particle is a circle. For frequencies slightly above the critical point the particle moves on an approximately circular trajectory and from time to time jumps to another region of space. Symmetry of the particle trajectory depends on the commensurability of the field period and the period of the orientational motion of the particle. We also show how our results can be used to study the properties of naturally occurring active magnetic particles, so-called magnetotactic bacteria.

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PubMed2001

Magnetic quantum dot: a magnetic transmission barrier and resonator.

We study the ballistic edge-channel transport in quantum wires with a magnetic quantum dot, which is formed by two different magnetic fields B(*) and B0 inside and outside the dot, respectively. We find that the electron states located near the dot and the scattering of edge channels by the dot strongly depend on whether B(*) is parallel or antiparallel to B0. For parallel fields, two-terminal conductance as a function of channel energy is quantized except for resonances, while, for antiparallel fields, it is not quantized and all channels can be completely reflected in some energy ranges. All these features are attributed to the characteristic magnetic confinements caused by nonuniform fields.

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PubMed2002

Photoinduced magnetization in the organic-based magnet Mn(TCNE)(x)* y(CH2Cl2).

Photoinduced magnetization in a magnet based on organic species is reported for the first time. Upon optical excitation in the blue region of spectrum, Mn(tetracyanoethylene)(x)*y(CH2Cl2) (x approximately 2, y is approximately 0.8) exhibits increased magnetic susceptibility at temperatures as high as 75 K, accompanied with photoinduced absorption in the visible and infrared spectral regions. These effects are partially reversible by lower energy visible light and fully reversible by thermal treatment. The results suggest trapping of the photoexcited charge in a metastable state with enhanced exchange interaction.

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PubMed2002

Superconductivity and magnetic fluctuations in Cd(2))Re(2)O(7) via Cd nuclear magnetic resonance and re nuclear quadrupole resonance.

We report Cd nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Re nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) studies on Cd(2)Re(2)O(7), the first superconductor among pyrochlore oxides (T(c) approximately 1 K). The Re NQR spectrum at zero magnetic field below 100 K rules out any magnetic or charge order. The spin-lattice relaxation rate below T(c) exhibits a pronounced coherence peak and follows the weak-coupling BCS theory with nearly isotropic energy gap. The results of Cd NMR point to a moderate ferromagnetic enhancement at high temperatures followed by a rapid decrease of the density of states below the structural transition temperature of 200 K.

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PubMed2003

Magnetic propulsion of intense lithium streams in a tokamak magnetic field.

This paper describes the effect and gives the theory of magnetic propulsion which allows driving free surface plasma facing liquid lithium streams in tokamaks. In the approximation of a thin flowing layer the MHD equations are reduced to one integrodifferential equation which takes into account the propulsion effect, viscosity, and the drag force due to magnetic pumping and other interactions with the magnetic field. A stability criterion is obtained for stabilization of the "sausage" instability of the streams by centrifugal force.

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PubMed2003

Magnetic domain structure and magnetic anisotropy in Ga1-xMn(x)As.

Large, well-defined magnetic domains, on the scale of hundreds of micrometers, are observed in Ga1-xMn(x)As epilayers using a high-resolution magneto-optical imaging technique. The orientations of the magnetic moments in the domains clearly show in-plane magnetic anisotropy, which changes through a second-order transition from a biaxial mode (easy axes nearly along [100] and [010]) at low temperatures to an unusual uniaxial mode (easy axis along [110]) as the temperature increases above about T(c)/2. This transition is a result of the interplay between the natural cubic anisotropy of the GaMnAs zinc-blende structure and a uniaxial anisotropy which attribute to the effects of surface reconstruction.

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PubMed2003

Magnetic superlattices with variable interlayer exchange coupling: a new approach for the investigation of low-dimensional magnetism.

We have investigated the magnetic order in an [Fe(2)/(VHx)(13)] x 200 superlattice as a function of temperature and hydrogen content in the vanadium layers. A J(radially)-T magnetic phase diagram was established where J(radially) denotes the interlayer exchange coupling between adjacent Fe planes. We propose that Fe/V superlattices, in which the ratio of interlayer to intralayer coupling can be tuned continuously and reversibly via hydrogen in the nonmagnetic vanadium, offer a new approach for the study of low-dimensional magnetism and crossover effects near the transition from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic order.

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PubMed2003

Quantum magnetic impurities in magnetically ordered systems.

We discuss the problem of a spin 1/2 impurity immersed in a spin S magnetically ordered background. We show that the problem maps onto a generalization of the dissipative two level system with two independent heat baths, associated with the Goldstone modes of the magnet, that couple to different components of the impurity spin operator. Using analytical perturbative renormalization group methods and accurate numerical renormalization group we show that contrary to other dissipative models there is quantum frustration of decoherence and quasiscaling even in the strong coupling regime. We make predictions for the behavior of the impurity magnetic susceptibility. Our results may also have relevance to quantum computation.

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PubMed2003

Magnetic tuning of biquadratic exchange coupling in magnetic thin films.

The effective interlayer coupling between antiferromagnetically coupled hard and soft ferromagnetic thin films is investigated as a function of the magnetic bit length in the hard layer, which is controlled using a magnetic recording system. The interlayer coupling is explored by studying the magnetization reversal of the soft layer. As the bit length decreases, the coupling evolves from antiferromagnetic to biquadratic to uncoupled. These results are reproduced using a micromagnetic model and determine the applicability range of Slonczewski's fluctuation model of biquadratic coupling.

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