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PubMed1989

beta S-haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia along the coastal belt of Kenya.

In this paper, we present data on studies of beta S-haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia gene in subjects from the indigenous population of the Coast Province of Kenya Of the 7SS patients studied, four were homozygous for beta S-haplotype 20 characteristically associated with the severe form of sickle cell anemia found in the Central African Republic and Western Kenya. Two had haplotype 20 combined with haplotype 19 (Benin Type) and one had haplotype 20 combined with a new haplotype (20x). Alpha thalassaemia-2 gene (-3.7kb deletion) was detected in 45.6% of the 57AA subjects studied. An alpha globin gene triplication was detected in one subject whereas eight had gamma globin gene triplication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The feeding habits of the tsetse, Glossina pallidipes Austen on the south Kenya coast, in the context of its host range and trypanosome infection rates in other parts of east Africa.

The results of blood-meal identifications for 651 Glossina pallidipes from 5 subpopulations near the Kenya coast south of Mombasa, and one, 70 km inland, are presented. Bushpigs and/or warthogs were important hosts for G. pallidipes at all sites. Other major hosts included elephant, buffalo and bushbuck where they were present, and on a dairy ranch nearly 30% of feeds were taken from cattle. There was a general relationship between the numbers and diversity of wild herbivores and the abundance of G. pallidipes. These results are discussed in relation to published data on feeding patterns and trypanosome infection rates for G. pallidipes from other parts of East Africa. Overall, there are significant correlations between the proportions of bovid feeds and T. vivax infections. Bovid-feeding G. pallidipes populations with high T. vivax infection rates in south-east Uganda and western Kenya contrast with the coastal, suid-feeding populations with low T. vivax rates. These characteristics are presented as clines extending across East Africa.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1987

In vivo response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Siaya District, Kenya.

Chemoprophylaxis using chloroquine (CQ) in suppressive doses has been recommended to protect pregnant women in malarious areas from the adverse effects of malaria during pregnancy. In a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya with CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, we determined the prevalence and density of falciparum infection in gravid and nulligravid women and compared the in-vivo parasite response to CQ using two regimens: 25 mg/kg body weight (CQ25) divided over a period of three days (for high-density parasitaemias) and 5 mg/kg body weight (CQ5) weekly for 4 weeks (for low-density parasitaemias). P. falciparum infections were present in 102 (42%) of 244 pregnant women. A greater proportion of primigravidae were parasitaemic (68%) than nulligravidae (50%, P=0.02) or multigravidae (33%, P <10(-6)). Primigravidae showed a higher geometric mean parasite density. In the CQ25 treatment group, failure to clear parasites by day 7 was more common in primigravidae than nulligravidae (P=0.008) or multigravidae (P=0.15). In the CQ5 treatment group, primigravidae were more likely to show increasing parasite density than nulligravidae or multigravidae.In this area of Kenya, virtually all women in their first pregnancy are exposed to malaria and are at greatest risk for malaria infection; compared with other women, they show higher parasite densities and are least likely to respond to chloroquine treatment in areas of chloroquine resistance. Malaria control strategies might be targeted to this group of women, but we are pessimistic about the efficacy of weekly CQ5 where there is chloroquine resistance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing education in Kenya: trends and innovations.

The nursing profession in Kenya plays a very fundamental role in the society and provides employment to a good number of young men and women at an important part of their lives. The education of the nurse therefore forms a significant part of the overall educational system of the society. Thus the nursing curriculum reflects the educational philosophy of the society as a whole, Kenya's philosophy of health, the society's concept of the nurse and at the same time endeavouring to maintain the world standard of professional nursing. This paper was presented at the ICN Congress in Tel Aviv, June 1985.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1987

The investigation of Trypanosoma brucei isolates obtained from Glossina pallidipes in South Nyanza, Kenya.

During studies to determine the main Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmission sites in Lambwe Valley, Western Kenya, Glossina pallidipes were collected from two areas in the valley and examined for trypanosome infection. T. brucei isolated from infected flies were tested for their response to the lethal effects of human blood (Blood Incubation Infectivity Test, BIIT) and also characterized using isoenzyme electrophoresis. Six of the 26 T. brucei tested were BIIT positive, two of which had enzyme profiles identical to human isolates. The 26 isolates were grouped into 10 zymodemes. Two zymodemes were identical to T. b. rhodesiense isolated from sleeping sickness patients, one of which was identical to the predominant zymodemes among patients from Lambwe Valley area. The other zymodeme was identical to an isolate from a patient from the Busoga (Uganda) sleeping sickness epidemic focus. These two Zymodemes were BIIT positive. It is suggested that there has been an exchange of human infecting organisms between the Kenya and the Uganda foci.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Investigations into yellow fever virus and other arboviruses in the northern regions of Kenya.

Previous studies having shown an appreciable level of yellow fever immunity to exist in northern Kenya, further epidemiological and serological surveys were carried out there in 1968 in an attempt to define more clearly the distribution of yellow fever and to locate possible vector and reservoir hosts of the disease; these surveys also provided information on a number of other arboviruses.Altogether 436 sera from 5 areas in northern Kenya were screened by haemagglutination-inhibition tests with 8 antigens, and 107 of these sera by neutralization tests for Group-B arboviruses. Small numbers of yellow-fever-immune adults were found in Ileret, Garissa, Loglogo and Mikona. At Marsabit high proportions of immune adults and children were found among the Burgi tribe. As the Burgi are permanent agricultural workers on Marsabit Mountain, an entomological investigation was made, over 15 000 mosquitos being collected. From these, 13 strains of Pongola virus, 1 strain of Semliki Forest virus and an unidentified virus were isolated, but no yellow fever strains. Aedes africanus and Aedes simpsoni were not found at Marsabit; small numbers of Aedes aegypti were collected biting man. The vector potential of other mosquitos collected (particularly Mansonia africana, which is present throughout the year) is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A biochemical study of adult and cystic stages of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin from Kenya.

A comparative biochemical study was performed on adult and cystic stages of Echinococcus granulosus. Basic quantitative differences in metabolism were apparent between the cystic forms of sheep origin from the UK and Kenya which suggest that each may represent a different geographical strain or sub-strain. The biochemistry of the human and sheep forms from Kenya was very similar, which probably reflects a certain close affinity between the two. The fact that the cattle, goat and camel forms of E. granulosus, from that country, were distinct biochemically, both from each other and from the sheep and human types, suggests the existence of an unusually complex strain picture there, and that these organisms are either non-infective or only poorly infective to man. The differences in biochemical composition and metabolism observed between adults produced experimentally and those obtained from naturally infected dogs, may have been as a result of their original hydatid source and/or their differing stage of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Viral haemorrhagic fever surveillance in Kenya, 1980-1981.

Following two cases of Marburg virus disease in Kenya in 1980, viral haemorrhagic fever surveillance was undertaken in western Kenya. Over a 21-month period investigations, including virus isolation attempts, patient and contact serology, visits to areas where suspected cases occurred, interviewing family members and neighbours of suspected cases and following up any additional illnesses in these areas, were carried out. During the study two cases were found that were likely to have been Ebola haemorrhagic fever based on rising antibody titres or positive serology in contacts. Diagnoses of hepatitis A, hepatitis B, malaria, bacterial septicaemia or other causes were arrived at in 24 cases. No diagnosis could be made in 26 instances. 741 human sera were tested for antibodies against Marburg, Ebola, Congo haemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever or Lassa fever viruses by indirect fluorescence. Eight sera were positive for Ebola virus antibodies, all of which were from suspected cases or contacts of suspected cases. Two sera were antibody positive to Congo virus and one had antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus. No Marburg or Lassa virus antibodies were detected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Three new leptospiral serovars from Kenya.

Three new serovars isolated from rodents in Kenya are described. The strains were investigated by the 'classical' comparative cross-agglutinin absorption test method. In the Tarassovi serogroup the new serovar kanana with reference strain Kwale is proposed and in the Autumnalis group the new serovar lambwe with reference strain Lambwe. The new serovar kenya with reference strain Njenga seems to have a position in between the Ballum and Ranarum serogroup.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Endemic goitre in Kenya: the pattern of iodine excretion.

A national random sample survey of iodine excretion among primary schoolchildren in Kenya was carried out in 1974/75, in order to monitor the endemic goitre situation and its control more accurately and to gain more insight in the geographical distribution of iodine deficiency in the country. Urine samples were collected in 59 randomly chosen primary schools in 32 districts from which the individual iodine/creatinine ratios were determined. The results are analysed and presented per school, per district and per province, showing areas of normal, moderate and low iodine intake, and latter coinciding with the known goitre areas in Kenya. Although some doubts have been cast on the methods used in this survey and the consequent reliability of its conclusions, the authors consider its publication yet justified.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Child malnutrition in poor smallholder households in rural Kenya: an in-depth situation analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of seasonal changes on household food availability on the nutritional status of preschool children from rural households. DESIGN: Households with preschool children were randomly selected from a sampling frame developed from a census list. Data were collected each month or at intervals for 14 months using pre-coded questionnaires. SETTING: The study was carried out in Njoro division, Nakuru district, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Subjects comprised 41 preschool children (22 girls and 19 boys) aged between 18 and 36 months. Households with preschool children were listed from a census conducted earlier. A random sample of 45 subjects was selected, out of which 41 completed the study. INTERVENTION: Food consumption data were collected monthly using the 24-h recall method, and by the 3-day weighed record method during the peak of each season. Subjects were measured once each month, while length was measured at three intervals over the study period. RESULTS: Significant differences in intake of calcium, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin were observed between the lean and the post-harvest months, but not with energy, protein, fat, iron, niacin and vitamin C. There were no significant seasonal differences in mean weight changes, which were at the rate of 182 g/month. Mean length increased at a faster rate during the lean season compared to the postharvest months. 51% of the children were stunted during the lean season compared to 28% in the post-harvest months. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a seasonal influence on energy and nutrient intake among preschoolers from low income rural households in Kenya.

Child Nutrition Disorders↗
PubMed1995

[Comparison of the pathogenic effect in mice between stocks of Trypanosoma evansi from Mauritania and from Kenya, Niger, Chad and China].

The pathogenicity to mice of a stock of Trypanosoma evansi from Mauritania has been compared to that of stocks from Kenya, Niger, Chad and China, using doses of 5.10(5), 2.10(6) and 5.10(6) trypanosomes per mouse. The survival of mice inoculated with stocks from Kenya, Niger and China is short, on average 2.1 to 6.5 days. Mice inoculated with stocks from Mauritania and Chad survive longer, 12.5 to 22.7 days, depending on the dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria infection on tuberculin results among primary school children in Kenya.

Few tuberculosis studies carried out in Kenya since 1948 have reported on the variations of the occurrence and geographical distributions of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria infection. They have however not been able to clearly relate infection outcome to the use of tuberculin tests as epidemiologic and clinical tool. The present survey, conducted by Kenya Medical Research Institute in collaboration with the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases between 1986 and 1990 among school children aged 6-13 years in 18 randomly selected districts, investigated the following: the prevalence of sensitivity to tuberculin PPD RT 23 and PPD scrofulaceum RS 95 sensitin; geographic distribution of the reactions from the tests and; the influence of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria on the tuberculin results. The WHO cluster sampling procedures were used to select 30 schools in each of the 18 districts. Each child was tested with an intradermal dose of 2 TU of PPD RT 23 with Tween 80 (PPD RT 23) on the right hand and 2 TU of PPD Scrofulaceum RS 95 sensitin with tween 80 (PPD RS 95) on the left hand. The results were read after 72 hours of testing. A total of 1015 BCG scar negative children was included in the survey. Of these, 981 were tested and read. Over 47% of the children did not react to both antigens while 6.1% and 22.7% reacted to human type tuberculin and environmental sensitin respectively. There was cross reaction between the two tests in 23.8% of the children from low altitude area who had more and larger reaction to the tests than the middle and higher altitude regions of the country.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cost consideration in renal replacement therapy in Kenya.

End stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy is a common complication of several renal diseases that are seen in the tropics. World over, the costs of the various modalities of therapy that constitute renal replacement therapy, including hemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation, is prohibitive. All the above modes of therapy are provided in Kenya, unlike most countries with similar level of socioeconomic development. This article analyses the factors behind the limited success that renal replacement therapy enjoys in Kenya, which is faced with more pressing basic problems of malnutrition and infection.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1994

Salt iodation in Kenya for national prophylaxis of iodine deficiency disorders.

This survey was conducted to monitor and evaluate the extent of salt iodation in Kenya in 1990/91. 799 salt samples were collected from 40 districts/municipalities in Kenya out of a possible 44. The samples originated from 16 different local manufacturers/packers. 35.4% of the salt samples were from a single manufacturer, and were available in all the districts/municipalities. 127 (15.9%) samples complied with the legislation of 168.5g/kg. Five samples had exceptionally high iodate--a mean of 8147.1g/kg. The mean iodate content of all samples analysed was 151 mg/kg. Uniformity of iodation was lacking as indicated by high standard deviations. Two manufacturers had iodate content complying with the minimum 168.5mg/kg required by the legislation.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1994

[Comparative biometric studies of school children from Kenya and Braunschweig].

Constitution and growth biology of 6 to 7 years old children from a European city ("Braunschweiger Längsschnitt") and a country with rather original habits (extreme rural area of Kenya, "Abaluya"--administrative name of Bantuid tribes from W-Kenya--out of the region of Idakho and Tiriki, elevated in spring 1990) were comparatively studied. To achieve comparability in physique and body height, the elevated data were "allometrically standardized". The statistical parameters and the results of correlation statistics were shown by comparing the two groups of children. This paper is thought to be the first attempt of a more extensive study in which further more comparative data from other age groups of children and different ecological factors as climate or nutrition should be involved in the analysis. At least the knowledge of standardized data is a cogent assumption to judge about constitution, typology and health of populations.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1994

The microfilarial periodic pattern of Wuchereria bancrofti in Kenya.

Microfilarial periodic pattern of Wuchereria bancrofti in Kenya was confirmed by the statistical method proposed by Aikat and Das (1977). Fifteen microfilarial positive individuals were brought to Nairobi from Malindi, which is one of the filariasis foci on the coastal area of Kenya. From each individual a 60-microliter finger prick blood film was made every 2 hours throughout one complete 24-hour cycle. The blood films were dried for at least 48 hours and dehaemoglobinized. The fluid was filtered using Nuclepore membrane to recover any detached microfilariae. The films were stained with Giemsa and microfilariae were counted. The peak time was 0056 h (4 minutes to 1 a.m.) and the periodicity index was 117.08, confirming the nocturnal periodicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Radioimmunochemical characterization of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya: unique antigenic determinants located on hybrid hemoglobins.

Antisera were produced in rabbits to the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins, which contain hybrid delta-beta non-alpha-chains, and to hemoglobin Kenya, which has a hybrid gamma-beta non-alpha-chain. By using a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique, the absorbed antisera were shown to contain an antibody population that was specific for the hybrid hemoglobin and did not cross-react with normal hemoglobins. However, with the absorbed Lepore-specific antisera, the three known types of Lepore hemoglobins were antigenically indistinguishable from each other, suggesting that antibodies are not produced to the primary structural differences which define the three non-alpha-chains of the Lepore hemoglobins. These studies demonstrate that the non-alpha-subunits of hemoglobins Lepore and Kenya possess unique antigenic determinant sites, evidently resulting from an altered polypeptide conformation.

Animals↗