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PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, sexuality and communication issues that constitute barriers to the use of natural family planning and other fertility awareness-based methods.

Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning are rarely offered through reproductive health services in Latin America, despite evidence that many women use them. Providers state that clients do not want these methods, but provider-bias is evident. Providers overestimate the difficulty of learning and using fertility awareness-based methods, and they underestimate their efficacy. Both providers and clients have difficulty dealing with sexuality (which is central to fertility awareness-based methods). Many providers lack gender sensitivity, 'worsening' the unequal relationship between providers and clients. Experience has shown that when fertility awareness-based methods are well provided, they can have a positive effect on sexuality, self-understanding, and equality in the couple's relationship.

Awareness↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular disease in women and noncontraceptive use of hormones: a feminist analysis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is being defined by biomedical researchers and physicians as part of the menopausal syndrome. Postmenopausal lowered levels of estrogen are presented as a prime cause of changes in cholesterol levels that are a risk factor for CVD. The biomedical model and hormone debate are described and analyzed, followed by a feminist perspective of CVD. This includes new federal policies that support CVD research. Nurses are encouraged to present a broader picture of CVD and its risks than that presented by the biomedical model and to empower women's understanding of this complex health issue through educational, clinical, and research endeavors.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1988

Ordinance establishing a Department for the Equality of Women and Men, 24 February 1988.

This Ordinance establishes a Department for the Equality of Women and Men to encourage the application of the principle of equality between women and men in all areas of life and to devote itself to the elimination of all forms of direct or indirect discrimination. The Department is attached to the Swiss Federal Office of Culture and has the following functions, among others: 1) to formulate normative acts and measures that the Confederation will enact for the ends of promoting and guaranteeing equality between women and men; 2) to collaborate with cantonal and community departments as well as with organizations that assume similar tasks; 3) to advise individuals and authorities on questions dealing with equality between women and men; 4) to issue recommendations and to establish or request expert evaluation; 5) to develop, in concert with interested parties, programs and measures aimed at ensuring the equality of women and men and to follow their implementation; 6) to inform public opinion about the issues of equality between women and men; and 7) to report regularly on its activities and on the realization of the legislative program relating to "equality of rights between men and women," as well as on the actual situation with respect to the equality of women and men. Further provisions of the Ordinance deal with the Department's relations with other federal offices and wages for personnel, among other things.

Communication↗
PubMed2006

A community health programme in rural Tamil Nadu, India: the need for gender justice for women.

This article highlights the efforts of the Community Health and Development (CHAD) Programme of Christian Medical College to address the issues of gender discrimination and improve the status of women in the Kaniyambadi Block, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The many schemes that are specifically for women and general projects for the community from which women can also benefit represent a multi-pronged approach whose aim is the improvement of women's health, education and employment in the context of community development. However, despite five decades of work with a clear bias in favour of women, the improvement in health and the empowerment of women has lagged behind that achieved by men. We believe this is because the community, with its strong male bias, utilises the health facilities and education and employment programmes more for the benefit of men and boys than women and girls. The article argues for a change of approach, in which gender and women's issues are openly discussed and debated with the community. It would appear that nothing short of social change will bring about an improvement in the health of women and a semblance of gender equality in the region.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1994

Worksite stress: gender and cultural diversity issues.

1. Worksite stress has been linked to physical and psychological hazards. by the year 2000, 85% of new entrants into the work force will be women and minorities. This increased presence in the work force exposes women and minorities to occupational stress hazards. 2. Ethnic minority women, in addition to experiencing stressors that other women experience, are exposed to stressors that are unique because of their ethnicity. 3. Occupational health nurses are in prime positions to examine factors that influence stress. 4. Stress management programs to assist women to manage their stress should include strategies that enable women in general, and ethnic minority women specifically, to cope with their unique stressors.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Stress and illness in adolescence: issues of race and gender.

There is an abundance of information on the association between stressful life events and illness within the adult population. In contrast, research on this relationship among adolescents is limited. This study evaluated the role of individual differences (gender and race) on the stress-illness relationship within the adolescent population. Participants were 119 adolescents (54 females and 65 males), recruited from two public high schools located in the southeast, who were administered four questionnaires designed to measure levels of stress, anxiety, and illness. Overall, correlational analysis revealed that stress and anxiety were positively correlated with reported illness. However, racial and gender differences did emerge. Although no gender differences were found with regard to the experience of stress, African-American athletes reported a higher frequency of stressful life events than did their Euro-American counterparts. Further, African-American adolescents reported a lower frequency of illness than did the Euro-Americans. Females reported more illnesses than did males. Possible explanations for individual differences in reported stress and illness are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Grade, pubertal status, and gender-related variations in conflictual issues among adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to describe adolescent perceptions of conflictual family issues, and to ascertain if the intensity of these issues is associated with adolescent grade in school, pubertal status, and gender. The sample was comprised of 279 junior high and senior high school students. Each participant completed a self-report measure of pubertal status, a demographic questionnaire, and the Issues Checklist. Principal factor analysis with varimax rotation of the Issues Checklist resulted in the retention of four factors accounting for 71.59% of the variance. Stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each emergent factor with grade in school, pubertal status, and gender serving as predictors. The results of these analyses indicated that the intensity of School Issues and Household Behavior Issues is greater among seventh and ninth graders than among eleventh graders. Self-Responsibility Issues were perceived as being most intense among transpubertal adolescents. Finally, boys perceived more intense conflict over Persistent Issues and Concerns than did girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gender identity and sport: is the playing field level?

This review examines gender identity issues in competitive sports, focusing on the evolution of policies relating to female gender verification and transsexual participation in sport. The issues are complex and continue to challenge sport governing bodies, including the International Olympic Committee, as they strive to provide a safe environment in which female athletes may compete fairly and equitably.

Female↗
PubMed2001

[Medicine has much to learn from gender studies].

The issues raised in this article and illustrated with examples from gender research indicate new directions for public health, taking multidisciplinary gender scholarship into account. The changing potential of a gendered public health can be summarized in the following issues: new research questions and research areas, making differences within the group of women/men visible, introducing power analyses, developing theoretical frameworks as well as problematizing masculinities. Medicine has much to learn from gender research, especially in relation to reflexive approaches as well as current epistemology.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Sources of stress for residents and recommendations for programs to assist them.

Bridging the gap between graduation from medical school and being board eligible in a medical specialty is a lengthy and arduous process. The fact that stress is typical during the residency training period is well-documented in the literature, as are its many situational, professional, and personal sources, which the author reviews: heavy work-load, sleep deprivation, difficult patients, poor learning environments, relocation issues, isolation and social problems, financial concerns, cultural and minority issues, information overload, and career planning issues. Stress can also stem from and exacerbate gender-related issues and problems for significant others, spouses, and family members. The author also describes less commonly documented sources of stress-often overlooked or postponed so long that stresses are inevitable for all concerned. These are associated with residents who perform marginally and in some cases should not have been passed on from medical school, or who are studying specialties not compatible with their skills and personalities, or who foster severe interpersonal problems on the job. Common effects of stress include anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive trends, hostility, and alcohol and substance abuse. To respond to the problems that these many stressors present to residents, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that all post-medical-school medical training programs make assistance services available for all residents. The author outlines essential elements of an assistance program, states how important such problems can be in saving both residents and their institutions needless difficulties and costs, and presents important issues for the consideration of all involved in residents' training.

Counseling↗
PubMed2006

Mentoring women in academic surgery: overcoming institutional barriers to success.

Women now comprise 50% of Caucasian matriculants to medical school; 66.6% of African Americans, 48% of Hispanics and 51.3% of Asians beginning medical school are also women. This trend is likely to continue since women now earn 57% of all undergraduate degrees, and they earn more degrees in the health professions and biological sciences than men. Black and Hispanic women now earn 66% and 60% of bachelor's degrees in their respective ethnic groups. Overall, women are concentrated at the lowest faculty ranks at medical schools, with 70% holding the rank of instructor or assistant professor. Women continue to experience difficulty with recruitment, retention, promotion and pay issues compared to men. They also experience additional gender-specific issues, including primary responsibility for rearing families and quality-of-life issues in some specialties, including most of the surgical disciplines. Clearly, there is an evolving population shift at work here; the pool of candidates for medical school faculty positions is likely to be evenly split between men and women for Caucasians, Hispanics and Asians, while the African-American pool is likely heavily weighted in favor of the women. Women are beginning to garner more Latin honors recognition at graduation as well and the definition of the "best and the brightest" is being redefined. Therefore, institutions must continue to identify the barriers that deter women from entering surgery, to develop research tools to understand how to improve the process of developing leadership skills among women and to insure a "buy-in" of their male counterparts when components of the plan are being implemented.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

Islam is the solution: Jordanian Islamists and the dilemma of the 'modern woman'.

During the past decade, the issue of gender relations and women's conduct and dress has been occupying an increasingly prominent place in the discourse of Islamist movements. This article attempts to situate Arab Islamists' preoccupation with women within the legacy of colonialism and social transformations relating to gender and class. With regard to Jordan, the author links the urgency of the issue with social transformations at the level of gender and class during recent decades, and points out that the key to understanding the prominence of the 'woman question' in Islamist thinking is the fact that the social groups which comprise the traditional constituency of the Islamists are finally experiencing for themselves the socially disruptive implications of new patterns in women's work, education and visibility. In short, the issue of women's modesty and conduct, which was more abstract as recent as one generation ago (when only upper middle and upper class women were visible in the public domain), acquires concreteness and urgency in the rapidly changing social environment. The article also tries to show how the Islamists' framing of the issue in cultural terms has a primal appeal, especially to those social groups most alienated from the insular world of the westernized elite and in search of 'authentic' ways of living in the modern world.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender equity in health care: the case of Swedish diabetes care.

To explore the issue of gender equity in diabetes care in Sweden and to develop strategies for monitoring gender equity in health care, population-based studies and statistics published since 1990 were reviewed that contained gender-specific data on health care utilization, glycemic control, patient satisfaction, health-related quality of life, and mortality from diabetes. The review shows that diabetic women in Sweden report more frequent outpatient contacts, less patient satisfaction, and a lower health-related quality of life than diabetic men. No gender differences were found in the level of glycemic control. Young and middle-aged men with diabetes have a high excess all-cause mortality as compared with nondiabetic men. A trend toward stronger social gradient in mortality among women than men with diabetes was observed in a large nationwide study.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed2005

[Deficits and outlook on gender-specific health care as exemplified by KHK and mental disorders].

Gender differences in health care are controversially discussed. Results show superfluous, insufficient or inappropriate health care of female and male patients. Many publications show that women are not sufficiently included in clinical trials and therefore data are not useful for analysing gender differences. Survey data like the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (Bundes-Gesundheits survey 1998) can be used alternatively to analyse gender specific issues. This survey was used to show possible age and gender differences in prevalence, drug usage and health counselling of female and male patients with coronary heart disease and mental disorders. The number of physician attendances differs in sex and age group in both groups of illnesses. Women have higher number of physician consultations than men and the elderly more than the younger persons. For elderly women with coronary heart disease the control of blood cholesterol levels seems to be poorer than in men. Men get more health counselling from their doctors than women. The results emphasize the importance of considering gender differences in medical research.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1990

Gender differences of young adults with schizophrenic disorders in community care.

Gender differences were studied in the lives of 122 young adults (mean age = 23.11 years) with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-related disorders who are participants in a long-term study of progressive community care. Across the first 2 years, males who required hospitalization showed a trend toward greater recidivism and spent more time in institutions than women who required hospitalization. Women spent more time in inpatient medical settings for nonpsychiatric reasons. In community living domains, significant gender differences were found in parent roles, frequency of heterosexual relationships and behaviors, substance use, arrest rates, the number who spent time in jail, and residential settings. In the study to date, more males than females have committed suicide. We discuss specific ways in which treatment can be sensitive to these gender-relevant issues. We also note the need for future research on gender differences in schizophrenia to consider the very different community lives of men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Gender identity in XY intersexuality.

The following syndromes of XY intersexuality are reviewed: 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency, and complete and partial androgen insensitivity with attention focused on issues of gender identity. Each syndrome, with its unique presentation, provides an opportunity to explore the relative effects of nature (androgens) versus nurture (sex of rearing) in gender identity development. The phenomenon of gender role reversal in these conditions is described and theories on the determinants of gender identity formation are proposed. Issues of importance to psychiatrists in treating patients who have these conditions also are discussed.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗