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PubMed2001

Presence revisited: imagination, competence, and activity in text-based virtual worlds.

Presence is the sense of being caught up in the representations of virtual worlds. Drawing on social and literary theories and on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper examines the ways in which imagination, competence, and activity promote or undermine a sense of presence in online text-based environments known as MOOs. These factors vary for newbies, socials, and techies, categories that reflect differences in length of experience in participating in these worlds, in comfort and/or competence in the use of commands for navigation and communication, and in the interests and/or degree of participation in socializing or programming.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

Matching two imagined clocks: the functional anatomy of spatial analysis in the absence of visual stimulation.

Do spatial operations on mental images and those on visually presented material share the same neural substrate? We used the high spatial resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether areas in the parietal lobe that have been implicated in the spatial transformation of visual percepts are also activated during the generation and spatial analysis of imagined objects. Using a behaviourally controlled mental imagery paradigm, which did not involve any visual stimulation, we found robust activation in posterior parietal cortex in both hemispheres. We could thus identify the subset of spatial analysis-related activity that is involved in spatial operations on mental images in the absence of external visual input. This result clarifies the nature of top-down processes in the dorsal stream of the human cerebral cortex and provides evidence for a specific convergence of the pathways of imagery and visual perception within the parietal lobes.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A factor analytic study of daydreaming, imaginal process, and temperament: a replication on an adult male life-span sample.

One hundred and seventy males aged 24 to 91 years were measured on daydreaming and related mental activity using the imaginal processes inventory and on temperament using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey to determine if earlier results relating temperament to daydreaming in college populations were generalizable to the adult life-span. The earlier derived factor of "Neurotic-Anxious Absorption in Daydreaming" was found in this sample and had a negative correlation with chronological age, suggesting a decrease with increasing age. Other earlier derived factors on "Personal Acceptance-Utilization of Daydreaming," "Masculinity-Femininity," "Thinking Introversion," and "Social Extroversion" were also found in this sample, but were not related to age.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The functional anatomy of imagining and perceiving colour.

We report two functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments which reveal similarities and differences between perceptual and imaginal networks within the single visual submodality of colour. The first experiment contrasted viewing of a coloured and grey-scale Mondrian display, while the second contrasted a relative colour judgement with a spatial task and required the generation of mental images. Our results show that colour perception activates the posterior fusiform gyrus bilaterally (area V4), plus right-sided anterior fusiform and lingual gyri, striate cortex (area V1), and the left and right insula. Colour imagery activated right anterior fusiform gyrus, left insula, right hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, but not V4 or V1. The findings reconcile neurological case studies suggesting a double dissociation between deficits in colour imagery and perception and point to anterior fusiform, parahippocampal gyri and hippocampus as the location for stored representations of coloured objects.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2000

The effects of self-movement, observation, and imagination on mu rhythms and readiness potentials (RP's): toward a brain-computer interface (BCI).

Current movement-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI's) utilize spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms associated with movement, such as the mu rhythm, or responses time-locked to movements that are averaged across multiple trials, such as the readiness potential (RP), as control signals. In one study, we report that the mu rhythm is not only modulated by the expression of self-generated movement but also by the observation and imagination of movement. In another study, we show that simultaneous self-generated multiple limb movements exhibit properties distinct from those of single limb movements. Identification and classification of these signals with pattern recognition techniques provides the basis for the development of a practical BCI.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement.

The development of an electroencephalograph (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) requires rapid and reliable discrimination of EEG patterns, e.g., associated with imaginary movement. One-sided hand movement imagination results in EEG changes located at contra- and ipsilateral central areas. We demonstrate that spatial filters for multichannel EEG effectively extract discriminatory information from two populations of single-trial EEG, recorded during left- and right-hand movement imagery. The best classification results for three subjects are 90.8%, 92.7%, and 99.7%. The spatial filters are estimated from a set of data by the method of common spatial patterns and reflect the specific activation of cortical areas. The method performs a weighting of the electrodes according to their importance for the classification task. The high recognition rates and computational simplicity make it a promising method for an EEG-based brain-computer interface.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Initial on-line evaluations of the LF-ASD brain-computer interface with able-bodied and spinal-cord subjects using imagined voluntary motor potentials.

Previous research has focused on developing a brain-controlled switch named the low frequency asynchronous switch design (LF-ASD) that is suitable for intermittent control of devices such as environmental control systems, computers, and neural prostheses. On-line implementations of the LF-ASD have shown promising results in response to actual index finger flexions with able-bodied subjects. This paper reports the results of initial on-line evaluations of the LF-ASD brain-controlled switch with both able-bodied subjects and subjects with high-level spinal-cord injuries. This paper has demonstrated that users can activate the LF-ASD switch by imaging movement. In this paper, two able-bodied subjects were able to control the LF-ASD with imagined voluntary movements with hit (true positive) rates above 70% and false positive rates below 3% while two subjects with high-level spinal-cord injuries demonstrated hit rates ranging from 45-48% and false positive rates below 1%.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

Education in psychogeriatrics: the leap of the imagination.

In an attempt to bridge the gap between healthy young people in their early 20s and mentally ill old people in their 80s six consecutive classes of final-year medical students of psychogeriatrics were asked to imagine and to record how they thought they might feel in certain fictitious situations which lay nearer to their own experience. They then explored links between the given situations and the feelings which might be experienced by mentally ill elderly people and their carers. The exercise has proved to be a popular and creative learning experience.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed2004

On imagination: reconciling knowledge and life, or what does "Gregory Bateson" stand for?

This article presents a reading of Gregory Bateson's oeuvre, focusing on his interest in the representational gap between map and territory, and its importance in the development of his redefinition of the concept of "mind," his new discipline called "ecology of ideas," and a methodology congruent to it based on the logics of metaphor. Inquiries on three initial stories from different domains allow the use of homologies between form and content in the article. This reading of Bateson's oeuvre stresses his questioning (like Derrida's) of the metaphysics of presence on which Western philosophy has been mostly based, and of the central role of imagination as a balancing factor for a family therapy that he both contributed to and saw with reservations.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1988

Treatment of sex offenders with imaginal desensitization and/or medroxyprogesterone.

Thirty sex offenders were randomly allocated: 10 to receive medroxyprogesterone therapy (M), 10, imaginal desensitization (ID) and 10 both (ID + M). Twenty-four responded for one year though 3 subsequently relapsed. There were no significant differences in response to the 3 treatments. Four patients who did not respond to the initial treatment and the 3 who relapsed responded to further treatment. Most treated with M maintained heterosexual intercourse at pretreatment frequency. Self-reported reduction in anomalous sexual urges in patients receiving M correlated with reduced testosterone levels one month following treatment, demonstrating that the response was specific and validating the assessment by patients' self-reports. Where cost-effectiveness or time constraints are factors influencing treatment of sex offenders, one of these therapies warrants consideration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Imagining how you'd feel: the role of motivational experiences from regulatory fit.

The authors propose that how people imagine they would feel about making a choice is affected not only by the outcome's anticipated pleasure or pain but also by regulatory fit. Regulatory fit occurs when people pursue a goal in a manner that sustains their regulatory state and it intensifies the motivation to pursue that goal. Considering positive outcomes fits a promotion focus more than a prevention focus, whereas the reverse is true for negative outcomes. Thus, it is proposed that anticipating a desirable choice is more intensely positive for promotion than prevention, and anticipating an undesirable choice is more intensely negative for prevention than promotion. The results of three studies support these predictions. Studies 2 and 3 also demonstrate that motivational intensity underlies the stronger responses. Thus, to understand fully what it means to feel good or bad about a prospective choice, motivational experiences from regulatory fit must be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of imaginal desensitisation with other behavioural treatments of pathological gambling. A two- to nine-year follow-up.

Of 120 pathological gamblers randomly allocated to imaginal desensitisation (ID) or to other behavioural procedures (60 to each group, all procedures administered over one week) 63 subjects were contacted two to nine years later. Twenty-six of the 33 who received ID reported control or cessation of gambling compared with 16 of 30 who received other behavioural procedures. This difference was significant, indicating ID had a specific effect additional to that of the other behavioural procedures. It is suggested the other procedures could be regarded as placebos. As the response at a mean of over five years to one week of ID is comparable with that reported to more intensive therapies, after briefer follow-up, it is suggested ID is a cost-effective therapy for pathological gambling, and is worth considering when resources are limited.

Aversive Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Les malades imagines: diseases in fiction.

Writers often introduce into fiction works characters who suffer from one disease or another. The purpose of this literary finesse is to enrich the intrigue or to create a favourable environment for the observation of a group of human beings. The introduction of the sick person sometimes offers a chance to warn against venereal diseases or alcoholism or an opportunity to critize medicine and doctors. The writers more exceptionally express visionary views on the future of medicine. This paper selects a few interesting examples of "imagined diseases".

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed1992

The gerontological imagination: social influences on the development of gerontology, 1945-present.

This article presents a framework for the analysis of the development of gerontology since 1945. Three distinct historical periods and several forces that have shaped the field are examined. These forces reside in the political, economic, sociocultural, technological, and knowledge realms of society. An analysis of the continuities and discontinuities over time provides a contrast between the historical periods identified. Despite the ideology of a continuous linear disciplinary progression, we find that discontinuities have been increasingly significant in shaping the experience of aging. Yet the field of gerontology lags in reflecting many of these changes. This incongruity calls the field to reassess its paradigmatic foundations and the empirical and theoretical work conducted within them. The implications for the disciplines and practice of gerontology are explored through a review of C. Wright Mills' contribution to a revival of the "gerontological imagination."

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Measuring men's response to an imagined negative body image.

To investigate response to an imagined negative body image, a sample of 29 men from an undergraduate university were given the Body Image Affect Scale of Campbell and Chow. Analysis showed more men, if they are experiencing a poor appearance, would try to cover up physical flaws and avoid approaching an individual in whom they were interested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Electroencephalographic correlates of temporal lobe signs and imaginings.

Significant correlations (0.50) were observed again between scores for the Wilson-Barber Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imagings and the numbers of experiences that are indicative of temporal lobe lability. In addition, positive correlations (0.42) occurred between temporal lobe EEG measures (scalp electrodes) and numbers of temporal lobe signs. The numbers of alpha seconds per minute from the occipital lobes were correlated (0.57) with the Wilson-Barber cluster that indicated interests in "altered states". Scores on the childhood imaginings section of the Wilson-Barber Inventory were correlated (0.44) with the numbers of spikes per minute over the temporal lobes when the eyes were closed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effect of instructions given to reactors and nonreactors to produce visual imagery sequences following an imagined pleasant scene.

15 Visual Imagery Reactors and 15 Nonreactors were instructed to produce Visual Imagery Sequences using as a point of departure a pleasant scene imagined by themselves. Despite these instructions, Reactors developed significantly less pleasant scene materials, more High and Low Affect/Conflict, less Neutral Content, and briefer sequences preceding all Affect/Conflict. Four Reactors and no Nonreactors expressed difficulty in visualizing pleasant scenes. Reactors made more interruptions when attempting to continue imagery of the pleasant scene. Several additional scores occurred almost exclusively within a subgroup of Reactors. These results are consistent with previous studies using different test stimuli and are congruent with previously advanced theoretical formulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of videotaped violence on hypermnesia for imaginally encoded concrete and abstract words.

To assess whether increased arousal would differentially affect hypermnesia (enhanced recall) for imaginally encoded concrete and abstract words, two sets of materials (a violent videotape for high arousal and a bird-nest-building videotape for low arousal) were interpolated at four different points in a memory experiment. A pilot experiment measuring the change in heart rate before and after the viewing of two sets of materials confirmed the relationship between self-reported arousal and physiological state. Evidence suggests that only when arousing materials are experienced during the retention interval will hypermnesia be inhibited. In all conditions, concrete words were recalled at twice or more the rate of abstract words.

Adult↗