Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Human Reproductive Indexes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors predicting the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection for infertility.

BACKGROUND: Male factor abnormality is the cause of infertility in about 20%-40% of infertile couples. Assisted reproduction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the only treatment option for severe forms of andrological infertility. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed patients who had had intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male factor infertility. The clinical and laboratory factors that influenced the pregnancy rate were also analysed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-five cycles in 164 couples were analysed. The fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates were similar in the groups that had had intracytoplasmic sperm injection with epididymal, testicular or ejaculate sperm. Univariate analysis of the clinical variables showed progressive reduction in pregnancy rate with increase in the woman partner's age and body mass index, and presence of pelvic disease, but these were not statistically significant. The age of the woman was the most significant factor affecting the pregnancy rate after adjusting for body mass index and pelvic disease in the multivariate analysis (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.84, p=0.03). The oocyte number, embryo transfer number and transfer day had no significant influence on the outcome. CONCLUSION: The woman partner's age influences the success of assisted reproduction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in male factor infertility. Thus, the chances of success are better if the couple seeks treatment at an early age.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Unmet need for reproductive health in India.

Using data from the National Family Health Survey of 1992-93 and the individual reproductive histories of a cross-section of 70 women from rural Tamil Nadu, this paper exposes the limited extent to which women in India have been able to achieve their reproductive intentions and the failure of health services to meet their considerable reproductive health needs. Of the 70 women, 69 had been unable to achieve their reproductive intentions, not only non-users of contraception but also ever-users, and all 69 had an unmet need for reproductive health services. Sterilisation is often the first and only method of contraception taken up and only after a series of wanted, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies, miscarriages, induced abortions and neonatal and infant deaths. Women who wanted to have more children than they were able to were also found. Given the paradigm policy shift in India from promoting fertility reduction only to meeting women's reproductive and sexual health needs, a more useful concept for measuring 'unmet need' for services in programme planning is required, one such as the HARI index, that would capture the extent to which individual women are achieving their reproductive intentions in good health. Without this, the same problems will only recur in younger women.

Birth Intervals↗
PubMed1994

Respiratory failure in pregnancy due to Pneumocystis carinii: report of a successful outcome.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is rising rapidly among women of reproductive age. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during pregnancy may be the first manifestation of HIV infection. If respiratory failure ensures, the outcome has been reported as almost invariably fatal. CASE: A 31-year-old African-American woman at 28 weeks' gestation was admitted with bilateral perihilar interstitial infiltrates. Laboratory evaluation revealed hypoxemia and an elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase level. Although she denied risk factors for HIV infection, she was treated immediately for P carinii infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and methylprednisolone. Her respiratory status deteriorated and she required intubation. Bronchoscopy confirmed the diagnosis, and CD4 lymphocyte depletion confirmed immunosuppression. The patient responded to treatment and recovered completely. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion must be maintained for the diagnosis of P carinii and previously unsuspected HIV infection during pregnancy. The early manifestations may be subtle and progress over weeks until respiratory failure rapidly ensues. With timely diagnosis and management, the outcome of P carinii pneumonia in pregnancy can be successful.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction?: The cumulated singleton/twin delivery rates per oocyte pick-up: the CUSIDERA and CUTWIDERA.

National and international registries are essential tools for establishing new standards and comparing success rates, but they do not take into account the total pregnancy/delivery rate per oocyte recovery. In Switzerland and Germany, because of legal constraints, a maximum of three two-pronuclear zygotes are allocated for transfer whereas all the supernumerary pronuclear zygotes are immediately cryopreserved, preventing selection of the transferred embryos. We report on a 10 years' experience (1993-2002) of our centre which performs transfers of unselected embryos and cryopreservation at the two-pronuclear zygote stage. As approximately 30% of all deliveries are from cryo cycles, it is essential to take into account the contribution of the cryo transfers, and we propose therefore to evaluate, as a measure of IVF performance, the cumulated delivery rate per oocyte pick-up. This delivery rate is broken down further into the cumulated singleton delivery rate (CUSIDERA) and the cumulated twin delivery rate (CUTWIDERA). The sum (S) of these two rates is a measure of efficacy while the ratio CUTWIDERA/S as a percentage is a measure of safety of IVF treatments. Using these new indexes, the average 10 year efficacy and safety of our IVF programme were 26 and 19%, respectively. Both CUSIDERA and CUTWIDERA can be calculated easily in any clinical situation and yield useful parameters for patient counselling and internal/external benchmarking purposes.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed2001

Cytotoxicity of azadirachtin A in human glioblastoma cell lines.

The neem toxin azadirachtin A exhibits selective toxicity on insects. Despite its well-proven efficacy, the mode of action of this toxin remains obscure. The toxicity on vertebrate cells compared to insect cells is also not well characterized. We have cultivated six human glioblastoma cell lines G-28, G-112, G-60 (TP53 mutant) and G-44, G-62, G-120 (TP53 wild-type) in the presence of 28 microM of azadirachtin. This toxin concentration was chosen because it represents the 25 to 50% lethal dose in the glioma cells. Toxicity was measured in terms of cell proliferation (binucleation index), formation of micronuclei and cell survival. In the TP53 mutant cell lines, azadirachtin reduced the proportion of dividing cells and induced formation of micronuclei. Except for G-44 which showed a decrease in binucleation index, proliferation in the TP53 wild-type cell lines was unaffected by azadirachtin. In the TP53 wild-type cell lines, the decrease in micronuclei frequency is attributed to fewer cells entering mitosis to produce micronuclei. This is also apparent from the low surviving fractions. Cell survival was suppressed by 25-69% in all cell lines. The reduction of cell survival is a clear indication that azadirachtin affects reproductive integrity and cell division. The induction of micronuclei reflects DNA damage. Similar studies on damage induction in insect cell lines could elucidate the processes which precede the antifeedant and antimoulting effects of azadirachtin and other neem toxins in insects.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1994

Bedside assessment of skin-fold thickness. A useful measurement for distinguishing Cushing's disease from other causes of hirsutism and oligomenorrhea.

BACKGROUND: The known catabolic effects of glucocorticoid excess on protein metabolism prompted us to devise a method to assess this measure in reproductive-aged females with Cushing's disease. Since collagen protein is a major component of skin, decreased abundance of this protein should cause a reduction in skin-fold thickness. To determine whether skin-fold thickness is useful as an added tool in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease, we compared this value in female patients with Cushing's disease with those who presented with a similar set of symptoms. METHODS: This open prospective study was conducted in an endocrinology clinic at a tertiary care center. The study population consisted of 88 females in the reproductive age group who presented to the clinic with hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, and/or obesity. Measurement of skin-fold thickness, body mass index, Ferriman-Gallwey index, and serum testosterone were performed in all patients. RESULTS: Skin-fold thickness in the patients with Cushing's disease was 1.5 +/- 0.2 mm (range, 1.0 to 1.8 mm). This value was significantly (P < .01) lower than that in controls or subjects with other disorders that have a similar set of presenting symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Bedside assessment of skin-fold thickness is an easy, low-cost, and noninvasive test for distinguishing Cushing's disease from disorders with similar presenting symptoms in females of reproductive age. Assessment of skin-fold thickness should be used as an adjunct to current physical and biochemical study of patients with symptoms suggestive of Cushing's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Survival of breast cancer patients in relation to factors which affect the risk of developing breast cancer.

In order to evaluate the prognostic significance of risk factors for developing breast cancer, a population-based study was conducted of 2,445 breast cancer patients diagnosed in Denmark, 1983-1984. Data on clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer were derived from the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and data on risk factors from a self-administered questionnaire. Among 1,744 patients (71%) with complete information, survival was determined primarily by size of the tumour, skin invasion, number of positive lymph nodes and grade. No significant association was found between survival and reproductive or hormonal risk factors, dietary variables, alcohol consumption and smoking. Low current body weight and weight loss indicated a poor prognosis, independent of the clinical characteristics of the tumour.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Reproductive history and body mass index in black and white women.

The relationships of timing, spacing, number of births, and demographic variables to body mass index were examined in 844 white and 289 black women. Subjects were interviewed in 1978-1979 as mothers or female guardians of a stratified random sample of all Minneapolis children in grades 1-3. Results indicate that among black and white women, number of births, age at last birth, and years between first and last births were positively associated with body mass index. However, when age, education, and income were included in the regression equation for black women, none of the reproductive variables predicted body mass index. When number of births, age at last birth, and years between first and last birth were included in the same regression for white women, only number of births was independently associated with body mass index.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Women's status and depressive symptoms: a multilevel analysis.

The effects of state-level women's status and autonomy on individual-level women's depressive symptoms were examined. We conducted a multi-level analysis of the 1991 longitudinal follow up of the 1988 National Maternal Infant Health Survey (NMIHS), with 7789 women nested within the fifty American states. State-level women's status was assessed by four composite indices measuring women's political participation, economic autonomy, employment & earnings, and reproductive rights. The main outcome measure was symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D). The participants were a nationally representative stratified random sample of women in the USA aged between 17 and 40 years old who gave birth to live babies in 1988, were successfully contacted again in 1991 and provided complete information on depressive symptoms. Women who were younger, non-white, not currently married, less educated or had lower household income tended to report higher levels of depressive symptoms. Compared with states ranking low on the employment & earnings index, women residing in states that were high on the same index scored 0.85 points lower on the CES-D (p<0.01). Women who lived in states that were high on the economic autonomy index scored 0.83 points lower in depressive symptoms (p<0.01), compared with women who lived in states low on the same index. Finally, women who resided in states with high reproductive rights scored 0.62 points lower on the CES-D (p<0.05) compared with women who lived in states with lower reproductive rights. Gender inequality appears to contribute to depressive symptoms in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hot flashes in the late reproductive years: risk factors for Africa American and Caucasian women.

Hot flashes are a primary reason that midlife women seek medical care, but there is little information about the onset or the predictors of hot flashes in the years before the menopause. This study examines women's experience of hot flashes in the late reproductive years, comparing African American and Caucasian women, and identifies hormonal, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for hot flashes associated with ovarian aging. Data are from a population-based prospective cohort study of ovarian aging in women who were ages 35--47, in general good health, and had regular menstrual cycles at study enrollment. Hot flashes were assessed by subject report in a structured interview at the first follow-up period and correlated highly with previous prospective daily ratings of hot flashes (p = 0.0001). Blood samples were obtained in the first 6 days of the menstrual cycle in two consecutive cycles at enrollment and two consecutive cycles at follow-up. Predictor variables include hormone measures, structured interview, and standard questionnaire data. Thirty-one percent of the sample (n = 375) reported hot flashes (mean age 41 years). In bivariate analysis, more African American than Caucasian women reported hot flashes (38% vs. 25%, p = 0.01). Significant predictors of hot flashes in the final multivariable logistic regression model were higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (odds ratio [OR] 3.19), anxiety (OR 1.06), baseline menopausal symptoms (OR 4.91), alcohol use (OR 1.09), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.04), and parity (OR 1.20). Race did not predict hot flashes after adjusting for these variables. Hot flashes commonly occur before observable menstrual irregularities in the perimenopause and are associated with both hormonal and behavioral factors. The association of hot flashes with increased body mass (BMI) challenges the current "thin" hypothesis and raises important questions about the role of BMI in hormone dynamics in the late reproductive years.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Discovery of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted 5-bromopyridyl thiourea (PHI-236) as a potent broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus microbicide.

The increased risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has prompted the search for safe and effective female-controlled vaginal microbicides. Because endogenous reverse transcription is implicated in augmenting the sexual transmission of HIV-1, potential microbicides should have the inherent ability to optimally inhibit both wild-type and drug-resistant mutant strains of HIV-1. N-[2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenylethyl)]-N'-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)]-thiourea (PHI-236) is a rationally designed non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) that was deduced from changes in binding pocket size, shape and residue character that result from clinically observed NNRTI resistance mutations. PHI-236 displayed high-binding affinity (Ludi K(i) = 0.07 microM) for HIV-1 RT and robust anti-HIV activity against the wild type (IC50 = <0.001 microM) as well as primary clinical isolates (IC50 = 0.009-0.04 microM) carrying multiple RT gene mutations associated with NRTI and NNRTI resistance. PHI-236 displayed high-selectivity index against human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells and did not affect human sperm functions. In the humanized severe combined immunodeficient mouse model for HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), pretreatment of HIV-1 (BaL)-infected human monocytes and semen with PHI-236 prevented the systemic infection via the vaginal route. PHI-236 has particular clinical utility as a non-spermicidal microbicide as well as a prophylactic antiviral agent to inactivate cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in semen before assisted reproductive technology procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Hormones, menstrual distress, and migraine across the phases of the menstrual cycle.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of the present study were to (1) contrast reproductive hormone levels and ratings of menstrual distress of female migraineurs with those of a control group in each menstrual cycle phase, (2) examine correlations between hormone levels and migraine frequency, severity, and migraine-related disability, and (3) examine correlations between menstrual distress and migraine frequency, severity, and migraine-related disability. A secondary objective was to evaluate the validity of a migraine disability measure modified to reflect 7-day recall. BACKGROUND: Further controlled, prospective study is needed regarding the temporal relationships between reproductive hormones at each stage of the menstrual cycle and fluctuations in migraine activity across the cycle. METHODS: Twenty-three women (17 with migraine, 6 control participants) completed laboratory hormone assays and measures of menstrual distress and disability at each phase of one menstrual cycle, and monitored their headache activity daily during the same cycle. Results.-The migraine group evidenced lower premenstrual luteinizing hormone and more menstrual distress symptoms at each phase of the menstrual cycle. Hormones were associated with migraine activity and disability within cycle phases, and across phases in a time-lagged manner. Menstrual distress was associated with ovulatory phase migraine activity and with migraine-related disability across the menstrual cycle. A retrospective 7-day migraine disability measure appeared to be a consistently valid index. CONCLUSIONS: Both reproductive hormones and menstrually related distress appear to predict migraine activity and disability. These associations were evident not only for perimenstrual migraine, but also for migraine at each phase of the menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Reproductive health and domestic violence: are the poorest women uniquely disadvantaged?

We use Demographic and Health Survey data from Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti to compare women in different poverty and violence categories in terms of their experience of selected reproductive health outcomes. "Poor" women are those who belong to the bottom quintile of households arrayed according to a widely accepted asset-based wealth index. The results suggest that women who are both poor and have experienced violence are not unique in their reproductive health disadvantage. In particular, for all three reproductive health outcomes we consider the negative association with having experienced violence cuts across all women, poor and wealthy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Priorities for research in maternal nutrition in the developing world.

Two aspects of maternal nutrition are highlighted - an adequate weight at birth and successful lactation-as the outcome of satisfactory maternal nutrition. The following priorities for research are considered: 1. Prepregnancy weights and heights related to birth weight, height, skull circumference and placental weight. 2. Practical implementation of national supplementary feeding of pregnant mothers. 3. Support networks in pregnancy and lactation through the health care system. 4. Study of hypogalactia. 5. Assessment of lactation performance. 6. Lactational amenorrhoea. 7. Training of primary health care workers to improve maternal nutrition.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1993

Proliferative index of human luteinized granulosa cells varies as a function of ovarian reserve.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the proliferative index of luteinized granulosa cells, as determined by flow cytometry, varied as a function of a woman's ovarian reserve, as reserve, as reflected by follicular-phase day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cohort study consisted of 19 women of similar chronologic age preparing for in vitro fertilization-embryo who met specific day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone criteria. The "low follicle-stimulating hormone" group consisted of 11 women with day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels < or = 6 IU/L. The "high follicle-stimulating hormone" group consisted of eight women with day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels > or = 18 IU/L. A total of 56 preovulatory follicles containing > or = 10(4) luteinized granulosa cells were examined by flow cytometry. The low follicle-stimulating hormone group was compared with the high follicle-stimulating hormone group to examine proliferative index as a function of serum day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels. RESULTS: The low follicle-stimulating hormone group had a greater proliferative index (11.1% +/- 0.4%) than did the high follicle-stimulating hormone group (8.3% +/- 0.6%), p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that in spite of the same chronologic age, luteinized granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles of women with day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels > or = 18 IU/L have a 25% decreased proliferative index compared with luteinized granulosa cells from women with day 3 serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels < or = 6. CONCLUSIONS: This suggests that granulosa cell proliferation is influenced by ovarian reserve and may explain in part the more favorable response to ovulation induction protocols that younger women demonstrate compared with women of more advanced reproductive age.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Leptin is inversely related to age at menarche in human females.

Over the last century there has been a trend toward an earlier onset of menarche attributed to better nutrition and body fatness. With the discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, we reexamined this hypothesis from a new perspective. As delayed menarche and leanness are considered risk factors for osteoporosis, we also evaluated the relation between leptin and bone mass. Body composition and serum leptin levels were measured, and the timing of menarche was recorded in 343 pubertal females over 4 yr. Body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, and leptin by a new RIA. All participants were premenarcheal at baseline (aged 8.3-13.1 yr). Leptin was strongly associated with body fat (r = 0.81; P < 0.0001) and change in body fat (r = 0.58; P < 0.0001). The rise in serum leptin concentration up to the level of 12.2 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 7.2-16.7) was associated with the decline in age at menarche. An increase of 1 ng/mL in serum leptin lowered the age at menarche by 1 month. A serum leptin level of 12.2 ng/mL corresponded to a relative percent body fat of 29.7%, a body mass index of 22.3, and-body fat of 16.0 kg. A gain in body fat of 1 kg lowered the timing of menarche by 13 days. Leptin was positively related to bone area (r = 0.307; P < 0.0001) and change in bone area (r = 0.274; P < 0.0001). A critical blood leptin level is necessary to trigger reproductive ability in women, suggesting a threshold effect. Leptin is a mediator between adipose tissue and the gonads. Leptin may also mediate the effect of obesity on bone mass by influencing the periosteal envelope. This may have implications for the development of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.

Adipose Tissue↗