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PubMedDate not supplied

Differences in household characteristics by income distribution in Pakistan.

The authors examine household characteristics by income distribution in Pakistan using data from the 1979 Population, Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey. Tabular data, organized by measures of income and expenditure, are presented on average household size, dependency ratios, average number of children and average number of adults, proportion of female household members, labor force participation rates for various ages, and occupational status of heads of households. The authors conclude that "the findings for Pakistan generally are in consonance with those for other Third World countries and confirm that certain characteristics are associated with poverty." Comments by Karol J. Krotki are also included (pp. 668-9).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Future changes in the size and composition of the British labour force: a regional projection exercise.

"The main purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for generating parallel projections of regional population and labour force which not only incorporates expected age/sex/marital-status/regional differences in the economic activity rates but at the same time takes account of demographic factors such as fertility, mortality and interregional migration in the overall projections." A model is developed and adapted to project the British regional population and labor force for 1976 and 1981. These forecasts are then evaluated by comparing them with Office of Population Censuses and Surveys forecasts for the same years (SUMMARY IN FRE, GER)

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1981

A framework for modeling interregional population distribution and economic growth.

"An integrated model is proposed to capture economic and demographic interactions in a system of regions. This model links the interregional economic model of Isard (1960) and the interregional demographic model of Rogers (1975) via functions describing consumption and migration patterns. Migration rates are determined jointly with labor force participation rates and unemployment rates."

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ageism and sexism at work: the middle-aged women of Hong Kong.

Employment discrimination against middle-aged women has recently captured public attention in Hong Kong. One reason is the economic slowdown and increasing unemployment since the 1993-94 and the 1997-to date economic downturns. This paper looks at sex and age discrimination against middle-aged women in colonial Hong Kong where they faced such problems as low labor force participation, occupational and industrial segregation and wage differentials, which in turn left them vulnerable to unemployment and poverty. Rampant age and sex discrimination in the workplace is due to a number of factors: traditional values and cultural devaluation of women's work and need for education, economic restructuring and labor importation, a legal vacuum, inefficient retraining policy, and the weak position of women in the labor movement. The postcolonial government under Tung Chee Hwa is heavily influenced by business interests. Women in the age group of 30-39 and above are hardest hit. They are not targeted as special groups of trainees who require special assistance. Given the limited concern for gender development on the part of the new government, the prospect for women workers does not look good.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

On the relationships between rural labor productivity, family investment in education, and population quality.

The authors consider "the relationships between labor productivity and population quality in order to demonstrate the importance of economic development, and of improving population quality in rural areas. This study is made on the basis of surveys conducted in 1979 and 1986 on the age-specific VP and VC [volume of production and volume of consumption] in certain areas of Jiangsu Province [China]." Population quality is defined primarily in terms of the educational status of the labor force.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working women: economic and social considerations.

The social, political, and economic forces that have drawn women into the labor force are complex and interrelated. This chapter presents four major concerns of working women: gender wage differentials, working hours and flexible schedules, nonwage compensation, and working conditions. Women are a relatively recent phenomenon in the work-for-wages market, and their specific economic concerns are not well understood by society. As their numbers increase in the workplace, these concerns will assume greater importance.

Economics↗
PubMed1988

Practical uses of multistate population models.

"The article provides a nontechnical description of multistate population models, useful analytical tools that can reflect changes over time in the characteristics of a closed group of persons. The multistate life table literature is reviewed, emphasizing applications of the models to studies of marital status, family and household status, interregional migration, and labor force participation and concluding with a discussion of the relationship between multistate and event history models."

Demography↗
PubMed1987

Variations in demographic behaviour by levels of living in Pakistan.

This paper utilizes data from the Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey of 1979 which collected information from about 10,000 households in Pakistan. Poverty was directly related to household size and also to the average number of children under 15, which meant higher dependency ratios for the poor. Poorer ever-married women had higher fertility rates than richer women. However, the association between fertility and levels of living was not monotonically inverse. Schooling rates of 5-9 year olds varied positively with levels of living and, conversely, labor force participation rates for boys aged 10-14 were generally higher in the poorer deciles. The value of children and their utility varies across the deciles. Data from Pakistan show only broad negative associations between infant mortality and standard of living. It could be argued that relatively higher mortality is experienced by those at lower standards of living, which leads at 1st to diminished household size, but eventually to higher fertility and larger household size. Out-migration, particularly to the Middle East, seems to have occurred in reasonably well-off households, or at least has not affected the poorest strata of society. Remittances have further enhanced the standard of living of out-migrants' households. The fertility of migrant households may also be lower than that of nonmigrants and may explain smaller household size. However, internal migration to urban areas tends to increased size as rural migrants live jointly in households away from their families.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Barefoot and in a German kitchen: federal parental leave and benefit policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany.

"Since 1979 German federal maternity leave and benefit policy has given women incentives to stay at home and take care of their newborn and youngest children. In 1986 this leave and benefit policy was changed in several ways, turning it into a powerful instrument for delaying mothers' return to work after childbirth.... We estimate post childbirth return to work hazards for women during the federally protected leave protection period and immediately upon completion of this leave period. During the leave mothers are less likely to return to work the longer is the time left in the leave protection period; however, this result cannot be attributed generally to high levels of maternity benefits. When the leave protection period ends, mothers with strong labor force attachment who are still on leave return to their jobs."

Behavior↗
PubMed1995

[Non-EC workers in Italy: an overview of the literature and an attempt to test various hypotheses].

"The essay presents an overview of the interpretations offered in scientific literature about causes and effects of non-EC [European Community] immigrants' integration into the Italian labor market....The essay uses the aggregate data of [the] Labor Ministry integrated by local surveys to answer some questions...[concerning] the link between sex, Italian region, place of origin and sector of activity...and the complementarity or competition with [the] Italian labor force." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Gompertz-Makeham function in the description and projection of demographic phenomena].

"The main aim of this article is to examine the application of [the Gompertz-Makeham mathematical function] in detail, and more specifically, its mathematical formulation and development. Another objective is to test an iterative method for obtaining parameters, by which one may obtain an optimal function best describing the behavior of a population in the face of demographic phenomena. This study was conducted with [Mexican data on] population growth and...structures by age of fertility and the labor force." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1978

An economic analysis of migration in Mexico.

This paper analyzes internal migration in Mexico over the 1960-70 period. A model of the determinants of migration is specified and estimated for aggregated interstate migration flows. Results show that distance serves as a significant deterrent to migration, that higher destination earning levels are attractive to migrants, and that regions with high unemployment rates experience lower rates of inmigration. An unanticipated finding is that regions with higher earning levels have greater rates of outmigration. The data are disaggregated to examine separate migration relationships for each state. The results are that distance is a lesser deterrent for those migrants with more accessible alternatives, that higher earning levels reduce the deterring effects of distance, and that regions with higher earning levels have lower associated elasticities of migration. It is concluded that economic factors have played a crucial role in internal migration and thus in the changing occupational and geographic structure of the Mexican labor force.

Americas↗
PubMed1988

The spatial urban hierarchy in Turkey: its structure and some of its determinants.

"This paper gives a detailed description of the Turkish spatial hierarchy, tests certain aspects of the central place theory, and identifies the principles by which the hierarchy is organized. From the results of a country-wide survey, a seven-level hierarchy is identified....Regression analysis reveals that different factors operate at different levels and with varying intensities in ordering the structure of the system with no one factor being predominant. Income per capita, the density of the road network, the nature of the terrain, the degree of spatial mobility, the structure of economic activity in rural areas, and the distribution of labor force by type of activity emerge as ordering the frequency of centers and the sizes of their nested tributary areas."

Asia↗
PubMed1984

Educational and labour force participation of Australian young people living in two- and one-parent families.

"A major objective of this study is to analyse how the immediate family of origin affects a young person's decision to remain in school or education, join the work-force, or in some way combine both activities. A crucial question related to these decisions is: What difference does it make to young people if their launching into the adult world is done from the base of a one-parent or two-parent family?" Data are from "the 1981 Household Sample File (HSF), a one per cent sample of households and non-private dwelling members drawn by the Australian Bureau of Statistics from the 1981 Census." The sample includes 14,142 people between the ages of 15 and 24 who were residing with one or both parents. The analysis shows that young people coming from one-parent families are disadvantaged both educationally and in the labor force when compared with young people in two-parent families. However, "these overall differences vanish once family income is taken into account. It is low income more than family type which explains restricted education and labour force opportunity."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Forecasting interstate migration with limited data: a demographic-economic approach.

"The limitations of available migration data preclude a time-series approach of modeling interstate migration [in the United States]. The method presented here combines aspects of the demographic and economic approaches to forecasting migration in a manner compatible with existing data. Migration rates are modeled to change in response to changes in economic conditions. When applied to resently constructed data on migration based on income tax returns and then compared to standard demographic projections, the demographic-economic approach has a 20% lower total error in forecasting net migration by state for cohorts of labor-force age."

Americas↗
PubMed1989

U.S. Bureau of the Census: facing the future labor shortage.

"This article begins with a brief overview of the [U.S.] Census Bureau's preparations for the future, then discusses the demographic and social changes that are affecting the national labor force, from which the Census Bureau hires its workers. The final section considers how the bureau and its mission are affected by these changes."

Americas↗
PubMed1996

[Changes in the French working population in a European context].

Recent trends in the dynamics of the population of working age in France are analyzed and compared to those in other countries in the European Union. "Since the early 1980s, growth in the French working population has been slower and demographic growth higher than in the other European Union countries. This trend can be explained by the sharp downturn in activity in France. The drop in employment among young people and the oldest potential workers is partially due to labour market adjustments specific to France. The French working population is now highly concentrated in the intermediate age brackets. The proportion of women in this population is also growing, with France having one of the highest female participation rates in the European Union." The author concludes that the relatively healthy demographic trends in France should lead to fewer problems in the future development of the labor force in comparison with some other European countries, provided that the problems in finding work for younger workers and those approaching retirement can be solved. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

[Fertility behavior in Quebec, family allowances, and taxes: results and simulations with a discrete choice model for the years 1975-1987].

"We suppose that women (couples), who are less than 40 years old, are faced with three types of sequential decisions: the fertility decision, the decision relative to the number of children to have and the decision concerning labour force participation.... We use a nested polychotomous discrete choice model to estimate the responsiveness of the behaviour of 'married' women in Quebec to variations in the expected flow of revenue resulting from changes in the parameters of the personal income tax and in the level of public monetary transfers conditional on the number of children. The model is estimated with micro-data from 9 repeated cross-sections for the years 1975 to 1987 with a full information maximum likelihood method.... This empirical setting is used to simulate the effects of changes made to the fiscal and transfer policies in favor of families with dependent children on fertility, [women's] labor force participation and the importance of spending costs for the two levels of government." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗