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PubMed1983

[The effects of malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur on the house fly, Musca domestica I. (Diptera: Muscidae), populations].

The present work was carried out to determine the LD50 and LD90 of Malathion, Fenitrothion and Propoxur for the house fly, MUSCA DOMESTICA L., under laboratory conditions. The house fly populations were collected from the municipality garbage area of Ankara in September 1981, April and September, 1982. The resistance tests were applied on both sexes by means of Topical Application method. The highest resistance level for Malathion was observed in Ankara strains. The values of LD50 were 261.1, 302.1, 312,6 micrograms/female, respectively. The populations were not showed high resistance ratio to Fenitrothion (R/S 93.3, 126.6, 56.6 at LD50) and Propoxur (R/S 34.2, 31.4, 21.4 at LD50). It is clear that, Propoxur was more toxic to female and male flies than Fenitrothion. However the males were more susceptible to the applied insecticides than the females. It was concluded that susceptibility of houseflies to the insecticides varied widely by seasons in the same habitat. The results of the tests indicated that the resistance level of Malathion was very high. Therefore it should not be recommended for the control of houseflies in Ankara.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates and environmental sanitation in a rural district, Central Thailand.

The study of Salmonella and Shigella carrier rates were carried out in two Tambol (sub districts). Klongjik, Kanon-Laung and Amphur (district) Bang-Pa-In. The carrier rates of Salmonella and Shigella were 3.3% and 0.8% respectively. Most Salmonella strains were sensitive to the antibiotics commonly used; only 6.4% and 3.2% were resistant to tetracycline and neomycin. All Shigella isolated were resistant to chloramphenicol and 75% to tetracycline. One fourth of the families defecated in the river or canal or went to the field and one third disposed the garbage into the river or canal. This contaminated water was used for drinking by 62.7% of all families and only 28.1% treated the water by boiling. The disease vectors bothering the villagers were rats 58.8%, flies and cockroaches which served as important vehicles for cross contamination. The prevalence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the villages was 1933 per 100,000 and presented as the morbidity rate of this disease in the district hospital, only 355 to 363 per 100,000 in 1979 and 1980. Health care for diarrhoeal diseases in these villages were 61% by self-medication, 36% using the village healer and only 3% went to the district hospital. The effective means to eliminate transient and chronic carriers of Shigella and Salmonella typhi may be very important but other means of prevention of diarrhoeal diseases of typhoid fever are through the sanitary disposal of human excreta and the development of safe water supply should be emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Occupational symptoms among compost workers.

Exposure to gram-negative bacteria and the presence of subjective symptoms among workers were investigated at an experimental compost plant. Four of the 11 workers reported nausea, headache, and diarrhea, an incidence greater than that reported by workers in a drinking water plant. The number of airborne gram-negative bacteria was high where household garbage was agitated by the technical equipment. The findings are similar to those in studies on workers in sewage treatment plants.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1995

Developmental, behavioural, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea among rural Bangladeshi children of less than two years.

One hundred and eighty-five rural Bangladeshi children (80 boys and 105 girls) aged 4-27 months were observed to investigate developmental, behavioural, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea during a 6-month period. Incidence of diarrhoea was found to be the highest among children aged 10-12 months. Children of this age group had the greatest exposure to environmental contaminants in the neighbourhood. Incidence of diarrhoea was the highest in hot, dry months. Risk factors for diarrhoea included: faecal contamination and garbage disposal in infant's outdoor play compound, crawling, contact of hand and mouth with contaminated materials, greater distance of household from water source, inadequate cleaning after defecation; dirt of child's face, presence of flies, feeding rotten food; insufficient washing of infant's and caretaker's hands before feeding rice meals or soft, wet foods; and lack of mothers' willingness to visit a modern (allopathic) health practitioner.

Bangladesh↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of infection by intestinal helminths and protozoa in school children from a coastal locality in the province of Valdivia, Chile].

During July-August 1989, 219 coprological samples from primary school children from Niebla and Los Molinos localities (39 degrees 52'S, 73 degrees 26'W) in the coast of province of Valdivia, Chile, were analysed. Prevalence % (in parentheses) of infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths were the followings: Entamoeba histolytica: (18.0), Entamoeba coli (34.0), Endolimax nana (34.4), Iodamoeba buetschlii (7.4), Blastocystis hominis (64.3), Giardia intestinalis (27.9) Chilomastix mesnili (0.8), Ascaris lumbricoides (12.7), Trichuris trichiura (32.0), Trichostronqylidea gen. sp. (0.8), Enterobius vermicularis (1.6), Hymenolepis nana (0.4) Diphyllobothrium sp. (0.4). No sanitary conditions, water, faeces and garbage disposal were detected in the 55.5%, 86.4% and 52.7% of 110 houses from the sector, respectively. The high prevalence of protozoa and helminths intestinal infections in the sector are related to no sanitary conditions of houses and fecal contamination of the estuary of the Valdivia river.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence and epidemiolgic aspects of giardiasis in day care centers in the Municipality of Aracaju, SE, Brazil].

A survey of the giardiasis prevalence was done in children from 2 till 5 years old who frequented two day nurseries ("A" and "B"). Its relation with some epidemiological aspects through the realization of parasitological exams of stool and an inquiry applied to mothers. In day nursery "A" with a high standard a life, 20 (66.6%) of 30 inquired children were parasitised and all the children in day nursery "B" had some enteroparasite. Giardia lambia was found in 15 (50%) of the children in better standard of life and in 19 (63.3%) of the children with a lower one. The ingesting of vegetables was the only allied factor to the high degree of giardiasis in day nursery "A". The day nursery "B" suffered influences from other aspects: no potable water in the residences, the inappropriate destiny of the garbage, the ingesting of vegetables habit and collective bedroom. The adequate sanitation and the existence of domestic animals were not related to parasitism by Giardia lamblia.

Brazil↗
PubMed1994

[The 1990 salmonella epidemic in the commercial city of Lübeck--an epidemiologic study as a contribution to determining the etiology of the salmonella outbreak].

In 1990 in Germany for the first time more than 100,000 cases of enteric infections (mostly salmonella enteritidis) were registered. The incidence is still increasing. As only one of ten cases is reported the yearly overall loss to general economy is estimated up to DM 600,000,000. Many hypotheses on causes were suggested but none could be verified (e.g. mass-breeding of animals, modernistic habits of eating and drinking, introduction of microwave-cooking, deterioration of hygiene in kitchens, insufficient cooling of food). This paper reports on the result of retrospective interviews with regard to food- and kitchen-hygiene of persons suffering from salmonellosis during an epidemy in Lübeck in autumn 1990. As no systematic violations of rules of hygiene could be detected we concluded that in future prevention and research should again be concentrated especially on the control of animal feed imports, poultry breeding, cooling and technical processing of eggs and garbage-sanitation. In Sweden consistent elimination of infected poultry stock showed effect. In the Federal Republic of Germany more drastic steps in regard of planed EC-Guidelines on the control of zoonoses are demanded.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Urban planning and vector control in Southeast Asian cities.

A large and growing proportion of the population in many Southeast Asian cities live in slums and squatter settlements and they suffer from excessive exposure to insect and rodent vectors which transmit disease from one host to another. In such settlements, the quality of life, which is poor anyway, is made even worse by the high incidence of vector-borne diseases. Vector proliferation in high-density, low-income urban settlements is the consequence of a number of factors, such as lack of adequate housing, water supply, sanitation, drainage, and solid waste management facilities. There is an urgent need to rethink intersectoral and integrated approaches to the design and planning of healthy urban environments, covering such matters as basic infrastructure and services, urban land use planning and waste management, health-promoting housing and architecture, and the control of all other factors that determine human health and well-being. With cooperation between and among the communities, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations as the basis, the installation of low-cost sanitation and drainage systems, the organization of collection services for the disposal of garbage, the provision of house screening and other protective measures, and the removal of breeding sites can greatly reduce the threat of most urban vectors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The Iceman murder: one of a series of contract murders.

A body with a gunshot wound to the head was discovered in a wooded area in mid September 1983 wrapped with about 20 consecutive layers of plastic garbage bags and rope. Examination of the body revealed a bullet hole in the occipital-parietal region and a peculiar decomposition of the body. Following a forensic reconstruction of our autopsy findings, microscopic studies and other ancillary factors, we concluded that the body had been frozen for about 2 and one-quarter years prior to its being dumped along a mountain road here in Rockland County. The means by which we concluded that the victim had been frozen for about 2 and one-quarter years and other important aspects of this case are fully discussed.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed1995

[A comparative study of public knowledge and awareness of echinococcus in relation to anti-echinococcus policies of towns in Hokkaido].

A population-based comparative study was performed on public awareness and knowledge about the risk of Echinococcosis and the life habits of the people living in 2 towns in eastern Hokkaido, Bekkai and akan. Bekkai has had an anti-echinococcosis policy and Akan has only limited experiences with such countermeasures. The results of the survey were as follows: 1) Compared with the inhabitants in the town of Akan, the residents in Bekkai had significantly higher correct response rates for many questions concerning parasitological knowledge and the risks of echinococcosis, and knew about subjects such as the pathogen, latency period, susceptible organs, the prognosis, the possibility of transmission of echinococcosis from human to human and methods for the sterilization of eggs from infected animals. 2) The rate of correct answers to such questions were approximately 70 to 90% in both towns. However the percentage of correct answers to questions about carrier animals and the question of human susceptibility were relatively low, ie., 45% and 20%, respectively, even in Bekkai. 3) The residents of Akan knew more about carrier animals of echinococcosis than the inhabitants of Bekkai. In Akan woman and persons in their 20's and 30's had lower rates of correct answers. Further health education should be aimed toward such people. 4) Foxes appeared near private homes more frequently in Akan than in Bekkai. More inhabitants of Akan used spring water as drinking water than in Bekkai, while more inhabitants used tap water as drinking water in Bekkai. Only a few inhabitants paid attention to how to prepare vegetables for cooking. This information suggests that echinococcosis may spread in Akan in the near future. 5) Our results suggest that better organized health education programs, the extension of tap water services in Akan, and the establishment of proper methods for disposal of garbage and the afterbirth of cattle are necessary to reduce the presence of foxes in inhabited areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gastrointestinal helminths of Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) from different bioclimatological regions in Greenland.

Nine species of gastrointestinal helminths were recovered from 254 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) from 8 different localities in Greenland. Prevalences of infection with the helminth species differed from area to area: Toxascaris leonina (39-68%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0-14%), Mesocestoides lineatus (0-58%), Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (0-15%), Taenia ovis krabbei (0-70%), Cryptocotyle sp. (0-3%), Plagiorchis elegans (0-6%), and Polymorphus sp. (0-3%). Additionally, a Taenia species, which appears to be different from T. ovis krabbei, had a prevalence of 24% but only on the east coast of Greenland. In general, the composition of the helminth fauna of arctic foxes in Greenland showed distinct differences geographically. Thus, the diversity of helminth species in foxes caught in the northern districts of Greenland seems lower than in the southern districts; only nematode species with direct life cycles were represented equally in all parts of the country. The diversity of the surrounding fauna, and thereby the food items available for the foxes, seems to determine the spectrum of helminth species. Helminths requiring rodents as intermediate hosts were absent on the west coast, even in the areas in northwest Greenland in close proximity to the Canadian Archipelago. Foxes from air bases, which are known to feed intensively on garbage, harbored similar numbers of species compared to foxes from settlements in the same regions. The number of T. leonina in animals less than 1 yr of age was significantly higher than in older individuals. For M. lineatus, the prevalence of infection was found to increase and worm burdens to decrease with increasing host age. Infections with 2 or more helminth species were most frequent in older animals (47% in foxes > or = 4 yr old and 33% in foxes < 4 yr old).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Perforating verruciform collagenoma, an exogenous inclusion skin disease? Apropos of a case induced by calcium chloride].

INTRODUCTION: Perforating verruciform collagenoma, first described in 1963, designates papular and keratotic post-trauma lesions which show an aspect of epidermal perforation microscopically with large fragments of collagen issuing through fistulous chimneys, more or less pycnotic polynuclears and squamating or necrotic epidermal cells. Three publications have presented this diagnosis. CASE REPORT: We observed a patient with multiple lesions with macroscopic and microscopic presentations suggestive of perforating verruciform collagenoma. The lesions appeared after scratches and inoculation with calcium chloride. DISCUSSION: This case is similar to those observed after intradermal inoculation of calcium salts. In the 4 previous cases, perforating verruciform collagenoma was associated with trauma allowing the intradermal penetration of a particular foreign material (glass wool, vegetable debris, drugs or intravenous injections, wound caused by a metallic garbage bin). The exceptional nature of perforating verruciform collagenoma in highly frequent skin wounds would suggest that a very particular post-trauma process is occurring caused by the introduction of an exogenous substance within the derma: calcium chloride in our case, a non-specific material in the four previous cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

What happens to expired medications? A survey of community medication disposal.

Improperly disposed-of expired medications pose a significant risk to children. To determine how expired medications are disposed of, 500 callers to our poison information center, 100 community and hospital pharmacies, the state Boards of Pharmacy, and the FDA and EPA were surveyed about medication disposal habits. Of the 500 people polled, 1.4% returned medications to a pharmacy, 54% disposed of medications in the garbage, 35.4% flushed medications down the toilet or sink, 7.2% did not dispose of medications, and 2% related they used all medications before expiration. Of the 100 pharmacies surveyed, all but 3% had specific policies on the disposal of undispensed expired medications, which were usually returned to the producer. Alternative disposal means used for nonreturnable medications were incineration (15%), hazardous waste disposal contracts (17%), and conventional solid waste disposal or down the toilet (68%). Only 5% of the 100 pharmacies had consistent recommendations for their customers on drug disposal; 25% of the pharmacies indicated questions on drug disposal were handled by individual pharmacists only upon consumer request. A variety of drug disposal techniques were encountered in our survey. Pharmacies had specific policies for expired undispensed pharmaceuticals, but lacked uniform guidelines. Little information on the safe disposal of medications was routinely passed on to the public. Uniform guidelines need to be created for the safe disposal of expired medications and should be included in routine consumer education provided by poison information centers and pharmacies.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

[Exposure to endotoxins in the environment. Occurrence and health hazards].

Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides from the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Exposure to endotoxins can take place in industries where organic material is handled, in agriculture, in garbage handling, and sewage treatment. Byssinosis defined as Monday chest tightness and slight dyspnoea in the work place has been related to endotoxin exposure in cotton mills, but studies indicate that similar symptoms may be found in other work places. Other symptoms are: Headache, nausea, gastrointestinal symptoms and influenza-like symptoms. Several studies have shown a decrease in FEV1 following exposure to endotoxins. The relationship between exposure to organic dust, microorganisms, endotoxins and other chemicals in the work place and disease needs further research.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1996

[Indoor air studies of mould fungus contamination of homes of selected patients with bronchial asthma (with special regard to evaluation problems)].

Investigations of indoor air of the homes of seven patients with asthma bronchiale who showed up with positive reactions following intracutaneous application of fungal allergens revealed that their places of residence were contaminated by fungal and bacterial spores. The number of colony forming units of mesophilic fungal spores of the indoor air ranged from 100 to 1000 CFU/m3 and this was much higher than the mould flora of the outdoor air determined simultaneously. The major fungi species found by the indoor investigation were: Penicillium sp. > Aspergillus sp. > Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Chrysonilia sp., Verticillium sp. > Geotrichum sp., Trichoderma sp. In two cases Thermoactinomyces species could be detected in the indoor air. The main cause of fungal contamination were moist building materials on room walls, insufficient air ventilation, bad maintenance of the circulating air-machines and insufficient room hygiene (e.g. biological garbage in the kitchen).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Surveillance of anti-hantavirus antibodies among certain high-risk groups in Taiwan.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is a serious health concern in neighboring countries of Taiwan, such as mainland China and Korea. In Taiwan, only two suspected cases were recorded before 1994. The first confirmed case was reported in 1995, but this proved to be imported. To study hantavirus infection in Taiwan, we tested blood collected from garbage collectors, animal handlers, patients with febrile illness of unknown origin, and field rats, the host of hantavirus, for the presence of antibody against hantavirus using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. The positive rates were 1.55% (3/193), 3.45% (1/29), 1.42% (3/211), and 5.56% (9/162), respectively. The subtypes of hantavirus involved were either Hantaan-like or Seoul-like. These results showed that hantavirus may have already invaded Taiwan without our knowledge and physicians should be aware of this.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths in schoolchildren from riverside sectors, with different fecal contamination levels, of Valdivia River, Chile].

During 1993, the prevalences of infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths (IPH) in the riverside schoolchildren population of two sectors of Valdivia river, with different levels of fecal contamination, were compared in relation to their contact with river water (swimming, bathing) and basic sanitation elements (BSE) of their houses: feces and garbage disposal, and water supply. Populations of children from sectors A (n = 418), with significatively greater (SG) total coliform most probable number (MPN), and sector B (n = 400), were examined. PAFS test was used for the stool examination of one sample, from each child. The global prevalence of infection by IPH was similar in A (74.8%) and B (72.5%) sectors. From 10 identified IPH, only Entamoeba histolytica and Hymenolepis nana showed prevalences of infection SG in sector A, than in sector B. The contact of the children with the water of the river showed association with SG prevalences for E. histolytica, Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana in sector B and for E. histolytica in sector A. No sanitary condition for the different BSE contributed to SG prevalences for E. histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in both sectors, and for E. coli in sector B. The contact with the river water and the different BSE contributed to prevalences SG in 5 and 3 IPH in sectors B and A, respectively. The results suggest that a project in study for the development of a treatment plant of wastewater in sector A, could contribute to control infection by IPH. But, this measure must be associated with improvement of the BSE, health education, and application of chemotherapy measures for geohelminthosis in both sectors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effect of different carbon sources on the production of amylase by Bacillus sp. MD 124.

An extracellular, thermostable salt tolerant amylase has been obtained from Bacillus sp. MD 124 which was previously isolated from municipal garbage. Among the carbon sources used for amylase production, rhamnose, starch, glucose, lactose, galactose, maltose and sucrose favoured enzyme production whereas sorbose suppressed the enzyme production. Maximum amount of enzyme (15 unit/ml culture broth) was produced after 24 h of incubation at 45 degrees C in the medium containing 0.5% starch, at pH 6.5. The effect of temperature, pH as well as effect of metal ions on enzyme activity was also studied.

Amylases↗