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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Migratory birds of central Washington as reservoirs of Campylobacter jejuni.

Migratory ducks, Canada geese, and sandhill crane from the Pacific North American Flyway have been screened for Campylobacter spp. Samples (298) from these birds were examined and the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in the samples were as follows: sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida), 81%; ducks (Aythya collaris, Anas carolinensis, Aythya americana, and Anas platyrhynchos), 73%; and Canada geese (Branta canadensis), 5%. All isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. To our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of C. jejuni from sandhill crane. The high frequency of isolation in both the sandhill crane and migratory ducks indicated that these bird populations may play a significant role in the dissemination of the bacterium. Because of their migratory habits, these birds may be particularly important in spreading C. jejuni to remote areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Stress in birds due to routine handling and a technique to avoid it.

The stress that might result in animals from the routine handling that most experimental studies involve, e.g., weighing, injecting, and blood sampling, is usually assumed to be minimal when the animals look quiet. However, the intensity of this stress remains largely ignored. We have developed a system that allows blood samples to be taken from freely behaving geese without entering the animal room. In these entirely undisturbed geese, the humoral indexes of stress, i.e., blood levels of catecholamines, corticosterone, and lactate, were as low or even lower than the lowest values previously reported for birds. Remarkably, the mean basal values for epinephrine and norepinephrine were 90-fold and 5-fold, respectively, below the lowest values in the literature. Stress-induced variations in pH that would have concealed detection of nutrition-induced changes in pH were eliminated. In contrast, even though the birds looked quiet during a short 5-min routine handling procedure, to which they had been accustomed for weeks, there was a dramatic increase in the level of humoral indexes of stress. These increased severalfold within only 2 min, and the return to initial values could take up to 1 h. Acid-base balance was also disrupted. Thus, in studies on animals, the absence of stress cannot be deduced from only behavioral observations. Only a system for taking blood without human interference may enable stress-free investigations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Screening of feral pigeon (Colomba livia), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and graylag goose (Anser anser) populations for Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., avian influenza virus and avian paramyxovirus.

A total of 119 fresh faecal samples were collected from graylag geese migrating northwards in April. Also, cloacal swabs were taken from 100 carcasses of graylag geese shot during the hunting season in August. In addition, samples were taken from 200 feral pigeons and five mallards. The cultivation of bacteria detected Campylobacter jejuni jejuni in six of the pigeons, and in one of the mallards. Salmonella diarizona 14: k: z53 was detected in one graylag goose, while all pigeons and mallards were negative for salmonellae. No avian paramyxovirus was found in any of the samples tested. One mallard, from an Oslo river, was influenza A virus positive, confirmed by RT-PCR and by inoculation of embryonated eggs. The isolate termed A/Duck/Norway/ 1/03 was found to be of H3N8 type based on sequence analyses of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase segments, and serological tests. This is the first time an avian influenza virus has been isolated in Norway. The study demonstrates that the wild bird species examined may constitute a reservoir for important bird pathogens and zoonotic agents in Norway.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The primary structures of the major and minor hemoglobin-components of adult Andean goose (Chloephaga melanoptera, Anatidae): the mutation Leu----Ser in position 55 of the beta-chains.

The primary structures of the hemoglobin components Hb A and Hb D of the adult Andean Goose (Chloephaga melanoptera) are presented. The globin chains were separated on CM-Cellulose in 8M urea buffer. The amino-acid sequences were established by automatic Edman degradation of the globin chains and of the tryptic peptides in liquid- and gas-phase sequenators. The sequences are aligned with those of Greylag Goose (Anser anser) as a biological reference and other sequences of birds. A detailed evaluation of all residues of Andean Goose hemoglobins on the basis of the 12000 known avian globin sequences leads to a molecular pattern for high-altitude respiration of geese. The replacement of functional and structural importance is the unique occurrence of the residue beta 55 Leu----Ser (all other exchanges are functionally neutral), interrupting the same alpha 1 beta 1-interface contact (alpha 119-beta 55) that accounts for high-altitude respiration of the Barheaded Goose (Anser indicus); there the mutation is found on alpha A 119. Loosening the constraints of this interface must be interpreted as a destabilization of the low-affinity T-structure in favour of the high-affinity R-structure. The structural and functional significance of this interface for the molecular biology of high-altitude respiration of the Andean Goose and Barheaded Goose is discussed. Since Hb A consists of alpha A2 beta 2 and Hb D consists of alpha D2 beta 2 the mutation occurring in blood of the Andean Goose affects both hemoglobins whereas in the case of the Barheaded Goose only Hb A is affected. These results show that Hb D can be considered a biological reserve to enlarge situatively the normal hemoglobin function. A general molecular pattern for permanent (selective advantage of high intrinsic oxygen affinity) and transitory (selective advantage of graded oxygen affinities) adaptation to hypoxia is discussed. A survey on the sequence homology of the globin chains of geese (Anserinae) and ducks (Anatinae) is given.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A serotype-specific polymerase chain reaction for identification of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1.

A serotype-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection and identification of Pasteurella multocida serotype 1, the causative agent of avian cholera in wild waterfowl. Arbitrarily primed PCR was used to detect DNA fragments that distinguish serotype 1 from the other 15 serotypes of P. multocida (with the exception of serotype 14). Oligonucleotide primers were constructed from these sequences, and a PCR assay was optimized and evaluated. PCR reactions consistently resulted in amplification products with reference strains 1 and 14 and all other serotype 1 strains tested, with cell numbers as low as 2.3 cells/ml. No amplification products were produced with other P. multocida serotypes or any other bacterial species tested. To compare the sensitivity and further test the specificity of this PCR assay with traditional culturing and serotyping techniques, tissue samples from 84 Pekin ducks inoculated with field strains of P. multocida and 54 wild lesser snow geese collected during an avian cholera outbreak were provided by other investigators working on avian cholera. PCR was as sensitive (58/64) as routine isolation (52/64) in detecting and identifying P. multocida serotype 1 from the livers of inoculated Pekins that became sick or died from avian cholera. No product was amplified from tissues of 20 other Pekin ducks that received serotypes other than type 1 (serotype 3, 12 x 3, or 10) or 12 control birds. Of the 54 snow geese necropsied and tested for P. multocida, our PCR detected and identified the bacteria from 44 compared with 45 by direct isolation. The serotype-specific PCR we developed was much faster and less labor intensive than traditional culturing and serotyping procedures and could result in diagnosis of serotype 1 pasteurellosis within 24 hr of specimen submission.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reassortants of H5N1 influenza viruses recently isolated from aquatic poultry in Hong Kong SAR.

The H5N1 virus (H5N1/97) that caused the bird flu incident in Hong Kong in 1997 has not been isolated since the poultry slaughter in late 1997. But the donor of its H5 hemagglutinin gene, Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/Gd/96-like) virus, established a distinct lineage and continued to circulate in geese in the area. In 2000, a virus from the Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage was isolated for the first time from domestic ducks. Subsequently, it has undergone reassortment, and these novel reassortants now appear to have replaced Gs/Gd/96-like viruses from its reservoir in geese and from ducks. The internal gene constellation is also different from H5N1/97, but these variants have the potential for further reassortment events that may allow the interspecies transmission of the virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on cyclic AMP formation in the duck and goose brain.

Two molecular forms of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), i.e., PACAP27 and PACAP38 (0.0001-1 microM), as well as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 0.1-3 microM), have been studied for their effects on cyclic AMP formation in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of duck and goose. All three peptides concentration-dependently stimulated cyclic AMP production in the tested brain regions of 2-3-weeks-old (young) ducks, with VIP showing at least one order of magnitude weaker activity than PACAP. This characteristics suggests the existence in the duck's brain of adenylyl cyclase-linked PAC1 receptors. Both forms of PACAP also stimulated the nucleotide formation in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of 5-6-months-old (adult) ducks or geese grown under natural environment. The peptides-evoked effects in adult and young ducks were comparable, and clearly greater than those found in adult geese. The present data extend our recent observations made on chicks, and suggest PACAP to be a potent stimulator of the cyclic AMP generation in the avian central nervous system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Fluoroacetamide (1081) oisoning in wild birds.

An outbreak of poisoning in four greylag geese (Anser anser) and 35-45 teal (Anas crecca) is described. Laboratory findings led to the conclusion that a wheat bait containing the rodenticide fluoracetamide (1081) caused the poisoning. Circumstantial evidence incriminated fluoracetamide as the cause of death in white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and chukars (Alectoris chukar).

Acetamides↗
PubMed1979

Avian cholera in waterfowl in Saskatchewan, spring 1977.

Avian cholera was diagnosed in lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens), Ross' geese (Anser rossii) and individuals of several other waterfowl species in a small area of south-western Saskatchewan over a 1 month period during the 1977 spring migration. Approximately 250 dead birds were found. This is apparently the first time avian cholera has been reported in migrating waterfowl in Canada. The site of the mortality was midway between the wintering and nesting areas of the two principal species, and the significance of the occurrence of the disease this far north is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Waterfowl mortality caused by aflatoxicosis in Texas.

Waterfowl mortality caused by aflatoxicosis occurred in two separate areas in Texas during the 1977-78 wintering season. The first outbreak occurred in snow geese (Anser caerulescens) on the Gulf Coast prairies, followed by an outbreak in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the north-central portion of the state. Aflatoxin B1 levels in geese were 500 ng/g (dry weight). Aflatoxin B1 levels in the second mortality were 10-250 ng/g (dry weight). The exact source of the toxin was not demonstrated in the first outbreak, but in the second outbreak was traced to waste peanuts, which constituted a major portion of the diet of wintering waterfowl in north-central Texas. Aflatoxin B1 levels in the field peanuts collected in the general areas were 110 ng/g.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1997

Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 isolated from a lesser snow goose: evidence of a carrier state.

Pharyngeal swabs were collected from 298 lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) at Banks Island (Northwest Territories. Canada) in the summer of 1994. Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from an adult male bird and P. multocida serotype 3 was isolated from an adult female goose. Pathogenicity of the serotype 1 isolate was confirmed by inoculation in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The serotype 3 isolate was non-pathogenic in Pekin ducks. This is the first documented isolation of pathogenic P. multocida serotype 1 from apparently healthy wild snow geese.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir.

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), American coots (Fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. An unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of AVM, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern United States. We conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during October-March from 1998-2004 at Clarks Hill/Strom Thurmond Lake on the Georgia/South Carolina border to better understand the disease. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy was confirmed or suspected as the cause of morbidity and mortality of 28 bald eagles, 16 Canada geese (Branta canadensis), six American coots, two great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and one killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Active surveillance during the outbreaks yielded annual average prevalence of vacuolar lesions in 17-94% of coots, but not in 10 beavers (Castor canadensis), four raccoons (Procyon lotor), and one gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) collected for the study. Brain lesions were not apparent in 30 Canada geese collected and examined in June 2002. The outbreaks at this location from 1998-2004 represent the most significant AVM-related bald eagle mortality since the Arkansas epornitics of 1994-95 and 1996-97, as well as the first confirmation of the disease in members of Strigiformes and Charadriiformes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. I. Natural occurrence and diagnosis.

Clinical sickness was observed in domestic ducks, geese, horses and swine during October 1973. All species showed upper alimentary distress with mortalities occurring in the geese. Barley derived from a common source had been fed. Examination of the barley revealed invasion by Fusarium spp and detection of a high level of dermatitic fusariotoxins.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

[Origin and differentiation of domestic goose breeds in China, inferred from mitochondrial DNA polymorphism].

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 138 samples from 11 domestic goose breeds in China were investigated by digesting, with 19 restriction endonucleases. Of 19 enzymes used, seven (Bcl I, Dra I, Eco RV, Hae II, Hinc II, Kpn I, Sac I) detected polymorphic patterns. By combining 27 restriction morphs, 138 individuals were classified into 6 mtDNA haplotypes. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using UPGMA. There was no shared haplotype between Yili breed and the other 10 breeds. Genetic distance and UPGMA tree also suggested that Yili breed and other breeds came from different ancestors. Yili breed originated from Anser anser and other 10 breeds originated from Anser cygnoides. Restriction morphs digested with 4 enzymes (EcoRV, Hae II, Hinc II and Kpn I) could be used as maternal genetic markers to distinguish the two types of domestic geese. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was observed in the ten breeds of Anser cygnoides. Nucleotide diversity (pi), genetic distance between the two types and the average genetic distance among the ten breeds were estimated to be 0.025%, 0.266%, 0.029%, respectively. The breeds with white plume were affected by founder effect when they were formed. Swan domestic geese, Anser cygnoides domesticus, in China might come from two different populations of Anser cygnoides at two different places.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in the Atlantic flyway.

Four isolants of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained from free-flying Canada geese in the Atlantic flyway were characterized and compared with the B1, LaSota, Roakin, and Texas-GB strains of NDV. The 4 isolants were identified as lentogenic strains on the basis of embryo mean death times of greater than 100 hours and relative lack of pathogenicity for 1-day-old and 3-week-old chickens. The hemagglutinin of 2 of the isolants was stable at 56 C for 15 minutes, 1 for 30 minutes, and the other for at least 2 hours. When held at 4 C for 24 hours, none of the 4 isolants could be eluted from chicken erythrocytes. All 4 of the isolants produced plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures without additives, whereas the B1 and LaSota strains did not. The 4 lentogenic NDV isolants from Canada geese differed in many respects from currently used commerical vaccine strains (B1 and LaSota).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparative study on semen quality of one- and two-year-old ganders during the entire reproductive season.

AIM: To evaluate the characteristics of semen produced by one- and two-years old White Italian ganders during the entire reproductive season, in order to clarify whether the young ganders are responsible for a low fertility rate in young geese. METHODS: Males were kept individually in cages under natural light. Semen was collected by dorso-abdominal massage three times a week and routine examination was performed. RESULTS: The mean ejaculate volume (2.1 and 1.6 mL, respectively) and sperm concentration (323 and 281 x 10(6)/mL, respectively) in one-year-old ganders were higher than those of two-year-old ones. The percentages viable spermatozoa of one- and two-year-old ganders were similar (91.4 and 92.3%, respectively), but the percentage of normally formed viable spermatozoa was significantly higher in the older ganders than in the younger (47.8 and 42.9%, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The semina from one- or two-year-old Ganders were similar in regard to volume, sperm density and sperm motility, but the percentage of normally formed viable spermatozoa, which is critical for fertilization, was significantly higher in the older ganders. It appears that the ganders are responsible for the low fertility rate in young geese.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolants from poultry.

A total of 607 Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated in Israel from turkeys, geese, and chickens. Serotyping was carried out by the gel-diffusion precipitin test. The antigens were heat-stable saline extracts of the organisms, and the diagnostic sera were produced in chickens using formalinized bacterins. Among 31 serotypes containing one to five antigenic factors, serotypes 1 and 3 accounted for 58.1%, 80.8%, and 88.9% isolants from turkeys, geese, and chickens, respectively. On the basis of the incidence of these serotypes in the flocks examined, serotype 1 was predominant. The variety of antigenic components was greatest for strains from turkeys, with some untypable. The record of isolants from various flocks indicated the wide distribution of many of the strains. Attention was drawn to strains with multiple antigenic factors and the possible implication of their presence in the preparation and use of vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Features of the antioxidant homeostasis of goose liver in early postnatal ontogenesis].

The research of features antioxidant status in early postnatal ontogenesis at the geese with an early target level pereoxidation is conducted. The very high target level of lipid pereoxidation (FLOOR) compared with the hens is shown, that at gees in norm. Are established (installed) laws of changes a FLOOR in liver of the geese on the first month of life.

Animals↗