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PubMed1983

Slow to fast shift in inspiratory muscle fibers during heat tachypnea.

The firing patterns of single diaphragm fibers and electromyographic moving average (M.A.) of diaphragm and parasternal intercostal muscles (P.I.) were studied in rabbits during control and heat tachypnea at nearly constant tidal volume (VT). During tachypnea the percentage of single diaphragm fibers with relatively high values of peak firing rate (fp) increased. Conversely, fibers with relatively low values of fp at control (likely slow) showed little or no increase of this parameter during tachypnea. These findings, similar to those previously found in P.I., suggest a slow to fast shift in diaphragm fibers during tachypnea. Inspiratory flow at half VT control increased significantly during tachypnea, while the corresponding M.A. of diaphragm did not change. Moreover, during tachypnea mean inspiratory flow increased significantly, while the mean M.A. over inspiratory time did not change either in diaphragm or in P.I. Since during tachypnea the firing rate of most fibers is greater than at control, a lack of increase of M.A. in spite of an increased mechanical power confirms a shift from slow to fast inspiratory muscle fibers under this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Benign familial disease with muscle mounding and rippling.

Four members of a family in three generations exhibited unusual clinical features of localised transient swelling of muscle induced by percussion (muscle mounding or myoedema) and were able, voluntarily, to induce rhythmic waves of contraction in certain muscles (muscle rippling or rolling). All had raised serum creatine kinase activity. Muscle biopsy in two members showed no specific abnormality. Experimental studies performed on excised intercostal muscle showed that abnormal "after-contractions" and increased sarcolemmal excitability could be demonstrated in vitro.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Respiratory muscle activity measured with a noninvasive EMG technique: technical aspects and reproducibility.

A new method is being developed to investigate airway obstruction in young children by means of noninvasive electromyography (EMG) of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the EMG measurements. Eleven adults, 39 school children (20 healthy, 19 asthmatic), and 16 preschool children were studied during tidal breathing on separate occasions: two for adults with a time interval of 3 wk and three for children with time intervals of 1 and 24 h. Single electrodes were placed on the second intercostal space left and right of the sternum and at the height of the frontal and the dorsal diaphragm. Bipolar electrode pairs were placed on the rectus abdominis muscle. A newly designed digital physiological amplifier without any analog filtering was used to measure the EMG signals. Except for the average dorsal diaphragm EMG derivation in healthy school children on the second occasion, a significant correlation between the mean peak-to-peak inspiratory activity of average diaphragmatic and intercostal EMG was found in the different age groups on the different measurement occasions (P < 0.05). To assess the repeatability, we described the agreement between the repeated measurements within the same subjects. No significant differences were found between the measurements on the separate occasions. Our observations indicate that the EMG signals derived from the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are, in different age groups with and without asthma, reproducible during tidal breathing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Carbonic anhydrase III content in various equine muscles.

1. In this study, carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) content in 18 equine muscles was determined by enzyme immunoassay. 2. It was found to differ in several muscles. 3. That in external intercostal muscle, rectus abdominis muscle and splenius muscle from four horses was very high. 4. Although the masseter muscle had only type I fibers, CA-III content was similar to that in mixed-fiber type muscles such as the biceps femoris muscle. 5. It thus appear that equine type I fibers can be further subgrouped.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Complete port-accessed lobectomy by the muscle-sparing method.

We report the case of a 53-year-old woman who underwent complete port-accessed middle lobectomy by a new technique that preserves all muscles, including the extracostal and intercostal muscles. The operation was performed by using only thoracovideoscopy, and the resected lobe was withdrawn in a pouch through a subxiphoid incision through the substernal route. This complete port-accessed lobectomy is a new technique and is thought to be less invasive than video-assisted lobectomy with minithoracotomy.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Breathing pattern in patients with Parkinson's disease.

The improvement in motor performance resulting from levodopa administration in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) provides the opportunity to investigate ventilatory changes brought about by the disease. The aim of this study has been to investigate these changes in order to specify the mechanisms of the impairment in breathing in PD. Breathing patterns at rest were investigated in 11 patients with idiopathic PD both before (OFF) and after (ON) administration of levodopa at a dose improving their motor performance by at least 30%. Airflow (Fleisch head mounted on a mask), rib cage and abdomen movements (inductance plethysmography) were recorded in the OFF condition 1 h after subjects woke up. Subjects then received levodopa and a new set of recordings was obtained 1 h later, in the ON condition. Breath-by-breath processing of recordings was carried out, and tidal volume (VT), inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations were measured. The main finding was a lengthening of TI resulting in a decrease in ventilation and in VT/TI, and an increase in TI/TTOT in the ON compared to the OFF condition. In the ON condition abnormal rib cage-abdomen plots patterns were found in four out of six subjects. A hypothesis on the effect of PD on breathing is proposed on grounds of normal diaphragmatic activity but impaired activity of the other respiratory muscles and more specifically the intercostal muscles.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Highly efficient EIAV-mediated in utero gene transfer and expression in the major muscle groups affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has so far not been successful because of the difficulty in achieving efficient and permanent gene transfer to the large number of affected muscles and the development of immune reactions against vector and transgenic protein. In addition, the prenatal onset of disease complicates postnatal gene therapy. We have therefore proposed a fetal approach to overcome these barriers. We have applied beta-galactosidase expressing equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) lentiviruses pseudotyped with VSV-G by single or combined injection via different routes to the MF1 mouse fetus on day 15 of gestation and describe substantial gene delivery to the musculature. Highly efficient gene transfer to skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, as well as to cardiac myocytes was observed and gene expression persisted for at least 15 months after administration of this integrating vector. These findings support the concept of in utero gene delivery for therapeutic and long-term prevention/correction of muscular dystrophies and pave the way for a future application in the clinic.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pathogenesis of coxsackievirus A9 in mice: role of the viral arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif.

Coxsackievirus A9 (CAV9) contains an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif which participates in cell entry. Mutants with alterations in the RGD-containing region were utilized to explore the importance of the tripeptide in the pathogenesis of CAV9 in mice. Using in situ hybridization, the parental CAV9 strain was observed to infect skeletal muscle (intercostal, platysma, lingual and thigh muscles) of newborn mice, whereas the RGD-less mutants were detectable only in platysma and lingual muscles. In addition, newborn mice infected with the mutants survived longer than CAV9-infected mice. In adult mice, the parental strain of CAV9, but not the mutants, achieved moderately high titres in the pancreas. These results suggest that the RGD motif has a significant role in the pathogenesis of CAV9 in mice but also that RGD-independent entry routes can be utilized in the infection of murine tissue.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1999

Fine-scale transgenic mapping of the MyoD core enhancer: MyoD is regulated by distinct but overlapping mechanisms in myotomal and non-myotomal muscle lineages.

Skeletal muscle lineage determination is regulated by the myogenic regulatory genes, MyoD and Myf-5. Previously, we identified a 258 bp core enhancer element 20 kb 5' of the MyoD gene that regulates MyoD gene activation in mouse embryos. To elucidate the cis control mechanisms that regulate MyoD transcription, we have mutagenized the entire core enhancer using linker-scanner mutagenesis, and have tested the transcriptional activity of enhancer mutants using lacZ reporter gene expression in transgenic mouse embryos. In total, 83 stable transgenic lines representing 17 linker-scanner mutations were analyzed in midgestational mouse embryos. Eight linker-scanner mutations resulted in a partial or complete loss of enhancer activity, demonstrating that MyoD is primarily under positive transcriptional control. Six of these mutations reduced or abolished transgene expression in all skeletal muscle lineages, indicating that activation of MyoD expression in trunk, limb and head musculature is regulated, in part, by shared transcriptional mechanisms. Interestingly, however, two adjacent linker-scanner mutations (LS-14 and LS-15) resulted in a dramatic reduction in transgene expression specifically in myotomes at 11.5 days. At later stages, transgene expression was absent or greatly reduced in myotomally derived muscles including epaxial muscles (deep back muscles) and hypaxial muscles of the body wall (intercostal muscles, abdominal wall musculature). In contrast, head muscles, as well as muscles of the body derived from migrating muscle progenitor cells (e.g. limb, diaphragm), were unaffected by these mutations. In Pax-3-mutant mice, LS-14 and LS-15 transgene expression was eliminated in the body, but was unaffected in the head, yielding an identical expression pattern to the endogenous MyoD gene in mice mutant for both Myf-5 and Pax-3. These data support the hypothesis that LS-14 and LS-15 define the core enhancer targets for Myf-5-dependent activation of MyoD in myotomal muscles.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2001

[Early treatment with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation a successful case of bulbar type amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

A 60-year-old man who has suffered dysarthria since 1999. He had noticed twitching of right upper extremity and orbicularis oris muscle since August 2000. The bulbar type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was diagnosed. He was admitted for evaluation of sleep disorder with respiratory distress on November 20, 2000. Arterial blood gas analysis on admission showed marked hypercapnea (PaCO2:51.6 Torr). Nocturnal hypoxia index, which was calculated using the nocturnal oximetry monitoring, was elevated. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation started during sleep at night, although it was earlier than to start for mechanical ventilation. After one week, both hypercapnea and his nocturnal hypoxia index, together with symptoms, improved markedly. Respiratory insufficiency due to progressive fatigue of respiratory muscles, such as diaphragm and intercostal muscles, is a major cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In general mechanical ventilation is introduced when marked hypercapnea and dyspnea become clinically overt. However, the exact time to introduce noninvasive methods of ventilatory support for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has not been established. Based on the observation in this patient, we would suggest that earlier introduction of non-invasive mechanical support for ventilation (nocturnal hypoxia index > 70) would be useful to improve the symptoms and to prolong the life of patients with ALS. The nocturnal hypoxia index is useful to decide the time of the introduction of non-invasive mechanical support for ventilation.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1982

[Localization of C. ovis in experimentally infected lambs].

Studied were the distribution of Cysticercus ovis in cadavers of lambs experimentally infected with various amounts of Taenia ovis ova, the ratio between superficially localized cysticerci and those found deep in the individual groups of muscles and organs, and the ratio between alive and dead cysticerci. The tests were carried out with thirteen lambs treated as follows: 2 animals were infected with 1000 T. ovis ova each; 3 were infected with 4000 ova each; 4--with 7000 ova each; and 4--with 30 000 ova each. No strictly defined predilection for the localization of Cysticercus ovis was established in the body of the experimentally infected lambs. In compliance with the parasite burden in the individual organs and muscle groups per unit of mass these ranked in the following descending order: heart, diaphragm, fore and hind limbs, masticatory muscles, neck and back muscles, tongue, and abdominal and intercostal muscles. Experimentally, highest was the percent of viable cysticerci in the muscles of the fore and hind limbs and in the muscles of the neck.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Typology of the respiratory muscles in normal men and in patients with moderate chronic respiratory diseases.

Histochemical muscle fibre composition was studied in biopsies from the diaphragm, the external and internal intercostal muscles in the fifth intercostal space and horizontal and vertical parts of the serratus in 8 subjects with normal lung function and in 18 patients with abnormal lung function (6 restrictive and 12 obstructive). Muscle fibres were classified as type I (slow twitch) or type II (fast twitch) on the basis of their myofibrillar ATPase pH lability. All the muscles studied showed a mosaic pattern with the two fibre types. In every respiratory muscle, the percentage of type I fibres was higher than 50%. There was no significant difference between the three groups (normal, restrictive and obstructive) for each of the six muscles studied. The fibre diameters were similar for all types and muscles (range of means: 41-63 micron), except for the diaphragm in which the diameters of type I and type II fibres were significantly higher in the normal subjects as compared to the obstructive and restrictive patients. Moreover, there was a significant linear correlation between the diameter of the diaphragmatic fibres and vital capacity and FEV1. A low "atrophy factor" was found for each muscle studied with a large intra-individual variation. The results support the idea that the increased respiratory loading due to disease do not hypertrophy the respiratory muscles and suggest that the effect of the disease on the respiratory muscles is more related to the increased mechanical impedance of the respiratory system rather than to the changes in thoracic configuration.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2006

Segmental spinal myoclonus and syringomyelia: A case report.

We report the case of a 75-year-old woman who developed involuntary jerks of the abdominal musculature. They occurred spontaneously or triggered by a forced inspiration or attempts to rise from the supine position. Electromyography (EMG) recorded abnormal bursts of muscle activity in the abdominal, thoracic paraspinal, and intercostal muscles up to the 3rd intercostal space. The bursts were bilateral, arrythmic and synchronous in all muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine revealed a syringomyelic cavity between the T3 and T10 levels. The topological correlation between the EMG muscle activities and the MRI findings was consistent with spinal myoclonus arising from the thoracic spinal cord. The synchronous bursts in muscles depending from few adjacent spinal segments suggested the diagnosis of segmental spinal myoclonus (SSM). There are few reports of SSM related to syringomyelia in the literature.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2002

Effects of abdominal distension on breathing pattern and respiratory mechanics in rabbits.

The effects of acute abdominal distension (AD) on the electromechanical efficiency (Eff) of the inspiratory muscles were investigated in anesthetized rabbits by recording the electrical activity (A), pressure (P) exerted by the diaphragm (di) and parasternal intercostal muscles (ic), and lung volume changes when an abdominal balloon was inflated to various degrees. Eff,ic increased with increasing AD both in supine and upright postures. In upright rabbits Eff,di increased for intermediate but decreased at higher levels of AD, whilst it decreased at all levels of AD in supine rabbits. Tidal volume (VT) response followed that of Eff,di. Tonic Aic and Adi and inspiratory prolongation were elicited by AD. The effects of these neural mechanisms, acting to limit end-expiratory lung volume and VT changes, were however small since vagotomy prevented tonic Adi and inspiratory prolongation and reduced tonic Aic, but changed lung volume responses to AD only little. Hence, reduced respiratory system compliance and changes in inspiratory muscle electromechanical efficiency dominate lung volume responses to acute AD.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

The effect of lung inflation on the inspiratory action of the canine parasternal intercostals.

Inflation induces a marked decrease in the lung-expanding ability of the diaphragm, but its effect on the parasternal intercostal muscles is uncertain. To assess this effect, the phrenic nerves and the external intercostals were severed in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs, such that the parasternal intercostals were the only muscles active during inspiration, and the endotracheal tube was occluded at different lung volumes. Although the inspiratory electromyographic activity recorded from the muscles was constant, the change in airway opening pressure decreased with inflation from -7.2+/-0.6 cmH2O at functional residual capacity to -2.2+/-0.2 cmH2O at 20-cmH2O transrespiratory pressure (P<0.001). The inspiratory cranial displacement of the ribs remained virtually unchanged, and the inspiratory caudal displacement of the sternum decreased moderately. However, the inspiratory outward rib displacement decreased markedly and continuously; at 20 cmH2O, this displacement was only 23+/-2% of the value at functional residual capacity. Calculations based on this alteration yielded substantial decreases in the change in airway opening pressure. It is concluded that, in the dog, 1) inflation affects adversely the lung-expanding actions of both the parasternal intercostals and the diaphragm; and 2) the adverse effect of inflation on the parasternal intercostals is primarily related to the alteration in the kinematics of the ribs. As a corollary, it is likely that hyperinflation also has a negative impact on the parasternal intercostals in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Rostrocaudal distribution of spinal respiratory motor activity in an in vitro neonatal rat preparation.

The distribution of inspiratory and expiratory activities among rib-cage muscles was examined using isolated brainstem-spinal cord-rib preparations from neonatal rats. Expiratory activity was evoked by decreasing perfusate pH from 7.4 to 7.1. All internal intercostal muscles (IIMs) in the first to eleventh intercostal spaces showed expiratory bursts. Although the IIMs in the more caudal interspaces exhibited expiratory bursts for as long as the low pH solution was present in all preparations, the expiratory bursts obtained from the IIMs in the rostral interspaces gradually disappeared even under low pH conditions in about half the preparations, suggesting that the more caudal IIMs play the greater role in expiration. All thoracic ventral roots examined from T1VR-T11VR, but not T13VR, exhibited overt inspiratory bursts under normal pH conditions. Low pH solution induced additional expiratory bursts in all thoracic VRs. The ratio of the integral of the absolute electrical voltage during the expiratory phase to that during the inspiratory phase increased progressively and significantly from the rostral to the caudal interspaces. These results accord well with previous ones in mammals in vivo. Hence, the neuronal mechanisms necessary for a rostrocaudal gradient in spinal respiratory motor outputs seem to be preserved in this in vitro preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Congenital oculo-bulbar palsy.

A girl developed progressive weakness of bulbar and ocular muscles starting before the age of two years. Electromyography revealed a widespread subclinical myopathy. An intercostal muscle biopsy showed complex abnormalities including occasional neurofilamentous accumulations and honeycomb-like membranous material in terminal axons. Endplates were small and some secondary synaptic clefts were abnormally deep. Acetylcholine receptors extended unusually deeply into the clefts of the junctional folds. Muscle fibres showed subsarcolemmal vacuolation at some places. This form of congenital oculo-bulbar palsy does not appear to have been described previously.

Axons↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical and neurophysiological studies of autotransplanted cat muscle.

Free autologous transplants of previously denervated whole muscles in adult cats were studied with histochemical and electromyographical methods. The transplants were placed in contact with normal intercostal muscles in intercostal spaces and removed at intervals from 5 days to 44 weeks after transplantation. Normal muscles as well as transplanted muscles without previous denervation and muscles denervated and left in situ were also studied.. The fibres of the previously denervated grafts survived the first avascular period, but a de-differentiation of enzymatic characteristics of the red and white fibres occurred and endured during the first 6 weeks after grafting. The first signs of reinnervation could be identified with electromyography after 4 weeks and with histochemical techniques after 6. Reinnervation of most of the fibres of the transplants was completed about 14-18 weeks after grafting. No fibrillations were then found electromyographically and in the histochemical preparations most fibres had attained near-normal staining characteristics. Type grouping was apparent but less pronounced than reported after reinnervation through the motor nerve. There was conclusive evidence that previously denervated muscles survived transplantation and became structurally and enzymatically mature whereas muscles transplanted without previous denervation undergo extensive fibrotic changes.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗