Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Growth and Development”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Platelets exposed to elevated levels of endogenous thrombopoietin in vivo have a reduced response to megakaryocyte growth and development factor in vitro.

Thrombopoietin (TPO), or megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), has been shown to potentiate the sensitivity of normal human platelets to various agonists in vitro. The present study investigated the functional and biochemical properties of platelets from mice rendered thrombocytopenic by sublethal irradiation with regard to the reactivity to recombinant murine MGDF (rmMGDF) in vitro. During the course of reversible thrombocytopenia following irradiation, platelets from irradiated mice which had lower platelet counts and reciprocally higher plasma TPO levels showed lower reactivity to rmMGDF in agonist-induced platelet aggregation. Intravenous injections of recombinant soluble murine c-Mpl (sMpl), which has the ability to capture TPO, after irradiation restored the reactivity of platelets at the platelet nadir to rmMGDF. On the other hand, platelets prepared from normal mice 3 h after a single intravenous injection of pegylated rmMGDF did not respond to rmMGDF. There was a marked decrease in c-Mpl and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in platelets from irradiated mice at the platelet nadir. Similar results were observed with platelets from mice administered pegylated rmMGDF. JAK2 was only moderately decreased, however, in platelets from mice given sMpl after irradiation. These results indicate that exposure of platelets to increased endogenous TPO levels in vivo in thrombocytopenic mice leads to a reduction in the platelet reactivity to rmMGDF in vitro. Further, these results suggest that the c-Mpl-mediated signaling pathway, which is essential for the priming effect of rmMGDF, is defective in thrombocytopenic murine platelets.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Clinical chemistry since 1800: growth and development.

The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the growth and development of clinical chemistry. Many of the individuals and the significance of their contributions are not very well known, especially to new members of the profession. This survey should help familiarize them with the names and significance of the contributions of physicians and chemists such as Fourcroy, Berzelius, Liebig, Prout, Bright, and Rees. Folin and Van Slyke are better known, and it was their work near the end of the second decade of the 20th century that brought the clinical chemist out of the annex of the mortuary and into close relationship with the patient at the bedside. However, the impact on clinical chemistry and the practice of medicine by the 1910 exposé written by Abraham Flexner is not as well known as it deserves to be, nor is the impetus that World War I gave to the spread of laboratory medicine generally known. In the closing decades of the 20th century, automated devices produced an overabundance, and an overuse and misuse, of testing to the detriment of careful history taking and bedside examination of the patient. This is attributable in part to a fascination with machine-produced data. There was also an increased awareness of the value of chemical methods of diagnosis and the need to bring clinician and clinical chemist into a closer partnership. Clinical chemists were urged to develop services into dynamic descriptions of the diagnostic values of laboratory results and to identify medical relevance in interpreting significance for the clinician.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Epidermal growth factor administered in pregnancy has little effect on placental, fetal and postnatal growth and development in rats.

Biosynthetic human epidermal growth factor (EGF) was injected daily into female rats (40 micrograms/rat/day) on days 14-20 of pregnancy in two experiments. Number in litter was significantly greater in EGF- than in vehicle-treated mothers in experiment 1 but not experiment 2. Number in litter affected fetal weight. When this factor was taken into account statistically, there was no significant effect of EGF treatment on fetal weight or placental weight, DNA and protein concentrations at 21 days of gestation; nor was birth weight affected by treatment. However, growth in body weight postnatally from 4 to 115 days was slightly but significantly depressed in the offspring of the EGF-treated mothers. A negative effect of additional EGF in pregnancy on subsequent milk production is postulated. The timing of attainment of developmental milestones in the offspring was not affected.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Fucosebeta-1-P-Ser is a new type of glycosylation: using antibodies to identify a novel structure in Dictyostelium discoideum and study multiple types of fucosylation during growth and development.

Three antibodies that recognize distinct fucose epitopes were used to study fucosylation during growth and development of Dictyostelium discoideum. mAb83.5 is known to recognize an undefined "fucose epitope" on several proteins with serine-rich domains, while mAb CAB4, and a component of anti-horse-radish peroxidase, specifically recognize Fucalpha1,6GlcNAc and Fucalpha1,3GlcNAc residues respectively in the core of N-linked oligosaccharides. We show that mAb 83.5 defines a new type of O-glycosylation. Serine-containing peptides incubated with GDPbeta[3H]Fuc and microsomes formed two fucosylated products. A neutral product accounting for 30% of the label did not react with the antibody, while the rest of the label was incorporated into a charged product which contained all the mAb83.5 reactive material. beta-Elimination of the labeled peptide or endogenous products produced [3H]Fuc-1-P, indicating phosphodiester linkage to serine. Fucbeta-1-P and GDP-betaFuc at 100 microM blocked mAb83.5 binding to endogenous and peptide products, but their alpha-linked anomers did not. Electrospray ionization mass spectra of the neutral and anionic labeled products showed major peaks of mass units corresponding to O-Fuc-Ser peptide and O-Fuc-phospho-Ser peptide, respectively. The activity of Fuc-phosphotransferase exactly paralleled the accumulation of reactive glycans during growth and development. The expressions of N-glycan core Fucalpha1,6GlcNAc and Fucalpha1,3GlcNAc and their respective fucosyl transferase activities were also synchronous, but their developmental regulation differed from one another. Fucalpha1, 6GlcNAc was expressed maximally during growth but declined during development. In contrast core Fucalpha1,3GlcNAc epitopes were expressed almost exclusively during development. These findings provide direct evidence for a novel type of O-phosphofucosylation, demonstrate the existence of an O-fucosyl transferase, and identify two different types of core fucosylation in the N-glycans of Dictyostelium.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Growth and development in higher plants under simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-dimensional clinostat.

Growth and development of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross Bantam) seedlings grown under simulated microgravity conditions were intensively studied using a 3-dimensional clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness. Epicotyls of etiolated pea seedlings grown on the clinostat were the most oriented toward the direction far from cotyledons. Mesocotyls of etiolated maize seedlings grew at random and coleoptiles curved slightly during clinostat rotation. Clinostat rotation promoted the emergence of the 3rd internodes in etiolated pea seedlings, while it significantly inhibited the growth of the 1st internodes. In maize seedlings, the growth of coleoptiles was little affected by clinostat rotation, but that of mesocotyls was suppressed, and therefore, the emergence of the leaf out of coleoptile was promoted. Clinostat rotation reduced the osmotic concentration in the 1st internodes of pea seedlings, although it has little effect on the 2nd and the 3rd internodes. Clinostat rotation also reduced the osmotic concentrations in both coleoptiles and mesocotyls of maize seedlings. Cell-wall extensibilities of the 1st and the 3rd internodes of pea seedlings grown on the clinostat were significantly lower and higher as compared with those on 1 g conditions, respectively. Cell-wall extensibility of mesocotyls in seedlings grown on the clinostat also decreased. Changes in cell wall properties seem to be well correlated to the growth of each organ in pea and maize seedlings. These results suggest that the growth and development of plants is controlled under gravity on earth, and that the growth responses of higher plants to microgravity conditions are regulated by both cell-wall mechanical properties and osmotic properties of stem cells.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

Glucocorticoid action on the growth and development of insects.

Cortisol increased growth and differentiation in the large milkweed insect (Oncopeltus fasciatus). The glucocorticoid significantly increased the growth of the insect as analyzed by wet and dry weights. Cortisol also stimulated the development of the insects over that of the controls during the six day bioassay.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1995

Scapula length measurement for assessment of fetal growth and development.

To determine the value of prenatal ultrasonographic scapula measurements for fetal growth and development as an adjunct to assessing in utero development, a prospective study of ultrasonography was conducted in 343 pregnant women with uneventful pregnancies with gestational ages from 16 to 41 weeks, and several biometric measurements were obtained. The relationships of scapula length with gestational age and with biparietal diameter, femur length, abdominal circumference and scapula length were examined. With the ultrasonographic examinations of 343 healthy pregnant women, a nomogram of scapula length measurements estimating gestational age and predicting the biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length was generated. Linear relationships were found between the scapula length and the gestational age (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001), the biparietal diameter (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001), abdominal circumference (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001), and the femur length (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001). The rate of increase of scapula length was significantly higher before 28 weeks of gestation than in later pregnancy (p < 0.0001). The correlation coefficients between gestational age and scapula length were 0.95 before 28 weeks of gestation and 0.86 in later weeks. These results suggest that scapula length measurement is a valuable parameter for the assessment of fetal growth and development.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary zinc levels on the growth and development of the gilt.

The effect of dietary Zn levels on the growth and development of gilts was studied. Sixty crossbred and purebred Yorkshire gilts weighing about 30 kg were allotted by sire into four treatment groups and blocked by the date they were farrowed into three blocks. The dietary treatments, which were the amounts of Zn from Zn0 added to the diet, were 0, 50, 500 and 5,000 ppm. Thus, the treatments were less than NRC nutrient requirement, equal to the NRC requirement, 10 times requirement and 100 times requirement for Zn added to a basal corn-soybean meal diet. Weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatment, although there was a trend for gilts receiving 5,000 ppm added Zn to weigh less after 20 wk. After 4 wk on the experimental diets, gilts receiving 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity and serum Zn levels. The activity of SAP tended to decline with age for animals receiving the other dietary treatments. Gilts receiving no supplementary Zn or 50 ppm additional Zn tended to have lower serum Zn concentrations at 4, 12 and 20 wk on the study than initially. Copper concentrations in the serum were reduced when gilts were fed 5,000 ppm additional Zn. These results suggest that gilts tolerate 5,000 ppm supplemental Zn from Zn0 during growth and development, but mineral profiles are altered.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1981

Physical growth and development and nutritional status: epidemiological considerations.

The analysis of growth and development provides the researcher with a valuable tool with which to study the nutritional status of populations. Studies of the growth of children from a 1-year birth cohort from a southern Mexican village indicate that growth is an acceptable indicator of chronic protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Furthermore, analysis of the body size of the parents of the children with chronic PEM indicates that the parents themselves were most likely chronically malnourished during their development. The linear and lateral dimensions of parents, but not the measures of their body composition, may be acceptable indicators of the risk of malnutrition in their children, based on the analysis of sensitivity and specificity.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2005

Multiple roles of a heterotrimeric G-protein gamma-subunit in governing growth and development of Aspergillus nidulans.

Vegetative growth signaling in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is primarily mediated by the heterotrimeric G-protein composed of FadA (G alpha), SfaD (G beta), and a presumed G gamma. Analysis of the A. nidulans genome identified a single gene named gpgA encoding a putative G gamma-subunit. The predicted GpgA protein consists of 90 amino acids showing 72% similarity with yeast Ste18p. Deletion (delta) of gpgA resulted in restricted vegetative growth and lowered asexual sporulation. Moreover, similar to the delta sfaD mutant, the delta gpgA mutant was unable to produce sexual fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) in self-fertilization and was severely impaired with cleistothecial development in outcross, indicating that both SfaD and GpgA are required for fruiting body formation. Developmental and morphological defects caused by deletion of flbA encoding an RGS protein negatively controlling FadA-mediated vegetative growth signaling were suppressed by delta gpgA, indicating that GpgA functions in FadA-SfaD-mediated vegetative growth signaling. However, deletion of gpgA could not bypass the need for the early developmental activator FluG in asexual sporulation, suggesting that GpgA functions in a separate signaling pathway. We propose that GpgA is the only A. nidulans G gamma-subunit and is required for normal vegetative growth as well as proper asexual and sexual developmental progression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Studies on the growth of the fetal guinea pig. The effects of ligation of the uterine artery on organ growth and development.

The effects of reduced maternal placental blood flow on the growth and development of the fetal guinea pig have been studied by unilateral ligation of the uterine artery at day 30 of pregnancy. Fetal guinea pigs were investigated about 20 or 30 days later. In about one-third of cases fetal death occurred, in another third fetuses less than 60% of normal weight were observed and in the remainder all fetuses were in the normal weight range. In the growth retarded fetuses prenatal growth occurred at about 50% of the rate in control. There was no postnatal 'catch up' as growth still remained lower than in controls. Restricted fetal growth affected particularly development of the visceral tissues in which case size declined in proportion to body weight. Brain and adrenal by comparison were less affected as their contribution to total body weight increased, but even so in the severely retarded fetuses the mass of both fell. The responses of the liver were in general consistent with a delay in the pattern of development. Thus DNA, RNA, protein and haematopoietic cell content changes occurred later than normal. In contrast an enhanced deposition of glycogen was apparent in the liver of the growth-retarded fetus. The results indicate some of the ways in which nutritional deprivation of the fetuses leads to reprogramming of growth and maturation of selected fetal tissues to allow non-essential changes to await more favourable times.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mitochondrial gene expression in rat heart and liver during growth and development.

The levels of mitochondrial enzyme activities involved in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and of specific mitochondrial gene transcripts were examined in rat heart and liver tissues during early growth, development, and aging. Increases were shown in cardiac respiratory complex activities I, III, IV, and V and ATPase6 and CoxII transcript levels during the transition from neonate to young adult. This increased mitochondrial gene expression is not associated with a proportionate increase in mitochondrial number. In contrast, no significant changes in liver mitochondrial activities or transcripts were detected during this transition. Marked reductions in the activities of complexes I, III, IV, and V and in ATPase6 and COXII transcripts were demonstrated in older adult as compared with young adult cardiac tissue with no concomitant reduction in cardiac citrate synthase activity and content, and mtDNA copy number. No decline was noted in liver mitochondrial enzyme activity levels and transcripts of old adult rats. These findings suggest that cardiac mitochondrial gene expression is developmentally regulated at a pretranslational level. The pattern of increasing mitochondrial gene expression in the young adult and decreasing gene expression in the aging heart stands in clear contrast to liver mitochondrial gene expression or nuclear-encoded genes such as citrate synthase.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secular change in the growth and development of Han children in China.

This paper reports the secular change in physical growth and development of Han children in 12 Chinese metropolitan cities including Beijing, Tianjing, Shanghai, Jinan, Harbin, Shenyang, Changchun, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. Based on a recent national survey of 14,688 healthy schoolchildren, aged 7-18 years, and together using the historical records of healthy schoolchildren as secondary data source, this study found a secular change in the growth and development of Chinese children and youth. In every decade between the 1950s and 1985 the average height increased by 2.66 cm (range 1.78-3.77) for boys and 2.40 cm (range 1.72-3.76) for girls, and the average weight increased by 1.64 kg (range 1.28-2.63) for boys and 1.14 kg (range 0.63-2.01) for girls in the 12 cities. In the last decade from the 1970s to 1985, the height and weight increments were highest in Beijing, Jinan, Shenyang and Shanghai. In addition, the increments were higher during the peak growth years than during other periods of growth. In the 30 years studied, the ages of maximum growth velocity were advanced, and they were 1 or 2 years earlier in 1985 than in the 1950s in most cities. When compared with the data from the 1930s the results indicate that, during the last half-century, height increased by 1.12-2.66 cm per decade for boys and 1.42-2.67 cm/decade for girls, while weight increased by 0.56-1.27 for boys and 0.65-1.18 kg for girls in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hanzhou and Guangzhou.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Activation of the interleukin 2 pathway precedes CD3-T cell receptor expression in thymic development. Differential growth requirements of early and mature intrathymic subpopulations.

T cell activation induced via the CD3-T cell receptor (TcR) complex, or by triggering of polyclonal antigen-independent pathways, involves both interleukin 2 (IL 2) production and IL 2 receptor (IL 2R) expression and results in T cell proliferation. To assess the potential role of the IL 2 pathway in T cell development, growth and activation requirements of intrathymic T cell precursors were analyzed and correlated with the expression of IL 2R. In contrast to CD3-TcR+ (either CD4+ or CD8+) mature thymic cells, CD3-TcR- CD1-4-8- early prothymocytes constitutively expressed IL 2R and displayed IL 2-mediated proliferation, which was inhibited by anti-IL 2R monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Moreover, prothymocytes developed spontaneous proliferation in the absence of exogenous IL 2, which was also abrogated by blocking of IL 2R with specific mAb. The possibility that both IL 2 production and IL 2R expression are autonomously activated early in T cell development, before acquisition of the CD3-TcR complex, led us to study the implication of alternative pathways of activation at this ontogenic stage. Triggering of the CD2 pathway with mAb against two different epitopes of the molecule (D66 and 9.6/T11(1) induced proliferation of CD3-TcR- prothymocytes in the absence of exogenous IL 2, while proliferation of CD3-TcR+ mature thymocytes required Il 2 supplementation. These data suggest that polyclonal activation of the Il 2 pathway may be selectively operative at early stages of T cell development, being involved in the growth and differentiation of intrathymic T cell precursors.

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1999

Growth and development of the corpus luteum.

The mammalian corpus luteum, which plays a central role in the reproductive process because of its production of hormones such as progesterone, is an exceptionally dynamic organ. Growth and development of the corpus luteum are extremely rapid, and even when the corpus luteum is functionally mature cellular turnover remains high. Associated with this high rate of cell turnover, the mature corpus luteum receives the greatest blood supply per unit tissue of any organ, and also exhibits a relatively high metabolic rate. Central to the growth and development of the corpus luteum, therefore, is luteal vascular growth, which appears to be regulated primarily by the angiogenic growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, the corpus luteum is a complex tissue composed of parenchymal (small and large steroidogenic) and nonparenchymal (for example fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes and endothelial) cells. Recent studies evaluating the expression, location and regulation of gap junctions in the corpus luteum indicate an important role of gap junctional intercellular communication in the coordination of function among these diverse cell types during luteal growth and development. These studies will lead to an improved understanding not only of luteal function but also of tissue growth and development in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[A study on growth and development of maxillofacial region with vector analysis]

In order to observe the maxillofacial growth and development quantitatively, the vector analysis was applied in this study to divide Y axis,which is advocated in Downs method,into horizontal section and vertical one,from which the ratio of the facial growth separately in anterior and inferior direction was obtained.75 pieces of x ray films for various dental stages of Shanghaiese with normal occlusion were selected and their angle of Y axis together with their cotangents were measured. The results showed that the cotangent of those with mixed,early permanent and permanent dentition were separately 0.47,0.48 and 0.45 indication that there was a certain relationship between anterior direction and inferior one for the maxillofacial region growth and development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Evaluation on the growth and development of children from gangsan primary school in Kundulun district of Baotou City].

In order to evaluate the growth and development of primary school children and the effect of anemia on body height and weihgt, a routine examination on anthropometry and heomoglobin was carried out among the children from Gangsan Primary School in the Kundulun District of Baotou City, including 580 boys and 561 girls for anthropometry and 579 boys and 560 girls for hemoglobin in the Spring of 2001. The results showed that the growth and development of children were higher than the average results of children published in 1992 National Nutrition Survey, and also higher than the results from the Chinese school children physique development in 1995. The average prevalence of anemia was 26.2%, and the girls suffered from anemia were much higher than the boys (30.9% and 21.8% respectively). The highest prevalence of anemia in boys was in the second grades(29.3% and 28.9%), however, the highest prevalence of anemia in girls was in the second grade(43.2%). Compared with normal children, the children suffered from anemia were in lower height, lower body weight and lower body mass index significantly(P < 0.001); The present study indicated that anemia might have adverse effects on the growth and development of children.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of rheumatic mitral valvular disease and mitral valve replacement on growth and development.

The effects of rheumatic mitral valvular disease and mitral valve replacement on the growth and development of 37 Southern Chinese children were studied. The stature and body weight were measured before and after operation. All the patients had their skeletal maturity and cortical bone growth assessed after operation, but only 10 patients were similarly assessed before operation. At the time of operation the stature and body weight of all patients were generally retarded. The surgery which corrected the haemodynamic abnormality resulted in increases in the growth rates in stature and body weight but there was no evidence of a catch-up growth with subsequent return to normal dimensions. The patients who are skeletally immature had retarded bone ages and impaired growth of cortical bone. The general trend, though less marked, also showed a reduction in cortical bone in the skeletally mature patients. Surgery appears, at least partially, to alleviate the adverse effects of the disease on the growth and development of patients.

Adolescent↗