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PubMed1981

Onset of insomnia: role of life-stress events.

During the year their insomnia began, chronic insomniacs experienced a greater number of stressful life events compared with previous or subsequent years and compared with good sleepers. In addition, among the life event categories assessed, insomniacs reported a greater number of undesirable events, particularly events related to losses and to ill health. They also had lifelong histories of more illnesses and somatic complaints, beginning with more childhood illnesses and more childhood problems related to eating and sleeping. During childhood, insomniacs reported more frequent discontent with their families, and prior to the onset of insomnia, they had less satisfying relationships with their parents as well as problems in other interpersonal relations and in their self-concepts. Currently, insomniacs felt considerably less satisfied with their lives, had lower self-concepts, and had greater difficulty with interpersonal relationships. Thus, stressful life events, mediated by certain predisposing factors of personal vulnerability, were found to be closely related to the onset of chronic insomnia.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Personality disorders and psychosocial changes after intensive psychotherapy: a prospective follow-up study of an outpatient psychotherapy project, 5 years after end of treatment.

This report presents the results of a 7-year prospective outcome study designed to examine the psychosocial changes during and after therapy among 25 outpatients suffering from personality disorders and psychoses. The therapeutic approach was based mainly on object relations theory and psychodynamic self-psychology, and focused in particular on affect consciousness, parental images, self-image and interpersonal relations. Twenty patients completed the form which measured psychosocial changes during therapy, and 21 persons participated at follow-up. The data show statistically significant changes in the capacity to tolerate intimate relationships and actually establish such relationships, improved quality of contact in relationships with friends, a general raising of socioeconomic status and reduced use of ordinary health and social services. Both the global psychosocial outcome at follow-up as measured by HSRS and the general level of symptoms measured by SCL-90 suggest that 76% of the sample had reached a level of psychosocial functioning and adaptation that can be defined as "no-caseness".

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Psychological functioning and bodily conditions in patients with pain disorder associated with psychological factors.

A sample of chronic pain patients (N = 40) was described with reference to defence mechanisms, interpersonal problems, psychological symptoms and bodily conditions. The relationships between pain intensity and different psychological and bodily indexes were examined. The defence mechanisms of somatization and denial measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) characterized the sample. Interpersonal relations were typically overly nurturant, exploitable, non-assertive and socially avoidant according to the circumplex version of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C). Somatization, obsession, depression and anxiety were the highest symptom scales on the Symptom Check-List 90, revised (SCL-90-R). The Comprehensive Body Examination (CBE) produced moderate findings mainly reflecting stiffness, and the intensity of pain was medium high. The MMPI psychosomatic pattern, the combined IIP-C index consisting of the elevated subscales, and the elevated subscales on SCL-90-R were all moderately correlated with pain intensity. Contrary to our prediction, the global bodily stiffness score was unrelated to pain.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Object relations ego deficits in bulimic college women.

Two types of bulimic (purging and restricting) and two types of non-bulimic (binging or normal) eating patterns were reported by 547 undergraduate women who also were assessed for ego function deficits on the four subscales of the Bell Object Relations Inventory. As predicted by psychoanalytic theory, the two bulimic subgroups appeared significantly more pathological on the Insecure Attachment subscale, which identifies ambivalent interpersonal relations and fear of object loss. When the four groups were ranked according to severity of type of eating disorder, a linear increase in group means and in the proportion of high scoring subjects was found on Insecure Attachment and also on the Egocentricity subscale, which indicates suspicious and manipulative attitudes toward others. Results are interpreted to support theories that relate eating disorders to disturbances in object relations ego functioning.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Interpersonal violence-related injuries in an African-American community in Philadelphia.

Violence has been recognized as a significant health problem. This study describes fatal and nonfatal interpersonal violence-related injury events over 1 year in an indigent African-American community in Philadelphia. Information on injuries was collected from emergency rooms, the Office of the Medical Examiner, and death certificate files. For persons aged 15 through 49 years, violence-related injury rates surpassed any other injury type. The overall violence-related injury rate was 28.7 per thousand population. Interpersonal violence-related injuries were important for the 0- to 4-year age group (9.19 injuries per 1000 population), and continued as a major cause of morbidity through age 59 (12.08 injuries per 1000 population). For more than half of the events, information from the emergency room chart was sufficient only to categorize the incident as a "fight" or that it was intentional; no further classification was possible.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Meta-accuracy among acquainted individuals: a social relations analysis of interpersonal perception and metaperception.

Meta-accuracy, knowing how others view the self, was examined using the Social Relations Model. Fifteen groups of 4-6 acquainted individuals gave self-ratings, perceptions of other group members, and estimated others' perceptions of self (metaperceptions) on the Big Five and Interesting. Individuals also rated liking and metaperceptions of liking. Trait perceptions were consensual, and self-other agreement emerged for most traits. Affect judgments were entirely relational; individuals differentiated among targets. Trait metaperceptions were dominated by perceiver variance. Individuals differed in the impression they believed others generally held about them. Affect metaperceptions, however, were relational in nature. Correlations between perceptions and metaperceptions assessed 2 types of meta-accuracy. Generalised meta-accuracy was obtained for some trait ratings. Affect judgments revealed significant dyadic meta-accuracy.

Affect↗

PubMed2003

Support and coronary heart disease: the importance of significant other responses.

In addition to the recognized benefits of social support, there is evidence across several health-related disorders suggesting that specific types of support can contribute to negative outcomes. Informed by theory and research examining the role of pain-related interpersonal interactions in the perpetuation of chronic pain, this study examined whether specific responses from significant others to expressions of coronary heart disease(CHD) related symptoms and incapacity are associated with level of symptoms, degree of disability, and depressive symptom severity among persons with symptomatic CHD. Forty-nine persons with CHD completed self-report questionnaires of the constructs of interest. Regression analyses revealed that degree of perceived solicitious responding to CHD symptoms was associated with increased symptom severity, disability, and depressive symptoms. Results are consistent with an operant-conditioning model and suggest that positive attention from significant others contingent on expressions of CHD symptoms may unwittingly serve to reinforce symptom occurrence and expression, concomitant disability, and emotional distress.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1985

Health and stress of seafarers.

The perceived health and stress of seafarers was studied in relation to work stressors and personality characteristics (self concept). The data were collected with a questionnaire. The study group consisted of 591 seafarers representing different occupations of the Finnish merchant fleet. Forty percent of the respondents sailed in ocean traffic, 31% on the Baltic Sea, and 29% in European traffic outside the Baltic Sea. The respondents' age averaged 35 (SD 11) years; 23% were women and 77% men. The amount of perceived stress varied between different occupational groups, the engine crew reporting the most stress. On the average, health status was reported as rather good. Personality characteristics were important explanators of perceived stress and health status. The most important were pessimism-optimism and ego strength. Of the work-related factors, the most important explanatory factors were disturbing noise, climatic conditions on board, occupational group, and received appreciation at work. The quality of interpersonal relations at work did not predict stress or health status. In this study 15-33% of the variance of perceived health status and stress could be explained.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Socioeconomic status and psychosocial work environment: results from a Danish national study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse the associations between socioeconomic status (SES ) and a number of psychosocial work environment factors with a potential impact on inequality in health. METHODS: A representative sample of 1,684 adult Danish employees filled in a standardized questionnaire or were interviewed by telephone. The response rate was 62%. The population was divided into four levels of SES (I to IV ). The psychosocial work environment was described with 19 scales. RESULTS: Quantitative, cognitive, and emotional job demands and a number of dimensions related to active and developmental work showed higher levels among high SES individuals. Job insecurity was highest among women with low SES. Dimensions describing interpersonal relations, social support, and leadership showed no clear associations with SES. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention aiming at improving health and reducing inequality in health should focus on the dimensions of active and developmental work: influence at work, possibilities for development, degrees of freedom, and meaning of work. Furthermore, job insecurity should be reduced.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[A comparative study on the self-care needs as perceived by women treated for depression].

Nurses' knowledge of the help they can offer women being treated for depression are primarily based on models borrowed from other disciplines rather than on those from nursing itself. Using Orem's nursing model (1991), this comparative, descriptive study (a) described the requisites for self-care, according the value ascribed to them by women being treated for depression; (b) compared these to those of women not being treated for an emotional problem; and (c) identified the types of assistance that would fulfil the self-care requisites perceived by women being treated for depression. The results indicated that, compared to women not being treated (n = 30), those being treated (n = 30) ascribed significantly higher values to self-help requisites related to assertiveness, mood, and self-esteem. In contrast, women in the comparison group attributed more importance to various means of improving their interpersonal relations. Women being treated for a depressive episode felt they needed assistance in areas mainly related to self-esteem, mood, and knowledge of depression to fulfil their self-care requisites. Only rarely did they consider the nurse or social network to be valuable sources of help. The implications of these results for nursing interventions is discussed. Recommendations are made on directions for further research.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and lifestyle behaviors of healthy older adults related to modifying the onset of vascular dementia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between knowledge and practice of lifestyle behaviors in healthy older adults related to the prevention of vascular dementia. Data were derived from a convenience sample of 281 Canadian participants 55 years of age and older. Lifestyle was measured using the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP). Seven knowledge sub-scales were developed consistent to the HPLP. Multivariate analysis found that four independent variables accounted for 26% of the variance of a healthy lifestyle score and included those who reported a lower level of stress, indicated a higher knowledge of interpersonal relations, had a better general health self-assessment and higher medical knowledge. These Canadian results were compared with those from a study conducted in Australia and found to be similar. The study argues that health professionals and health education programs can better promote and increase awareness of healthy lifestyle behaviors by assisting older adults to apply this knowledge in their daily lives. Specifically, the study discusses policy and practice implications with regards to lifestyle issues relating to health responsibility, physical activity, spirituality, stress management, interpersonal relationships and nutrition.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Laughter and stress management in the OR.

1. The United States spends approximately $23 billion per year treating stress-related illnesses. Stress-related injuries comprise 15% of all occupational stress-related illnesses. 2. When stress is relieved, workers may use less sick time, OR departments may stem the tide of staff turnover, and nurses may improve interpersonal relations with other staff members and surgeons. 3. Humor shifts perspective, diffuses tensions/confrontations, conveys a complicated message concisely, increases flexibility, raises energy levels, wards off criticism, and builds a cohesive team unit.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1985

Stress, coping behaviors, and recommendations for intensive care and medical surgical ward registered nurses.

Forty one intensive care unit and 61 medical surgical ward registered nurses from two large urban teaching hospitals completed a stress questionnaire to examine stress factors, coping behaviors, and recommendations for alleviating stress within the work environment. Stress variables were grouped into five clusters: patient-related, environmental, management-related, interpersonal, and knowledge and skills. Multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated a significant main effect, with the ward nurses perceiving environmental factors as more stressful. Stress factors tend to be related to the overall hospital environment, especially in relation to specific work areas within the institutions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

[Prophylaxis of nutrition disturbances project "Time for Health"].

More than half of girls and women treat themselves as obese persons. It is connected with the ideal of slimness, predominating in our culture. The consequences of this cult of slimness involve more and more frequent disturbances in nutrition. Problems, which are the basis for obesity, anorexia and bulimia cannot be related merely to nutrition, weight and body size issues. They are indissolubly connected with low self-esteem, difficulties in one's identity as well as with a lack of interpersonal relation satisfactions. The presented project's aim is prophylaxis concerning nutrition disturbances. It is addressed to girls at the age of 14 and 15. According to the project, classes are organized for the 1st and 2nd year students of secondary schools. The program includes eight meetings devoted to the questions which are significant elements of creating positive image of self-image, a feeling of one's identity as well as developing abilities to make independent opinions and decisions. These factors may prevent girls from following trends e.g. connected with the cult of slimness.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Communication therapy for the young adult.

Speech clinicians are often frustrated in their assessment and therapeutic management of a young adult with speech and language problems. Procedures for children with language disorders and aphasic adults are often inadequate for the adult who has communication impairments that cannot be attributed to aphasia. This case study presents an account of a 29-year-old woman who had cognitive, linguistic, and pragmatic difficulties. Both diagnosis and therapy were based on recent innovations in the areas of cognition, linguistics, and interpersonal relations. Results indicated that therapy was successful when the client was responsible for therapy activities, when therapy combined tutorial as well as experimential sessions, and when each session focused on the development of cognitive, linguistic, and interpersonal domains. Specific examples of diagnostic and therapeutic activities are presented as well as the rationale underlying the approach to therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The impact of war on the physical and mental health of the family: the Lebanese experience.

This paper addresses the impact of war-related stressful life events on the health of families living through the war conditions prevailing in Lebanon for the past 12 years. Health outcome is represented by indicators of somatization, depression, psychological symptoms, interpersonal relations and marital relations. Associations are described between elements of war stress and the health outcome variables for mothers, fathers and adolescents in a sample of Beirut families. The role of the mediating factors of social support and social class is also discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Relationship between components of alexithymia as measured with psychodynamic ratings and subjective lack of well-being.

Two alexithymia-related characterological patterns, identified by means of psychodynamic assessments in a study of patients with ulcerative colitis, were further investigated regarding subjective lack of well-being. The multidisturbed group (with disturbances in interpersonal relations) was symptomatically characterized by more sadness and by less initiative, but manifested less anxiety, enjoyed sex and slept well at night. The inhibited group was characterized by the opposite. The groups could not be discriminated on the basis of their general adaptive level of functioning. Our results suggest that alexithymia may have several dimensions, associated with different characterological disturbances and symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Marital sexual enjoyment and frustration of professional men.

The psychological maturity, interpersonal, and marital attributes associated with the sexual pleasure and frustration of 59 married professional men, who had also been studied as adolescents, were examined by means of 10--12 hr of psychological tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The men's wives, closest friends, and colleagues also completed questionnaires about them. Masters and Johnson's hypothesis was confirmed that sexual pleasure is enhanced in psychologically mature and healthy men whose interpersonal relations are mature, whose relations with their spouses are marked by mutuality in fulfillment of each other's needs, and whose marriages are happy and satisfying. Increasing sexual frustration was associated, although not so consistently, with psychological unhealthiness, interpersonal immaturity, inadequate marital communication, and marital unhappiness. Degree of adult sexual pleasure and frustration was not reliably predicted by adolescent peraonality traits.

Adult↗