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PubMed1985

Intestinal parasites and other infections during pregnancy in Southeast Asian refugees.

An influx of Indochinese refugees into the Philadelphia area prompted a review of their reproductive performance as related to parasitic diseases and other infectious complications. A total of 100 infants were delivered of 97 women over an 18-month period (41 Vietnamese, 28 Laotian, 26 Cambodian, 2 Thai). Intestinal parasites were present in 65% of the mothers. Additional infections included 1 case of malaria, 1 of gonorrhea, 4 of syphilis, 5 of hepatitis B surface antigen and 12 of positive tuberculin (5-tuberculin-unit) skin tests. When comparing Southeast Asian gravidas with and without parasites, there were no significant differences between mean hemoglobin values, mean gestational age at delivery and mean birth weights of their infants. Although the Southeast Asian refugees had a high rate of infectious complications, they proved to have favorable pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Intestinal parasites found in the research group of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: preliminary results.

Mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) are critically endangered, remaining only in two isolated populations in Central Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasites in a single group of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda over 7 weeks from June to August 2000. Fecal samples were collected from night nests and transported in formalin for examination at Cornell University and the Centers for Disease Control. All fecal samples were examined microscopically for parasitic larvae, cysts, and eggs. The following were found: strongylid eggs, Probstymaria sp. larvae, and two parasitic nematode larvae that were not identified. Additional examination techniques will be used to further examine the fecal material specifically for protozoan cysts. An increasing threat to this group of gorillas is the presence of local field assistants and researchers. We found no evidence of human parasites in the fecal samples from this gorilla group.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Survey of intestinal parasites in stray dogs in the Madrid area and comparison of the efficacy of three anthelmintics in naturally infected dogs.

Using routine coprological methods, 1161 faecal samples from animal shelters located in Madrid (Spain) were analysed, showing a 28% prevalence for different intestinal parasites: Giardia duodenalis (7%), Cystoisopora spp. (3.8%), Toxocara canis (7.8%), Toxascaris leonina (6.3%), Ancylostomidae (4%), Trichuris vulpis (3.3%), Taenidae (2.9%) and Dipylidium caninum (0.9%). The therapeutic efficacies of mebendazole at a dose of 22 mg/kg once daily for 3 days, fenbendazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg once daily for 3 days and a drug combination of febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel at a dose of 15-5-5 mg/kg once were valuated and compared by collecting faecal samples on days 9 and 16 post-treatment from naturally infected dogs in field-trial conditions. From the infected dogs (321 dogs), 150 animals were selected for the study. Distribution randomly divided the animals into three study groups of ten dogs per parasite and per treatment group: group A, mebendazole; group B, fenbendazole and group C, febantel-pyrantel-praziquantel. The therapeutic efficacy against ascarids and ancylostomids (days 9-16) was very high (75-100%) for the three groups: for T. canis, 100% in group A, 80-100% in group B, 97-100% in group C; for T. leonina, 98-100% in group A, 100% in group B, 92-94% in group C and for ancylostomids, 100% in group A, 99-100% in group B, 90-100% in group C. On the other hand, the highest efficacy against Taenidae infections was in group B (90-100%), followed by groups C (73-91%) and A (70-90%).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence of infection by intestinal parasites in an urban slum in São Paulo, Brazil.

Sedimentation parasitological examinations were performed in stool specimens from a random household-based sample of 407 dwellers, all age groups being represented, in a slum of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil. Intestinal parasites were detected in 45.7% of the specimens. The most prevalent parasites in this population were Ascaris lumbricoides (23.8%) and Trichuris trichiura (17.2%); only 17 individuals (4.2%) harboured Giardia duodenalis and 6 (1.5%) harboured Entamoeba histolytica. Taenia and hookworm eggs were not found. Simultaneous infection by A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was diagnosed in 34 subjects (8.4%). The prevalence rates of infection by A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (including those of mixed infections by both species) were highest among children aged 2-12 years. In samples positive for A. lumbricoides and/or T. trichiura, egg counts were done on Kato's thick smears and the results expressed as eggs per gram faeces (e.p.g.). The mean intensity of infection (measured as e.p.g.) in A. lumbricoides-infected subjects was highest among children aged 6-12 years and young adults under 25 years, while in T. trichiura-infected subjects the highest egg counts were observed in children aged 2-12 years. The frequency distributions of eggs of both nematodes passed by the host population were overdispersed. Moreover, a strong positive correlation (P < 0.0001) was observed between counts of eggs of both species passed by the same hosts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence, intensity and aggregation of intestinal parasites in mountain hares and their potential impact on population dynamics.

Mountain hare Lepus timidus populations show unstable dynamics and since hares carry a significant helminth infection and host-parasite interactions are known to be destabilising, they have been proposed as a possible causal mechanism for the observed instability. We assessed the prevalence, intensity of infection and aggregation of the helminth parasites Graphidium strigosum and Trichostrongylus retortaeformis recovered from 589 mountain hares culled from 30 Scottish sporting estates in 1999 and 2000. Graphidium strigosum showed low prevalence and intensity of infection and was highly aggregated. In contrast, T. retortaeformis showed high prevalence and intensity of infection and a low degree of aggregation. Differences in body condition of the hares were best explained by a model including sex and month of collection and interaction terms for sex-month and intensity of infection of T. retortaeformis-month. The low degree of aggregation of T. retortaeformis and the significant negative effect of intensity of infection on body condition are in accordance with the hypothesis that the host-parasite interaction is the causative destabilising mechanism for mountain hare dynamics.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.

A cross-sectional parasitological study of a population of wild olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), consisting of 5 troops, was conducted in Gombe Stream National Park. Baboons were individually recognizable. Information on age, sex, troop membership, reproductive status, social rank and life-history of each individual baboon could be related to parasite infection. Seven helminth taxa and 2 protozoan taxa were found. All baboons were parasitized by at least 1 taxon. Distributions of helminths were aggregated among hosts. There were significant differences among troops in the prevalence of all but 2 of the recorded helminths. Age had a significant impact on the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides sp. No significant effect of sex on the prevalence of infection could be detected. There was some indication that female reproductive status was related to Trichuris egg output. In contrast to a previous study, no significant correlations between parasite infection and social rank could be found. Troop membership constituted the predominant factor contributing to heterogeneity of prevalence of infection. This suggests that spatial location and/or genetics may be important in determining levels of parasite infection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Do intestinal parasites interfere with the seroepidemiologic surveillance of Schistosoma mansoni infection?

In view of the known cross-reactivity of sera from patients with intestinal parasites to some Schistosoma mansoni antigens, field work was conducted in an area of Venezuela non-endemic for schistosomiasis using the routine immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) with soluble egg antigen (SEA). False positive reactions represented 15.3% of the total population as determined by SEA-ELISA. SEA-immunoblotting of the false positive sera indicated that protein fractions of 91 and 80 kDa appear to be responsible for cross-reactivity. Sera from hookworm infected individuals produced a higher frequency and intensity of cross-reaction than other sera. SEA-fractions of 105, 54, 46, 42, 32, 25 and 15 kDa were the most specific.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal parasites of baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Gombe National Park.

A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of nonhuman primates in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was conducted during July and August 1989. Fresh fecal samples collected from 35 baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and 20 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Parasite identifications were based upon the size and appearance of eggs and larvae on both direct and fecal flotation examinations. Seven species of helminths and three species of protozoa were noted in the chimpanzees, and seven species of helminths, two species of trematodes, and one species of protozoa were noted in baboons. An unidentified parasite, with a thick egg shell similar to that of ascarids, was noted in both the chimpanzee and baboon population. Unfortunately a definitive identification of this parasite could not be made based upon egg size and morphology alone and insufficient numbers of larva were present to aid identification. One previously unreported parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, was identified in the baboon population. This is the first report of a schistosome in Gombe's nonhuman primate population.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among inhabitants of Tan-nan village, Nantou County, Taiwan.

The pork infected with cysticerci was sent to our laboratory in June 1971. Microscopic examination revealed the infection of Cysticercus cellulosae. Subsequently, the source of the pork was traced, and the survey of intestinal parasitism was carried out among inhabitants at Tan-nan village, Hsin-I District, Nantou County, Taiwan, in August 1973. Results obtained only indicated the presence rather than endemic of taeniasis solium in this village. The parasites and infection rates found in the present study from 417 individuals by means of direct smear and formalin-ether sedimentation technic of stool specimens are as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (81.3%), hookworm (30.9%), Trichuris trichiura (73.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.5%), Clonorchis sinensis (2.9%), Hymenolepis diminuta (0.7%), Taenia solium (0.2%), Taenia saginata (0.2%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.1%), Entamoeba coli (8.4%), Endolimax nana (2.6%), and Giardia lamblia (4.3%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Rejection of the intestinal parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by mast cell-deficient W/Wv anemic mice.

The ability of W/Wv anemic mice to accumulate mucosal mast cells and to reject the intestinal parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was examined. W/Wv mice did not accumulate mucosal mast cells in response to infections with N. brasiliensis. They eliminated a primary infection more slowly than did their normal littermate controls but were as refractory as controls to second and third infections. W/Wv mice had higher serum titers of worm-specific immunoglobulin E than did controls. These results indicate that mucosal mast cells are not an absolute requirement for N. brasiliensis rejection.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Development of the prevalence rate of four intestinal parasites in children].

During the last 2 decades, the same coprological techniques for the detection of parasites have been applied by the same team in the parasitology laboratories of the Children's Hospital of Bordeaux. A marked decrease in the prevalence of the most frequently occurring parasites (Giardia and Entamoeba coli cysts, Ascaris and Trichocephale eggs) has been observed. Similar results have also been found in other French parasitology laboratories. This reduction in the parasite infection rate is concomitant with a sustained improvement in public hygiene and the living standards of families. It is also likely that an evolution in childhood behaviour at school, outdoors, and at home, accounts for a decrease in intestinal parasites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Intestinal parasites in southeast Asian refugees two years after immigration.

We collected stool specimens from 2,520 Southeast Asian refugees who had resided in the United States for an average of 2.1 years. More than half reported receiving prior treatment of parasites. At least one parasite was discovered in 32%, and multiple parasites were found in 8% of patients. Hookworm, Giardia, Strongyloides, and Hymenolepis nana were most commonly found. In comparison to studies done at the time of immigration, all parasites had decreased in frequency, but Giardia, hookworm, and H nana remain common. Although initial screening efforts may have failed to identify substantial numbers of infected refugees, poor compliance with treatment may also explain the persistence of intestinal parasites in our patients. The continued presence of Giardia and H nana, especially among children, may be explained by person-to-person transmission or autoinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Husbandry management, worm control practices and gastro-intestinal parasite infections of sows in pig-breeding farms in Münsterland, Germany.

A cross-sectional survey was performed on 144 farms randomly selected from 3 breeding organisations in Münsterland, Germany, to obtain representative data on husbandry management, worm control practices and their possible associations with gastro-intestinal parasite infections in sows. Straw bedding was provided in the majority of gestation units; lactating sows were frequently kept strawless. Pasturing of gilts and non-lactating sows were performed in 37% of the farms. Sows were treated with anthelmintics (mainly benzimidazoles, ivermectin or levamisole) in 98% of the farms. The proportions of farmers performing the 'targeted' (mainly prefarrowing) or 'non-targeted' treatment strategy (treatment of all animals several times per year) were similar. Piglets were anthelmintically dosed in only 19% of the farms. Patent infections of sows with Oesophagostomum spp., Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis and Eimeria spp. were detected in 79%, 7%, 8% and 29% of all the farms, respectively. Hyostrongylus rubidus infections were only found in farms with pasturing. The within-farm prevalences of both the strongylid and Eimeria infections were negatively correlated with the herd size but positively with the weaning age. Risk factors for strongylid infections were straw bedding in pens and pasturing. Pasturing was a risk factor for Eimeria infections too. There was a positive association between the time interval to last deworming of sows and strongylid egg counts. However, neither the treatment strategy nor the anthelmintic class used was associated with nematode infections. No relations were found between different cleaning methods in stables and endoparasite infections.

Animal Husbandry↗