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PubMed1995

[Intuitive evaluation of guilt of violent offenders in relation to offender personality].

The distinction between overcontrolled and undercontrolled offenders in criminal psychology is applied to the forensic issues related to crimes of passion under German penal law. The effects of descriptions of the offenders' personality on the attribution of responsibility were studied in a judgment experiment using fictional cases. N = 193 students of law and of psychology, respectively, gave judgments on an offender's legal responsibility and related criteria. Vignettes with four different homicide case descriptions were used as stimuli. Offender personality (overcontrolled vs undercontrolled) was varied as a second stimulus factor. Higher proportions of overcontrolled offenders were judged to be not responsible for their deeds. Law students were more lenient in their judgments than students of psychology. A factor analysis of subjects' ratings of 15 diagnostic criteria yielded four dimensions: intensity of affective excitement, incomprehensibility of the offense, strangeness to the offender's personality, and inevitability.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of mood and analytic and intuitive judgement tendencies in the "false-fame" effect].

In two experiments the process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991) was used to examine the effects of mood on automatic and consciously controlled processes in a fame judgment task. Thirty nonfamous names were presented once in a study phase to the subjects. After a mood manipulation subjects performed a fame judgment task. The old nonfamous names were presented together with new nonfamous and famous names. Subjects got either the hint that names repeated from the study phase were all famous (inclusion test) or that they were all nonfamous (exclusion test). Results, especially the comparison of the inclusion and the exclusion test, indicated that subjects under negative mood based their judgments more on consciously controlled processes, i.e. recollection of names from the study phase. There was only a weak impact on good mood on controlled processes. In respect to automatic consequences of the study phase (familiarity of names) there was no difference between the three mood conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[The costs of empiric and intuitive diagnoses. A critical evaluation of therapeutic trials and on unconventional practices].

Some health care-related practices are probably on the rise as a response to the political economy. In particular, the therapeutic prescription looking for a diagnostic information allows to escape from a possible overcharge linked to proper diagnostic methods. The cost of such practice is not negligible. In fact, the best way to handle the problem is to reinstate some simple and cheap diagnostic tests in the daily practice of clinicians. The opening of the health care disciplines to new categories of non-physician workers is about to create further problems with regard to the health economics. The unsettled diagnosis and the therapeutic limitation to a quasi-placebo effect will never be positive factors in the global gestion of pathologies.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1990

Misconceptions about motion: development and training effects.

2 experiments were performed to examine whether children and adults possess a single-object/single-motion intuition. This intuition involves the view that because all parts of a rigid object move together, they all must move at the same speed. We found that third graders, sixth graders, ninth graders, and adults all responded in accord with this intuition. On problems where the intuition led to errors, a large majority of subjects of all ages answered incorrectly. On problems where it led to successful performance, subjects answered more accurately than on problems where the intuition was not applicable. In addition, the specific errors were those that the intuition yielded, and the intuition fit individual patterns of performance. The intuition not only influenced speed judgments but also judgments of distance traveled. Experiment 2 demonstrated that making sixth graders aware of the intuition and providing them kinesthetic experience that contradicted it produced significant improvements in the children's understanding. Implications for how scientific misconceptions in general can be overcome were discussed.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2003

Don't trust your gut.

Making high-stakes business decisions has always been hard. But in recent decades, it's become tougher than ever. The choices facing managers and the data requiring analysis have multiplied even as the time for analyzing them has shrunk. One simple decision-making tool, human intuition, seems to offer a reliable alternative to painstaking fact gathering and analysis. Encouraged by scientific research on intuition, top managers feel increasingly confident that, when faced with complicated choices, they can just trust their gut. The trust in intuition is understandable. But it's also dangerous. Intuition has its place in decision making--you should not ignore your instincts any more than you should ignore your conscience--but anyone who thinks that intuition is a substitute for reason is indulging in a romantic delusion. Detached from rigorous analysis, intuition is a fickle and undependable guide. And while some have argued that intuition becomes more valuable in highly complex and changeable environments, the opposite is actually true. The more options you have to evaluate, the more data you have to weigh, and the more unprecedented the challenges you face, the less you should rely on instinct and the more on reason and analysis. So how do you analyze more in less time? The answer may lie in technology. Powerful new decision-support tools can help executives quickly sort through vast numbers of alternatives and pick the best ones. When combined with the experience, insight, and analytical skills of a good management team, these tools offer companies a way to make consistently sound and rational choices even in the face of bewildering complexity--a capability that intuition will never match.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Innovative imagery: a health patterning modality for nursing practice.

The purpose of this study was to describe the phenomenon of intuition in nursing culture. The aims of the study were to (a) identify and describe terminology used with intuition in nursing care practice, (b) describe examples of experiential knowledge of intuition, (c) describe actions taken on intuitive experiences, (d) describe feelings associated with intuitive experience, and (e) compare and contrast patterns and processes of nursing intuition. The design of the study was ethnography. Sampling involved 40 nurses from all levels of the hospital and home health care practice. Intuition was found to (a) facilitate the depth of nurse-client relationships; (b) lead to a deeper understanding and connection with client patterns; (c) be acknowledged as a professional risk; (d) emphasize the significant influence of autonomy, independence, and assertiveness in nursing practice; and (e) contribute to excellence in nursing care. Intuition was identified as a manifestation of transpersonal caring in the art of nursing practice and was deeply connected to caring as the moral ideal of the nursing profession.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Semantics, cross-cultural style.

Theories of reference have been central to analytic philosophy, and two views, the descriptivist view of reference and the causal-historical view of reference, have dominated the field. In this research tradition, theories of reference are assessed by consulting one's intuitions about the reference of terms in hypothetical situations. However, recent work in cultural psychology (e.g. Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.) has shown systematic cognitive differences between East Asians and Westerners, and some work indicates that this extends to intuitions about philosophical cases (Weinberg, J., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. (2001). Normativity and epistemic intuitions. Philosophical Topics 29(1&2), 429-459.) In light of these findings on cultural differences, an experiment was conducted which explored intuitions about reference in Westerners and East Asians. The experiment indicated that, for certain central cases, Westerners are more likely than East Asians to report intuitions that are consistent with the causal-historical view. These results constitute prima facie evidence that semantic intuitions vary from culture to culture, and the paper argues that this fact raises questions about the nature of the philosophical enterprise of developing a theory of reference.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing an instrument to measure and describe clinical decision making in different nursing fields.

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a decision-making instrument for nursing, to consider the nursing decision-making models in different nursing fields, and to create a scoring system for the instrument. A 56-item instrument was developed on the basis of different decision-making theories and earlier studies about nursing decision making. The instrument was evaluated by using several different convenience samples of nurses from seven different countries (N = 1,460). Statistical analysis used were correlation coefficients, factor analysis, factor scores, and factor reliability coefficients. The results indicated that nurses from different countries and working in different fields of nursing respond similarly. The results of the studies using the 56-item instrument showed that nurses use four kinds of decision-making models (analytical, analytical-intuitive, intuitive-analytical, and intuitive). The factor reliability scores were high (alpha = 0.85-0.91). According to the results, 60 per cent of the nurses used the analytical-intuitive and intuitive-analytical decision-making models, 14 per cent used the analytical model, and 26 per cent used the intuitive model. However, these models vary both between and within different fields of nursing.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2003

A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.

Early studies of intuitive judgment and decision making conducted with the late Amos Tversky are reviewed in the context of two related concepts: an analysis of accessibility, the ease with which thoughts come to mind; a distinction between effortless intuition and deliberate reasoning. Intuitive thoughts, like percepts, are highly accessible. Determinants and consequences of accessibility help explain the central results of prospect theory, framing effects, the heuristic process of attribute substitution, and the characteristic biases that result from the substitution of nonextensional for extensional attributes. Variations in the accessibility of rules explain the occasional corrections of intuitive judgments. The study of biases is compatible with a view of intuitive thinking and decision making as generally skilled and successful.

Cognition↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A decision-analytic approach to clinical nursing.

The purpose of this study was to explore the usefulness of applying decision analysis to nursing decisions about a complex, emergent patient problem. A convenience sample of 31 nurses quantified their intuitive ideas into five mutually exclusive decision alternatives. A decision-analytic process and a preference analysis of each decision alternative were conducted. Nurses' intuitive decision alternatives were compared to the decision alternatives prescribed by the decision-analytic process. Eleven nurses (35%) demonstrated agreement between their first-ranked intuitive choice and the choice prescribed by the decision-analytic model. When the relative ranking of the vector of five treatment choices derived intuitively was compared to the relative ranking prescribed by the decision-analytic model, results showed significant disagreement between nurses' intuitive and quantitative choices.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical thinking and clinical decision making in critical care nursing: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study examined the relationship of education level, years of critical care nursing experience, and critical thinking (CT) ability (skills and dispositions) to consistency in clinical decision making among critical care nurses. Consistency was defined as the degree to which intuitive and analytical decision processes resulted in similar selection of interventions in tasks of low and high complexity. DESIGN: The study was nonexperimental and correlational. SAMPLE: Critical care nurses (n = 54) from adult critical care units in 3 private teaching hospitals. The majority of nurses held a BSN or MSN and had an average of 9 years of direct clinical experience in the care of the critically ill. RESULTS: Decision-making consistency decreased significantly between low-complexity and high-complexity tasks. Both intuitive and analytical decision processes produced clear intervention selections in the low-complexity task, although the analytical process resulted in a more complete specification of interventions. In the high-complexity task, however, only the intuitive process resulted in a clear, plausible, and safe specification of interventions. Education and experience were not related to CT ability, nor was CT ability related to decision-making consistency. Only greater years of critical care nursing experience increased the likelihood of decision-making consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, intuitive decision processes resulted in more clinically consistent selection of interventions across tasks. More investigation is needed to examine the influence of decision heuristics, and the conceptualization and measurement of CT abilities among practicing nurses.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Spirituality through centering prayer in school nursing.

The experience of intuition in a school setting contributes to a positive outcome for a young girl who suffers a playground injury. Intuition and spirituality are linked. Through the development of one's spirituality, intuitive thoughts are experienced. Centering prayer is presented as a technique to develop an awareness of the spiritual dimension. Three variations of centering prayer are described to help individuals develop their spirituality. Developing an awareness of the spiritual dimension opens the way for intuitive thoughts to enhance clinical nursing competence and all other aspects of living.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Generating initial models for reasoning.

Much of the knowledge that children and adults have about the world resides in intuitive models. Previous work shows that intuitive models allow for computation of specific outcomes given information about the system, but little is known about how such models are acquired. The current study tested three hypotheses about how children and adults construct intuitive models when they encounter a new property: (1) intuitive models are constructed by transferring principles from familiar properties; (2) with development, children shift from applying a default model to constructing specialized models; and (3) younger children's model construction is constrained by the domain, but becomes increasingly domain independent with development. Participants from three age groups (10, 13, and 19 years) made a series of judgments about two familiar properties and one novel property. Causal models showed that all age groups transferred principles from the familiar properties to the novel property. None of the age groups used a default model. There was developmental change in the effect of domain; younger, but not older, children's models were affected by domain. These findings suggest that the transfer process is developmentally invariant but that constraints on the process (i.e., domain dependence and understanding of base models) change with development.

Adolescent↗