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PubMed2001

[Ethical problems concerning artificial fecondation].

In view of the seriousness of the facts regarding artificial fecondation as reported in the news and by the mass media, the various experiments carried out are analysed from the anthropological and ethical points of view. The purpose of these experiments is the procreation of a person and all those who are implicated in vital decisions-physicians, nurses, legislators and families-are invited to refrain from carrying out experiments or actions that might be damaging to the dignity of people and the couple in question.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

What are the chances of infertility and should sperm be banked?

Patients with testicular cancer have an excellent chance of surviving and may very well be interested in future fertility. This future fertility may be complicated by both pretreatment and treatment-related subfertility. The risk of ejaculatory dysfunction from retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for low-stage disease has been nearly erased by nerve-sparing techniques. In those patients with an ejaculation, electroejaculation and artificial insemination is effective. With cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, nearly all patients will become azoospermic with the majority recovering spermatogenesis within four years. Most patients undergoing prophylactic radiation therapy for seminoma will return to baseline semen quality within 2 years. In men with persistent poor semen quality, assisted reproductive technologies may allow having children, even with very low numbers of viable sperm. Assisted reproductive technologies have also greatly improved the chance of pregnancy with cryopreserved sperm. Therefore, prospects for procreation are quite good for men facing treatment for germ cell tumors. In those patients who do not recover spontaneous fertility, semen cryopreservation gives additional hope for having children. Patients should be given the option of semen cryopreservation if any viable sperm are present, even if the specimen is extremely poor.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Biological medicine and the survival of the person.

The status of the person is analyzed as represented by the life sciences under the influence of modern physico-chemical and molecular biology. At the same time the linguistic structure of reality as seen through formalized scientific discourse is not that of a language, but rather that of operational symbolisms, so that the Judeo-Greek tradition of Verb as creating and Logos as procreating--which is probably at the origin of the surprising confidence in the possibility of dominating nature through words and formulae--could be successful only through the depersonalization of language. Notwithstanding appearances, the phenomena of structural and functional self-organization do not really change this situation. In this context the question of the status of the person and of the intentional subject has to be dealt with pragmatically, giving up the notion of a unified scientific theory that would take into consideratiion at the same time the experimental sciences (physics, chemistry, biology and "ojective" human) and the human sciences as linking subjectivity and intentionality.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2003

[Fertility preservation in early cervical cancer].

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of surgical techniques leading to fertility preservation in patients with early cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Carcinological and obstetrical follow-up of 95 patients treated with radical trachelectomy between 1987 and 2002 for a cervical cancer stage less than Ib2. RESULTS: Four recurrences were observed; all of these were in case of tumor more than 2 cm in diameter (P = 0.002), and three of the four recurrences were in case of lymph-vascular space involvement (P = 0.07). Among the 42 patients willing and able to procreate, 33 were pregnant. Fifty-six pregnancies were registered. The rate of late miscarriage was 19% and 34 living newborns were obtained. CONCLUSION: In case of early cervical cancer, radical trachelectomy preserves fertility, leading to a good rate of living newborns without impairing the chances of survival.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2001

Season of birth among patients with schizophrenia and their siblings: evidence for the procreational habits hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: The birth rate of patients with schizophrenia during the winter and spring months is 5%-8% higher worldwide than the birth rate of the general population in the winter and spring months. Seasonal variation of births among the unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia has not been studied with adequate sample sizes. The authors investigated the seasonal variation of births among siblings of patients with schizophrenia in a large, nationwide, representative patient and sibling population. METHOD: Finnish patients with schizophrenia born from 1950 to 1969 (N=15,389) were identified from three nationwide health care registers. Unaffected siblings of these patients born in the same time period (N=37,819) were identified from the Finnish National Population REGISTER: The seasonal variation of births among patients and siblings were examined by using a log-linear model. Explanatory variables were sex, year of birth categorized into four 5-year groups, and seasonal variation, which was analyzed by fitting a short Fourier series to the monthly birth data. RESULTS: The odds for having been born during the winter-spring months were slightly higher among both siblings and patients in all birth-year groups. However, patients born from 1955 to 1959 showed prominent seasonal variation of births, but the magnitude of this variation remained unchanged among siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal variation of births among patients with schizophrenia may consist of two factors: 1) parental procreational habits causing a slight excess of births of both patients and unaffected siblings during the winter-spring months and 2) irregular environmental factors that considerably increase the magnitude of the seasonal variation of births among patients but not their siblings.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Does medically-assisted procreation cause sterility? Apropos of unexplained sterility].

The authors emphasize the concept of in vitro fecundation as an intrusion. The intruding agents include the desire for a child itself, the family and the physician. This new concept throws light on the questions raised by unexplained infertility. The authors conclude that the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies derived from the model of tubal destruction is doubtful.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

[Role and contribution of karyotyping in male infertility].

In the context of the aetiological investigation of male infertility, the authors stress the place and the contribution of blood karyotype testing in the light of their personal experience based on 1,612 subjects. This examination has an important place, as about 15% of azoospermic subjects and 6 to 7% of subjects with oligospermia less than 10 million spermatozoa per ml, either alone or in combination with other abnormalities of the semen examination, present a congenital chromosomal abnormality. A remarkable constancy of the results was observed according to identical recruitment criteria. The contribution of this examination is also important: the medical and psychological value of detecting the cause of azoospermia, genetic counselling and antenatal chromosomal diagnosis for non-azoospermic subjects with an equilibrated structural abnormality, in whom treatment allows a chance of procreation, genetic counselling for the family of these subjects in order to prevent the appearance of a chromosomally abnormal infant. In conclusion, the authors argue in favour of the routine use of this test in all infertile subjects with at least isolated oligospermia less than 10 million spermatozoa per ml.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1997

RU 486 examined: impact of a new technology on an old controversy.

Abortion is an extremely divisive issue in American politics and culture. Prothro begins this Article by analyzing the current legal standards governing reproduction, which draw a sharp distinction between abortion and contraception. Prothro then examines the function of RU 486, demonstrating that it acts both as a contraceptive and as an abortifacient. Because of this dual capacity, RU 486 does not fit neatly into the current legal framework. Prothro concludes this Article by arguing that RU 486 should force the Supreme Court to create a new framework for the "procreative right." Prothro argues that this new framework should treat the procreative right as a continuum, basing legal protections on a close analysis of the rights at stake, rather than on artificial distinctions that do not accurately mirror the physiological process of pregnancy. This new continuum analysis, Prothro contends, will expand and deepen the abortion debate by focusing it on the broader issues underlying the current debate.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1998

[Activity of the Istituto Superiore di Sanitá regarding medically assisted reproduction].

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, embryo cryo-preservation, multiple pregnancies, embryo reduction, embryo and gamete donation: each of these questions deserves an articulate ethical and medical discussion. In Italy until this moment we do not have a legislation for the regulation of medically assisted reproduction. One of the most suitable means to monitoring large scale initiatives for medically assisted procreation is through registries that collect standardized information on all treatment cycles performed. In 1992, the Italian national registry on medically assisted procreation was established at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS, the Italian National Health Institute). The Registry collects data sent voluntarily by centers to the ISS for each cycle of treatment started and for each outcome. The data collected can be used to conduct an adequate statistical-epidemiological analysis and to better evaluate results of specific techniques.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized by the Greeks and Romans?

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers/scientists are frequently quoted as expressing an awareness of potential harm associated with drinking during pregnancy. However, the statements attributed to these authors were not made by them. Instead, they are interpretations, presented in the form of verbatim statements, of their views relating to procreation. Although they did have something to say about the role of alcohol in procreation, it was the effects of drinking on the male body at the time of conception, and especially alcohol's effects on male body temperature, that concerned them. A cold body at the time of conception was believed to enhance the likelihood of conceiving a female, which to the Greeks and Romans was a 'deformity'.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Pregnancy after direct intraperitoneal insemination of spermatozoa from a man with severe infertility, after unsuccessful application of other methods of assisted fertilization.

Direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) is one of the least invasive strategies of assisted reproduction. Unexplained infertility and male sub-fertility are the major indications for DIPI. It is otherwise well known that assisted procreation gives poor results in severe male infertility. This is a report of a pregnancy that occurred as a result of a direct intraperitoneal insemination of prepared spermatozoa characterized by a particularly severe astheno-teratozoospermia in a couple unsuccessfully treated with other, more invasive methods of assisted fertilization.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current aspects of extra-uterine pregnancy in Libreville (Gabon): an account of 153 cases].

The impact of extra-uterine pregnancy is still increasing in the world. At the same time, its treatment is being improved in developed countries. The purpose of this study is to assess the current aspects of extra-uterine pregnancy in Libreville (Gabon) and to suggest actions which may improve its vital prognosis in the African context. The present study is only prospective and focuses on 153 extra-uterine cases of pregnancy recorded from February 1, 1997 to July 31, 2000. The average frequency was 2.32%. This frequency has been steadily increasing and went from 2% in 1997 to 2.32 % in 2000. The average age of the patients was 29. Extra-uterine pregnancy was diagnosed until the patients were 17. It concerned all parities. The average age was 8 weeks of pregnancy. Three para-clinical investigations allowed the confirmation of the diagnosis: ultrasound scan, coelioscopy, beta GCH plasma dosage. Laparotomy was the main therapeutic solution. No maternal death was recorded. The education of women capable of procreating on the necessity of early consultations, the supplying of hospitals with means which allow para-clinical investigations and the motivation of medical staff seem to be the main solutions to decrease the mortality rate due to extra-uterine pregnancy in Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Family size in successive generations: the effects of birth order, intergenerational change in lifestyle, and familial satisfaction.

Studies of family size in successive generations have found a small but persistently positive effect of size of family of orientation. Recent work has suggested that this relationship may be influenced by birth order, intergenerational change in lifestyle, and familial satisfaction. Data from a 24-year longitudinal study of women in Pennsylvania indicate that number of siblings does influence size of family of procreation. More important, this relationship is stronger among women who were first-born that later-born, stronger for those not experiencing intergenerational change than for those who changed, and stronger among those who at age 16 were satisfied with their parental family than for those who were dissatisfied.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The problem of prematurity in Poland].

In Poland an impressive decline in perinatal and neonatal mortality rate has been observed during the past decade. A further improvement will be hindered by such new phenomena like multiple gestation following assisted procreation and a higher risk of preterm birth arising from it as well as age increase among pregnant women. Prematurity rate is also more and more frequently influenced by preterm births induced due to threat to the life of the mother or the fetus. All these factors should be taken into consideration in preventive actions and health programs over the mother and the child.

Female↗
PubMed1984

[The impact of genetic counseling on the fertility of couples].

The authors from two independent patterns, genetic counselling on the one hand, familial study on the other hand show that the procreation rate of parents with affected children with spina bifida, digestive malformations and autosomal recessive diseases depend especially on the motherhood eagerness, on the mothers' age, on the family composition and on the possibilities of prenatal diagnosis effort to severely suffered parents before.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Genital sexual and procreation disorders in patients with spinal cord injuries].

The first part of this report discusses techniques contributing to improved sexual relations in couples where either partner is paraplegic. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are described, in particular for intracavernous injections of vasoactive products. The second part considers procreative assistance for couples where the male is paraplegic, using mechanical, chemical and more recently surgical techniques. Surgery involves puncture of the ductus deferens. Significant experimental progress in medically assisted precreation is contributing to improved results. The importance of the psychological and emotional context must not be forgotten, as well as prevention of complications such as urological infections.

Female↗
PubMed1977

[Genetic counselling (results of ten years experience). II. Requests (author's transl)].

The authors give a summing up of ten years of genetic counselling concerning 1271 requests and single out two equally important categories of consultants. The first might require premarital counselling (in cases of consanguineous unions, or when one of the partners or relatives are affected) but, in fact, come to consultation, four times out of ten, after marriage and even after procreation. The consultants of the second group need prenatal counselling either because a child suffers from a hereditary disorder, or because earlier pregnancies did not come to term. Whichever the type, one consultation out of seven concerned a pregnant woman. A classification by type disorder and by mode of transmission is given.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

[Wanting a child].

To want a child and to want to have a child are notions receiving renewed interest ever since the generalization of contraception and even more recently, the new methods of procreation. These two notions are compared and tested against biological data across historical, psychoanalytic and sociological works. A brief resume of research done with mothers of newborns underlines the ambiguity and the complex and dynamic character of the question. The desire for a child and the desire to have a child are different notions and one should discriminate between them.

Female↗