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PubMed1983

[Possibility of producing lactose-free products for infant and dietetic nutrition].

A study has been made of the conditions for manufacturing a milk-protein concentrate with a low lactose content. In order to hydrolyze lactose, defatted pasteurized milk is supplemented with yeast beta-galactosidase in an amount of 6 Units per g lactose. Milk and lactose are allowed to stand for 6-7 h at 35 degrees C, which provides a 75% hydrolysis of lactose. After thermal treatment and cooling hydrolyzed milk is subjected to lactic fermentation during which the residual amount of lactose and part of galactose are fermented. It is specified that the concentrate manufactured may be used for feeding children with upset carbohydrate metabolism.

Food Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant feeding practices in a rural community of west Bengal.

A study on breast feeding and weaning practices was carried out in a sample of 57 lactating mothers of rural community. Although early start and prolonged breast feeding was an universal practise, but timely weaning was neglected and offered to 54.5% of infants only. On the contrary, introduction of artificial milk to young infants was a culturally accepted baby feeding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

[The influence of the feeding type on the concentration of trace elements in the hair of infants].

The aim of this study was to assess hair magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc levels in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Our findings showed that concentration of the assayed macro- and trace elements, except copper, were higher in breast-fed children and declined with age, faster in formula-fed children. The frequent occurrence of magnesium deficiency indicates that pregnant women should receive magnesium supplementation.

Copper↗
PubMed1979

The influence of food on the bioavailability of new formulations of erythromycin stearate and base.

1. The effect of food on the bioavailability of two new formulations of erythromycin, 1) erythromycin stearate, 500 mg (Erythrocin, 250 mg capsule-shaped tablets) and 2) erythromycin base, 500 mg (Eryc, 250 mg capsules containing enteric-coated pellets) was studied in 16 healthy subjects. 2. The study was a balanced, randomized Latin square design and was conducted on 4 days. The four treatments were erythromycin stearate immediately before (EB) and after EA) breakfast and erythromycin base immediately before (eB) and after (eA) breakfast. 3. The mean +/- s.d. maximal plasma erythromycin concentrations were 2.09 +/- 1.06, 0.37 +/- 0.40, 1.8+ +/- 1.15 and 1.91 +/- 1.57 micrograms/ml and the mean +/- s.d. times at which these occurred were 1.3 +/- 0.7, 2.3 +/- 0.9, 4.4 +/- 1.9 and 4.3 +/- 1.1 h for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 4. The mean +/- s.d. areas under the curves (0 to 8 h) were 4.99 +/- 2.41, 1.04 +/- 1.57, 4.93 +/- 2.98 and 4.98 +/- 3.14 for EB, EA, eB and eA respectively. 5. The bioavailability of erythromycin stearate was significantly reduced by the prior administration of food, whereas the absorption of the base was not inhibited by food.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Influence of antacid and formulation on effectiveness of pancreatic enzyme supplementation in cystic fibrosis.

A series of treatment trials, involving food balances based on determination of fat coefficient absorption, nitrogen faecal loss, and daily faecal weight, was performed in 82 patients with cystic fibrosis. Results showed that a conventional powdered pancreatic extract (Pancrex V) required a high dosage to achieve reasonable improvement in fat and nitrogen absorption (200 mg/kg body weight/day on average) and rarely restored digestion to normal. Bicarbonate (5.2 g/m2 body surface/day) slightly enhanced the enzymatic activity of the powdered extract, this being more apparent in those with more severe steatorrhoea. There was no advantage in providing the extract in microgranules protected by cellulose acetatephthalate. A product based on fungal lipase and protease (Krebsilasi) proved to be ineffective in correcting fat and protein absorption. The two recent products prepared in pH sensitive microspheres (Pancrex V microspheres and Pancreas-Prolipase) had similar advantages in digestive activity. Compared with the traditional preparations, they offered a number of practical advantages, including a smaller number of capsules (particularly Pancrex V microspheres) and improved palatability.

Antacids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenytoin and enteral feedings: does evidence support an interaction?

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the reported interaction between oral dosage forms of phenytoin and enteral feeding formulations with respect to the evidence supporting or refuting its existence, proposed mechanism(s) underlying the interaction, and recommended interventions. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a MEDLINE search (1966-April 2000) for English-language articles on phenytoin-enteral feeding interactions; the search terms used were phenytoin, enteral feeding, and/or interaction, and/or in vitro. This search was supplemented by a bibliographic review of all relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective, randomized, controlled studies; prospective, nonrandomized, controlled studies; prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled studies; retrospective studies; clinical experience reports; case reports; in vitro studies; and letters were evaluated for relevant information. DATA EXTRACTION: Data elements abstracted from these articles were study design, type (patients or healthy volunteers) and number of subjects involved, method of administration of phenytoin and enteral feeding, formulation of phenytoin, type of feeding (and whether it was continuous or interrupted), major findings, and proposed mechanisms of the interaction. DATA SYNTHESIS: Although four prospective, randomized, controlled trials in healthy human volunteers refute the existence of the interaction, there are numerous reports and studies showing dramatic decreases of serum phenytoin concentrations in patients when it is coadministered with enteral feeding formulations. Therefore, evidence supports the existence of this interaction in patients and in vitro studies, but not in healthy volunteers. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unknown. Many methods have been devised to prevent and treat the interaction once it has occurred; however, a single, generally accepted, and practical intervention strategy is still lacking. CONCLUSIONS: The exact role of enteral feeding in this interaction is unclear due to the lack of prospective, randomized, controlled trials performed in patients. However, decreased serum phenytoin concentrations associated with enteral feeding may increase the risk of seizures. Clinicians should be aware of this potential drug-nutrient interaction and design a patient-specific care plan that includes consideration of the enteral feeding formulation and method of administration, as well as the phenytoin dosage form, schedule of administration, and monitoring.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Impact of fat substitutes on fat intake.

Dietary fat is the number one nutrition concern of Americans. In response to rising consumer demand for reduced-fat foods, the food industry has developed a multitude of nonfat, lowfat, and reduced-fat versions of regular food products. To generate reduced-fat or fat-free products that have the same organoleptic characteristics of the regular fat version, food manufacturers frequently employ fat substitutes in the formulation of these foods. Fat substitutes are made from either carbohydrate, protein, or fat, or a combination of these components. Researchers have questioned the impact of fat substitutes on both fat and caloric intake. The majority of research studies in which fat substitutes were either covertly or overtly substituted for dietary fat indicate that in short-term, carefully-controlled conditions, fat substitutes can decrease both dietary fat intake and percentage of calorie intake from fat. However, individuals compensate for the caloric deficit created by the fat substitutes by increasing their consumption of other macronutrients, primarily carbohydrate. The long-term effect of fat substitutes on the fat intake of free-living individuals and weight control are unknown. People tend to eat more of a food when they know that food is reduced in fat. Fat substitutes should not be considered a substitute for sound nutrition education and a healthy lifestyle which includes regular exercise.

Anticholesteremic Agents↗