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PubMed2001

Hybridization and population genetics of two macaque species in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

This study investigates hybridization and population genetics of two species of macaque monkey in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using molecular markers from mitochondrial, autosomal, and Y-chromosome DNA. Hybridization is the interbreeding of individuals from different parental taxa that are distinguishable by one or more heritable characteristics. Because hybridization can affect population structure of the parental taxa, it is an important consideration for conservation management. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi an explosive diversification of macaques has occurred; seven of 19 species in the genus Macaca live on this island. The contact zone of the subjects of this study, M. maura and M. tonkeana, is located at the base of the southwestern peninsula of Sulawesi. Land conversion in Sulawesi is occurring at an alarming pace; currently two species of Sulawesi macaque, one of which is M. maura, are classified as endangered species. Results of this study indicate that hybridization among M. maura and M. tonkeana has led to different distributions of molecular variation in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA in the contact zone; mitochondrial DNA shows a sharp transition from M. maura to M. tonkeana haplotypes, but nuclear DNA from the parental taxa is homogenized in a narrow hybrid zone. Similarly, within M. maura divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes are geographically structured but population subdivision in the nuclear genome is low or absent. In M. tonkeana, mitochondrial DNA haplotypes are geographically structured and a high level of nuclear DNA population subdivision is present in this species. These results are largely consistent with a macaque behavioral paradigm of female philopatry and obligate male dispersal, suggest that introgression between M. maura and M. tonkeana is restricted to the hybrid zone, and delineate one conservation management unit in M. maura and at least two in M. tonkeana.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Sera from 487 individuals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a passive hemagglutination method. Age-specific incidence rates for antibodies to HSV were calculated. For sera from persons other than prostitutes, in the age group from 10 to 19, the positive rate was 48% but in the age group higher than 20, it was more than 87%. Fifty of 59 pregnant women (85%) were positive. The positive rate and the distribution of antibody levels in prostitutes were higher than in the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Genotype and subtype analyses of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and possible co-infection of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis D virus (HDV) in blood donors, patients with chronic liver disease and patients on hemodialysis in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Four subtypes (adw, adr, ayw, and ayr ) and eight genotypes (A to H) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been identified. They appear to be associated with particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and possibly clinical outcomes. In this study, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtyping and HBV genotyping were carried out on sera obtained from HBsAg-positive HBV carriers, including healthy blood donors; patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma; and patients on hemodialysis all located in Surabaya, Indonesia. We report here that all HBV isolates tested in Surabaya belonged to genotype B, with more than 90% of them being classified into subtype adw. Our results also revealed that prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection among HBV carriers in Surabaya was approximately 10% for healthy blood donors and patients with chronic liver disease, and approximately 60% for patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Interestingly, HBsAg titers were lower in HBV carriers with HCV co-infection than in those without HCV co-infection. We also found that prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection was < 0.5% among HBV carriers in Surabaya.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Singapore and Indonesia.

5' untranslated and partial core (C) region sequence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 21 Singaporean and 15 Indonesian isolates were amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequenced with the use of conserved primer sequences deduced from HCV genomes identified in other geographical regions. The HCV genotypes are predominantly that of Simmonds type 1 and less of type 2 and 3 with the latter genotype currently not detected in Indonesia. The 5' untranslated sequences are related to HCV-1. DK-7 (Denmark), US-11 (United States of America), HCV-J4, SA-10 (South Africa), T-3 (Taiwan), HCV-J6, HCV-J8, Eb-1 and Eb-8. When compared with the prototype HCV-1, insertions are found within the 5' untranslated region of Singaporean isolates and not in the Indonesians. There are Singaporean and Indonesian isolates that have sequences within the 5' untranslated region that differ slightly from each other. Microheterogeneity is observed in the core region of two Singaporeans and one Indonesian isolate. Finally, not all HCV isolates can be amplified with the conserved core sequence primers when compared with the ease with which these isolates can be amplified with 5' untranslated region conserved primers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

The maintenance of curriculum-development activities in government medical schools in Indonesia.

This paper reports information obtained from 499 participants during the course of a national series of workshops conducted in eleven government medical schools in Indonesia. The information analysed provided an independent check of claims made by previous investigators relating to the extent to which Indonesian medical schools had progressed towards curriculum re-organization consistent with national policy for the reform of undergraduate medical training. The majority of participants had developed and completed course programmes based on instructional objectives, which was seen as being broadly consistent with previous claims. Evidence is presented of continued curriculum-development activity several years after the cessation of external intervention through the national workshop programme. Findings are discussed in relation to national policy and strategies for maintenance of curriculum-development activities after cessation of intervention programmes.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2007

Resource-based adaptive divergence in the freshwater fish Telmatherina from Lake Matano, Indonesia.

Adaptive radiations are an important source of biodiversity, but resolving which ecological pressures seed these processes in natural systems remains difficult. Here the adaptive radiation among Telmatherina, a genus of freshwater fish endemic to an ancient lake in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, was examined to determine its causal root. We demonstrate that all Telmatherina in this lake can be categorized into three lineages each possessing specialized skull shapes and pharyngeal jaw bones allowing them to exploit different resources. These data demonstrate a natural example of how resource partitioning has likely initiated adaptive radiation in a resource limited environment.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of enzootic simian viruses among urban performance monkeys in Indonesia.

Animal reservoirs are the most important sources of emerging infectious diseases that threaten human populations. Global travel and tourism bring ever-increasing numbers of humans into contact with animals, increasing the likelihood of cross species transmission of infectious agents. Non-human primates come into contact with humans in a variety of contexts and may harbor infectious agents with zoonotic potential. We investigated the prevalence of infection with enzootic simian viruses among 20 urban performance monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Jakarta, Indonesia. This report documents for the first time evidence of infection with four simian viruses in urban performance monkeys. Simian foamy virus was detected by PCR in 52.9% of the macaques. Antibodies to simian retrovirus were detected in 10.5% of the macaques. Antibodies to Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1, were detected in 5.3% of the macaques. Similarly, antibodies to simian T-cell lymphotropic virus were detected in 5.3% of the macaques. No evidence of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus was detected in these macaques. These results suggest that urban performance monkeys are a reservoir for enzootic simian viruses known to be capable of infecting humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of adult Brugia malayi filariae by ultrasonography in humans in India and Indonesia.

In bancroftian filariasis, ultrasonography (USG) is a suitable tool to monitor infection by the detection of adult filariae in addition to antigen detection tests (ICT, Og4C3). However, in brugian filariasis, ultrasound examinations in humans have so far failed to detect adult worms and no antigen test is available to verify infections in patients who are carriers of adult worms but amicrofilaraemic. In this study, we describe the feasibility of detection of adult Brugia malayi filariae by USG. Worm nests were detected in 4 of 32 patients in India and Indonesia, located in the breast, the thigh, the calf and an inguinal lymph node. The study shows that adult filariae of B. malayi in humans can be detected by USG, but the technique is limited by the fact that worm nests seem not to be stable over time in humans, as is the case in bancroftian filariasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Dermatomycoses in Indonesia.

A review of mycologic surveys and case reports indicates the unique occurrence of deep and superficial fungus infections of the skin as encountered in Indonesia, confirming that each country has its own pathogenic mycologic flora. Such diseases as phycomycosis, histoplasmosis, mycetoma, chromomycosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis are common.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dog leucocyte antigen class II diversity and relationships among indigenous dogs of the island nations of Indonesia (Bali), Australia and New Guinea.

The genetic polymorphism at the dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II loci DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1 was studied in a large genetically diverse population of feral and wild-type dogs from the large island nations of Indonesia (Bali), Australia and New Guinea (Bali street dog, dingo and New Guinea singing dog, respectively). Sequence-based typing (SBT) of the hypervariable region of DLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles was used to determine genetic diversity. No new DQA1 alleles were recognized among the three dog populations, but five novel DLA-DRB1 and 2 novel DLA-DQB1 allele sequences were detected. Additional unknown alleles were postulated to exist in Bali street dogs, as indicated by the large percentage of individuals (15%-33%) that had indeterminate DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles by SBT. All three groups of dogs possessed alleles that were relatively uncommon in conventional purebreds. The New Guinea singing dog and dingo shared alleles that were not present in the Bali street dogs. These findings suggested that the dingo was more closely related to indigenous dogs from New Guinea. Feral dog populations, in particular large ones such as that of Bali, show genetic diversity that existed prior to phenotypic selection for breeds originating from their respective regions. This diversity needs to be identified and maintained in the face of progressive Westernization. These populations deserve further study as potential model populations for the evolution of major histocompatibility complex alleles, for the study of canine genetic diversity, for the development of dog breeds and for studies on the comigration of ancestral human and dog populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed1991

A case report of Poland's syndrome from Indonesia.

Poland's syndrome consists of ipsilateral aplasia of the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle and symbrachydactyly. The first case of Poland's syndrome to be reported from Indonesia is presented here.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2006

Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia.

AIM: To investigate the effect of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) and a bone metabolic marker (osteocalcin) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis living in Indonesia. METHODS: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of 63 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The vitamin K2 group (n = 33) received 45 mg menatetrenone and 1500 mg calcium carbonate per day and the control group (n = 30) received placebo and 1500 mg calcium carbonate per day for 48 weeks. BMD of lumbal spine (L2-L4), osteocalcin (OC) and undercarboxylated OC were measured before, 24 and 48 weeks after initiation of the treatment. RESULTS: After 48 weeks of treatment, the mean percentage change of lumbar BMD in the vitamin K2 group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. The undercarboxylated OC level decreased by 55.9% in the menatetrenone group and 9.3% in the control group compared with the baseline level. The difference between the two groups was significant (P < 0.01). The adverse events were three minor gastrointestinal cases, which subsided after temporary cessation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with 45 mg vitamin K2 with 1500 mg calcium per day for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis for 48 weeks resulted in a significant increase in lumbar BMD and a significant decrease in undercarboxylated OC levels.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Referral pattern of urological malignancy in Indonesia.

In the 10 years between 1976 and 1985, 202,111 patients were admitted to Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung. Of these, 211 (0.1%) had a urological malignancy. Bladder tumours were commonest and constituted 39%. Testicular tumours accounted for 24%, renal tumours 18%, prostatic carcinoma 13% and penile tumours 6%. Bladder tumours were predominantly transitional cell carcinoma; only 2 patients presented with squamous cell tumours associated with bladder stones. In 50 cases of testicular tumour, 72% were seminomas and 22% were embryonal cell carcinomas. Wilms' tumours accounted for 21 of 39 cases of renal malignancy; the other 18 were renal carcinomas. No urogenital malignant disease was sufficiently common to be included in either the top 10 malignancy list or the male top 10 malignant diseases in Indonesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Population pressure and land use change: from tree crops to sawah in Northwestern Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The author describes the role of population pressure in the current transition from tree crops to wet rice cultivation (sawah) in Northwestern Kalimantan, Indonesia. He contends that this change is occurring "because the senescent trees no longer produce enough commodities to exchange for rice to feed an enlarged population." The historical background is described, policies of the Indonesian government are discussed, and data are presented on the rate of population growth

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia.

The prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from March 1997 through August 1999 in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. Bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, while S. flexneri, V. cholerae O1, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from the community patients. V. cholerae O1 was isolated more frequently (P<0.005) from the hospital patients than the community patients. Overall, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 538 of 3875 (14%) enrolled cases of diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 218 (18%) of 1244 rectal swabs. A small percentage of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (1%) and of Clostridium difficile (1.3%) was detected. Parasitic examination of 389 samples resulted in 43 (11%) positives comprising Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), Blastocystis hominis (5.7%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%), Trichuris trichiura (2.1%) and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Rotavirus (37.5%), adenovirus (3.3%) and Norwalk-like virus (17.6%) were also detected. Antimicrobial resistance was observed among some isolates. Bacterial isolates were susceptible to quinolones, with the exception of some isolates of C. jejuni which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Data obtained from this community- and hospital-based study will enable the Indonesian Ministry of Health to plan relevant studies on diarrheal diseases in the archipelago.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Imported malaria in Jakarta, Indonesia: passive surveillance of returned travelers and military members postdeployment.

BACKGROUND: Autochthonous malaria does not currently occur in Jakarta, the most populous city in Indonesia. Military, forestry, mining, and tourist activities draw Jakarta residents to distant parts of the archipelago with high rates of malaria. Although malaria is a reportable disease in Jakarta, little has been published. METHODS: We collected demographic and travel information from patients in Jakarta with microscopically confirmed malaria from January 2004 to February 2005, using a standardized data collection form. These results were compared to regional rainfall statistics and transit patterns of Jakarta residents to and from rural areas. RESULTS: Data from 240 patients were collected. Aceh Province was the travel destination most commonly recorded for military members, while Papua and Bangka Island were the most frequently cited by civilians. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 53% of cases, of which 15% had detectable gametocytemia. The most common admission diagnoses were malaria (39%), febrile illness not otherwise specified (23%), viral hepatitis (19%), and dengue (11%). The median time from admission to microscopic diagnosis was 2 days for civilian patients and 2.5 days for military patients. The highest number of cases occurred in May, July, and December with the nadir in October. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of malaria may be overlooked and therefore delayed, in nonendemic areas such as Jakarta. Travel destinations associated with contracting malaria vary significantly for civilian and military populations. The factors affecting the peak months of importation likely include rainfall, holiday transit, military flight availability, and referral center locations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Contraceptive use in a changing service environment: evidence from Indonesia during the economic crisis.

In the late 1990s, most Southeast Asian countries experienced substantial economic downturns that reduced social-sector spending and decreased individuals' spending power. Data from Indonesia were collected in 1997 (just before the crisis) and in 1998 (during the crisis) that are used in this study to examine changes in the contraceptive supply environment and in women's choices regarding contraceptive use. Despite substantial changes in providers' characteristics during the first year of the crisis, no statistically significant differences are found between 1997 and 1998 in overall levels of prevalence, in unmet need, or in method mix. Women's choices regarding source of contraceptive supplies, however, changed considerably over the period. Changes in the contraceptive supply environment are linked here to changes in women's choice of source of supply, and a number of providers' characteristics are found to be significantly associated with women's choices in this regard.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Responding to the Boxing Day tsunami disaster in Aceh, Indonesia: Western and South Australian contributions.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the Western and South Australian response to the Boxing Day tsunami disaster in Aceh, Indonesia. METHOD: Reports from three of the responders. RESULTS: Comment has been made on organising a response, the first team to Banda Aceh, the second team to Banda Aceh, and lessons learned. CONCLUSIONS: These experiences have identified areas in which we could be better prepared for the next international disaster response.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗