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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Quality indicators and variation in primary care: modelling GP referral patterns.

BACKGROUND: Health agencies frequently seek to develop indicators of the quality and performance of work done by clinicians. The validity of such indicators is a subject of debate among clinicians and health managers. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to quantify the effects of chance and small caseload on an indicator of referral behaviour for GPs. METHODS: The study used random simulation of GP referral to physiotherapy and variance components analysis of routinely collected accident insurance data. It analysed 129 079 episodes of accident-related back pain in New Zealand which were managed by 2679 GPs. The main outcome measure was the percentage of back pain cases referred for physiotherapy and for specialist assessment and by each GP. RESULTS: The observed number of GPs who refer to physiotherapy at high levels is satisfactorily accounted for by chance. The variability of practice among GPs within any one area is not related to the absolute level of referral. CONCLUSION: The primary care setting, in which a low caseload for any one condition is the norm, presents challenges for measuring clinical performance. An emphasis upon changing the behaviour of GPs with extremely high levels on a performance indicator cannot necessarily be expected to have an impact upon the level of the indicator across a geographic area. Indicators for quality improvement should be used across whole populations of practitioners, rather than used to focus upon extremely high referring individuals.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1990

[Several risk indicators in industrial accidents].

Since the 1986, the National Institute for Occupational Accident Insurance (INAIL) provides each single Region with the occupational accident data on magnetic support. This strengthens the need to critically evaluate the most commonly used risk indicators. In this paper we discuss advantages and limits of the usual frequency and severity measures; the formulae for the standard errors are also given. A method proposed by I. Bross (1958), the RIDIT Analysis, is considered and exemplified. The appealing properties of this method ask for a more extensive application in this field.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1989

[Back injuries and the work site].

Payments through obligatory accident insurance for back injuries as a result of an accident in the legal sense are common. In contrast, the acceptance of back injuries as an occupational illness is associated with such strict legal prerequisites that, considering the early appearance and frequency of degenerative back diseases in the general population, the condition whereby a back injury must have been caused exclusively or predominantly, i.e. at least three quarters, by the occupational activity is satisfied only in rare cases. Epidemiological studies show that back conditions occur more frequently in certain types of exposed occupation. The high degree of causality required by the legislature is, however, not demonstrated so that back injuries could therefore be recognized as occupational illnesses only in rare cases. Because of this, prevention at the place of work is all the more important.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

[Self-inflicted finger-amputation: insurance fraud or accidental injury?].

A 50-year-old surgeon was working with his electrical circle saw as a do-it-yourselfer. He was alone, nobody witnessed his mishap when he amputated his left index finger. He claimed high financial compensation from two accident insurance companies because of his disability. A long series of medical expertises followed. The juridical procedures took 12 years in total. All higher authorities had to deal with the forensic medical implications. Finally, the high court (Bundesgerichtshof) decided that the complainant would receive no compensation because he gave two very different descriptions. Concerning the reconstruction of the accident, the first version was unlikely from a biomechanical point of view. The decision of the court was solely based on the violation of the obligation to give a clear presentation of the course of events (Obliegenheitsverletzung).

Accidents↗
PubMed1981

[Analysis of the structure and conditions in the cause of occupational accidents].

A random sample of 11,162 events was drawn from 225,275 accidents which were certified by the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund, in order to assess the structural characteristics of accidents during work and their relation to a number of variables. Domicile, sex and occupation of the accident victim, activity prior to the accident, the course of the accident and its severity were studied. Forestry and the building trade exhibit high relative risks of 2.6 and 2.3, respectively. The dangers specific to separate occupations are identified. The complex relationships are examined more closely by means of log-linear models in multivariate analyses. It is found that structural variables in this model like domicile and sex do not only determine the type of occupation of the accident victim but influence the course and severity of the accident, i.e. the duration of work incapacity.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

The misplace of litigation in medical practice.

Medical decision-making is based upon mathematical probability in determining the significance of variables involved. Truth is often not absolute and medical decisions often require reconsideration of information, reanalysis and possible change. Litigation based upon error negates the ordinary practice of medicine. Error is intrinsic to all human behaviour and contributed to by uncertainty concerning precision in diagnosis and treatment of some diseases, mood change affecting ability to process cognitive and analytic function, and adverse work environment. Error is an important process in learning and providing it is recognized and fully admitted is a creative process providing opportunity for improving medical practice. Litigation is based on proof of negligence. Negligence is defined as carelessness, which is a rare cause of human and medical errors. The law confuses error with negligence; error should not be the basis for litigation. Litigation based on error is counter-productive to the best practice and improvement of clinical medicine. The assessment of errors and negligence is limited by the method of choice of medical experts, the adversarial system often ignoring the intermediate position in favour of a yes-no answer, the selection of experts to favour the desired result rather than the real situation, the method of questioning of witnesses which discourages explanation and creative solution of disagreement, and the hierarchical system which does not allow exploration of the issues and creative solutions. The basis for financial compensation for ill health is relevant when this assists the sufferer to cope with the ill health. The ethical basis for compensation when ill health results from error by health care workers is not more valid than ill health resulting from biological or environmental factors. Human error is common normal behaviour, while biological and environmental causes of ill health are common errors of human biology and the environment. Unintentional human error should not be the basis of financial remuneration or punishment. This latter principle has been applied to all services between the customer and service supplier, which may lead to unnecessary mistrust, anxiety and alienation in modern society. Incapacity from injury or disablement is covered by damages payment in only a small percentage of permanent disability cases (1.5% in the U.K.). Universal insurance by government or private agencies e.g. as in motor accident insurance to include the 98% of the permanently disabled who are receiving no payment at present would be both preferable and fairer. The protection of barristers from litigation for negligence in court is based upon arguments that could apply to most other occupations, and are equally, if not more relevant to medicine. The legal system of settling claims for negligence by doctors needs to be replaced by an investigative system which seeks to explain the basis and cause of error, which would benefit the patient and the doctor, and improve medical practice. A creative process needs to replace a judgmental, rigid and punitive system. A committee involving specialist groups in selecting expert witnesses, a health counsellor and a patient representative may be most suitable. Criminal acts, where error is performed deliberately, assault or sexual misdemeanors, would still be subject to the common law.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sports accidents: 1963-1973 statistics].

Every year, the Swiss Accident Insurance Administration is paying a considerable amount of money for sports accidents. From 1963 to 1973 the number of these accidents has increased more markedly than other types of accidents. Different tendencies can be observed in the different types of sports: skiing accidents have, after a long period of retrogression until 1973, shown a noticeable augmentation again. Football accidents and accidents in other types of sports have on the other hand increased year by year. Mountaineering and aquatic sports often result in fatal accidents. The numerous preventive measures in skiing accidents have obviously been successful. Not only the fractures have decreased, but also the average number of days where sickness benefit was paid. Next to the traffic accidents, the skiing accidents are the most expensive ones. The nature of the healing cost in sports accidents has changed during the period from 1967 to 1972, depending on the different types of sports. In particular, hospital costs have changed considerably. The number of medical consultations per accident has decreased. Payment of sickness benefit has followed the development of the salaries on the one hand and the modifications of the number of lost days on the other. Finally, the costs of the annuities show more or less the same tendency as the ones for sickness benefit. A very gross estimation on the economical losses through sports accidents in Switzerland makes us believe that the direct and indirect costs actually amount to more than one thousand millions of Swiss Francs per year.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1990

[The covering physician system from the viewpoint of the insurance company].

The main question is: To whom and according to which regulations does the nonresident physician bill for reimbursement? The analysis brings to evidence, that different answers have to be given for each kind of treatment (outpatient medicine, care in ambulatory settings of hospitals, and inpatient medicine). Moreover, each kind has to be looked at differently with regard to three categories: (1) the patient who pays himself (self payers scheme), (2) the patient who is subject to the social illness insurance, and (3) the one is subject to the compulsory social accident insurance. The whole matter is extremely complex, and thus little understood as well by the nonresident physician as by the patients. Furthermore, economic disparities are apparent when looking at the various social insurance legislations, and when considering the medical tariff of each social insurance scheme. Obviously, the self payer schemes are simple, transparent and thus better understood: The nonresident physician bills to the patient directly, who in term owes payments, regardless whether he is insured or not. This system applies to all non-social insurance schemes, particularly to the private insurance scheme. Yet, the self payers schemes are successful only when State and local governments reduce their subsidies and grants to their own hospitals, and if all medical services are paid on an effective cost basis: in order to give equal chances to all medical services, private and public. Thus, the patients' position would be uprated. At the same token, the nonresident physicians would have firmer chances which in turn would mean an enormous advantage to their patients since they could be treated by one and the same physician before, during and after their hospital stays.

Fees, Medical↗
PubMed1978

[Swiss Council for Prevention of Accidents - its position and tasks].

The Swiss council for the prevention of accidents (BfU), founded in 1937, is a private institution, financed half by the Swiss national accident insurance fund (Suva) and half by Unfalldirektorenkonferenz (UDK), for the prevention of accidents on the roads, in sport and in the home. It has a full-time staff of 38 traffic engineers, traffic education experts, statisticians, lawyers, traffic psychologists and information specialists. In addition it has the practical assistance of over 800 municipal and cantonal security delegates. The BfU conducts accident research partly on its own and partly in collaboration with scientific institutes and acts as a coordinator for all institutions dealing with problems of nonindustrial accident prevention.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1988

[The technical danger of adhesives].

Floor and wall carpeting by means of adhesives containing solvents not only represent an explosion and fire risk but also mean a toxic hazard and furthermore a danger to contract occupational diseases. The risks of explosion and their prevention, as stipulated by the Swiss Accident Insurance Fund, are described in detail.

Accidents, Occupational↗