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PubMed1996

A federal perspective on special education technology.

This article examines more than a decade of changes in special education research and in the use of technology. It discusses evolving research and projects funded by the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) and raises questions about the use of specific methodologies and about whether children with disabilities are being prepared for the world in which they will live. And, finally, it describes OSEP's Technology, Educational Media, and Materials strategic program agenda that will drive future planning and priorities.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed2002

The UFRJ-UERJ group: interdisciplinary virtual reality experiments in neuropsychiatry.

This paper describes the research lines of an interdisciplinary group composed by two government universities in Rio de Janeiro. The first research line, a Virtual Environment for testing the acceptance of Virtual Reality equipment by schizophrenia patients, has stimulated a growing interest in this area in the country and abroad. The second research line, in progress now, develops a virtual environment to improve the learning abilities of children with Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Another study is related to the use of Virtual Reality in the cognitive treatment of common city phobias, beginning with the reproduction of some tunnels of our city to treatment of claustrophobic patients. The last of the research lines in progress in this group develops a virtual square for stimulating autistic patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Dairy processing.

The United States dairy processing sector is dynamic and adaptive to new changes in the market place. Changes in consumer preferences and manufacturing technologies are resulting in new challenges to the processing sector. Consumers want a wider array of quality dairy products. Fluid processors are adapting to changing consumer demands for beverage products by introducing new flavors, providing ultrapasteurization, and using creative packaging. In addition, United States food manufacturers are requesting dairy processors to provide new dairy fractions such as MPC for new nutrition products. United States dairy policy is attempting to adapt to these changes. Federal order reform has resulted in new market-oriented signals for dairy farmers to produce what the market wants; namely, quality milk components. US dairy farmers, however, also wants to maintain programs such as the DPSP that have had the unfortunate consequence of spurring demand for protein imports (i.e., MPCs, casein, and caseinates) and also resulted in a disincentive to produce these new innovative protein products here in the United States. Surplus skim milk solids are now moving into US Government warehouses rather than into commercial markets. The future of the United States dairy industry will clearly be toward producing innovative products that the market wants. There is a strong market for dairy products not only here in the United States but also overseas, which will mean learning to compete on a global scale. The challenge is to modernize our United States milk pricing programs to provide dairy farmers and processors proper price signals while providing a minimum level of support to dairy farmers. The benefit of a greater orientation toward the market place will be stronger rates of growth for United States-produced dairy products.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Changing structure to improve function: one academic health center's experience.

Academic health centers (AHCs) have been under siege for the past few years, with decreased federal and state funding for educational and research programs and increasing competition in the health care marketplace. In addition, many AHCs are burdened with the bureaucratic red tape of large educational institutions, which makes agility in responding to a demanding health care market difficult. The authors describe the response to these threats by Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU), an approach that has been different from those of most similar institutions. OHSU chose to change its structure from being part of the state system of higher education to being an independent public corporation. The authors outline the political process of building widespread support for the legislation passed in 1995, the key features of the restructuring, the challenges faced before and after the transition to a public corporation, and lessons learned in this metamorphosis to a new form.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1995

Children's traffic safety program: influence of early elementary school safety education on family seat belt use.

HYPOTHESIS: Young children can learn safety behavior in the public school system. These children will modify family seat belt use. SETTING DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort analytic study conducted in a 50,000 square mile regionalized trauma center referral area. METHODS: A school-based injury prevention program targeting kindergarten through second-grade (K-2) students addressed four aspects of traffic safety: seat belt use, pedestrian and bicycle safety, school bus safety, and unsafe rides. After inservice instruction, teachers taught the program over a 10-week period. A simultaneous community traffic safety program was conducted through the media. Family seat belt use was monitored by blinded observation at six study schools and one control school. Income level of schools was characterized as low or high, based on student use of federal lunch subsidies. School program implementation was defined as good or poor, based on adherence to teaching protocol. RESULTS: A total of 68,650 K-2 students have completed this traffic safety program during 1990 to 1994. During the study year (1992 to 1993), 25,900 students completed the program taught by 1,400 teachers in 95 schools. A total of 5,936 observations of seat belt use were made in seven schools. Income stratification delineated a subset of these schools in which seat belt use increased by 86% (p = 0.01). Half of the schools failed to follow protocol, and no change in seat belt use was observed. CONCLUSIONS: (1) School K-2 safety education improves family seat belt use, (2) low income schools should be targeted, and (3) strict adherence to the teaching protocol is essential.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Research at the nursing undergraduate level: requirement for completion of the course].

This text presents guidelines for the implementation of an Undergraduate Final Year Project (UFYP) in the Nursing undergraduate program from Federal University Center of Alfenas--MG, presenting the hardships and the results of the first four years, using registers found in the proceedings of the Nursing Department and School and the authors' experience as coordinators of this process. There were reports considering some features as facilitators: incentive to multidisciplinary work, increased number of partnerships with professionals in the field; better use of IT resources, of the library and database; increased participation in research events. And, on the difficult side we found: the establishment of norms for the presentation of scientific papers, since at the time the School had no norms for that. We came to the conclusion that, in spite of the difficulties found, research might take place, and it constitutes a dynamic process where there is a learning to learn situation, either for students or for the faculty.

Brazil↗

PubMed1999

[Not Available].

Since the 70 years approximately 50 000 children have been born in the Federal Republic of Germany after artificial insemination by donor. The most studies of substantial collectives describe an inconspicious mental and emotional development of the children. However, due to examinations of Special cases, negative effects on the development of the children are expected as a result of the behaviour of social fathers to keep the insemination secret and to turn away from them. In a follow-up study six years after the treatment of insemination 22 successful couples of parents of originally 57 couples (before insemination) could be reexamined. They rated their children by a detailed interview, as well as by a variant of the repertory grid technique, which permits an estimation of object relations. Under an idiographic aspect, the use of the repertory grid technique made it possible to learn the individual meaning of the children to the respective couple. As a group examination it allowed generalizable Statements to judge the children in relation to the self-image of the parents. The major part of the parents judged their children as "close" to their seif and their self-ideal. Any indication of retreat by social fathers could not be given.

Artificial insemination by donor↗

PubMed1998

[Higher military medical education: its developmental outlook].

The authors of the article--the employees of the main military-medical management of the DD of the RF--discuss a way of realization of the programs of the higher military education (1998) in the military-medical high schools of the Armed Forces. Since 1998 the preparation of the general practice doctors is planned with the introduction of the federal nomenclature of this specialty in the troops. The tendency to practical directions of the doctor's preparation to a particular post--"under a working place" will be amplified. The main form of the post-graduated vocational training are training on the faculty of the military-medical management of the military-medical academy and in the clinical post-diploma course of the military-medical colleges. Since 1998 at expansion of the total volumes of the training at the clinical post-diploma course in 3 times an enrollment to the faculty of the military-medical management of the academy will be reduced. Since 1998 at the command department of the military-medical academy only "the organizers", "the preventive maintenance specialists" and "medproviders" will learn. Since 1998/99 educational years, reception of the women in military-medical colleges will be terminated.

Education, Medical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The family & breastfeeding laws: what nurses need to know.

Many states have recently enacted breastfeeding legislation that clarifies existing laws to protect the rights of breastfeeding mothers. Families can benefit from learning about the current breastfeeding laws in their states, as this knowledge may empower them if discriminatory situations arise. Knowledge of breastfeeding laws can create a more supportive breastfeeding environment and alleviate fears and anxiety about breastfeeding in public. Nurses are instrumental in educating families about existing laws and possible courses of action should discrimination occur and can direct families to advocacy groups and resources. Additionally, nurses can play a pivotal role in passing breastfeeding legislation through political activism.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2000

Allergic vulvovaginitis.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The reader of this review will learn about the different clinical forms of allergic vulvovaginitis. This specific and important chapter has not been previously summarized and described in the medical literature. Vaginal mucosa is also able to show an allergic response similarly to the nose, eyes, lungs, and skin. Physicians should be familiarized with this kind of manifestation in order to make the proper diagnosis and evaluation of this entity. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE searches were undertaken since 1966 for citations of any kind of allergic vulvovaginitis. Relevant reviews and articles identified in this process were surveyed for additional and earlier citations. Textbooks of medicine, gynecology, dermatology, and infectious diseases have also been consulted. Old medical textbooks and journals of allergy and internal medicine were recovered from the Division of History of the Medicine of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Federal Medical College), Belo Horizonte, Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: A great variety of allergens are able to provoke allergic reactions in the female genital tract. The immunology of the vagina, the influence of hormones, menstrual cycle, and psychologic factors are also highlighted in this review. A possibility of vaginal hyperreactivity is proposed in this text. Adequate management provides important relief of symptoms in the majority of cases.

Female↗

PubMed2001

Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12-13, 2000.

BACKGROUND: Parents and physicians are understandably concerned about the causes and treatment of autism, a devastating disease that affects the entire family. Although much has been learned about autism, there are many gaps in our knowledge about what causes the disorder and how it can be prevented. Autistic symptoms occur along a spectrum, often referred to as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Concern has been raised about a possible association between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ASD, especially autism with regression. Also, increased requests for educational services related to ASD have raised concerns about possible increases in the incidence of ASD. METHODS: On June 12-13, 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) convened a conference titled "New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations" in Oak Brook, Illinois. At this conference, parents, practitioners, and scientists presented information and research on MMR vaccine and ASD. Attendees included representatives from select AAP committees and sections as well as federal and other organizations that address related issues. The multidisciplinary panel of experts reviewed data on what is known about the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and genetics of ASD and the available data on hypothesized associations with IBD, measles, and MMR vaccine. Supplemental information was requested from authors who have proposed the hypotheses and other experts in relevant areas. RESULTS: Autism is a complex disorder of uncertain and probably multiple etiologies. Genetic predisposition to ASD may involve as many as 10 genes. Many experts believe that the abnormal brain development in autism occurs before 30 weeks' gestation in most instances. In utero rubella is a known cause of autism. Animal model data support the biologic plausibility that exposure to yet unrecognized infectious or other environmental agents could cause ASD. Several factors may contribute to apparent increases in incidence of ASD in recent years. Most data indicate increased recognition and reporting as primary factors, but the epidemiologic data are insufficient to determine if there has been a true increase in the incidence of ASD. Increased reporting of ASD in recent years has occurred long after the introduction of MMR vaccine in the United States in 1971 and widespread use of this vaccine in the 1970s for routine immunization of children at 12 to 15 months of age. Appropriate detailed studies are needed to define the true incidence and prevalence of ASD. Epidemiologic studies in Europe indicate no association between MMR vaccine and ASD. Some children with ASD have gastrointestinal symptoms, but an increased rate of any specific gastrointestinal disorder in children with ASD has not been established. Studies to detect evidence of measles virus in intestinal tissue specimens from patients with IBD or autism with gastrointestinal symptoms have not used uniform techniques. Several laboratories have found no evidence of measles viruses in tissue specimens from patients with IBD, but 2 groups have found evidence of measles virus using different techniques. A group that found evidence of measles virus in affected tissue specimens from patients with IBD has also reported detecting portions of measles virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal tissue specimens from patients with autism and gastrointestinal disorders. Finding a portion of a virus using molecular techniques does not constitute evidence for a causal relationship, because some viruses persist in unaffected hosts. Additional controlled studies in several laboratories are needed to determine if portions of measles virus persist in intestinal and other tissues of people with and without gastrointestinal disease and/or ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Although the possible association with MMR vaccine has received much public and political attention and there are many who have derived their own conclusions based on personal experiences, the available evidence does not support the hypothesis that MMR vaccine causes autism or associated disorders or IBD. Separate administration of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines to children provides no benefit over administration of the combination MMR vaccine and would result in delayed or missed immunizations. Pediatricians need to work with families to ensure that children are protected early in the second year of life from these preventable diseases. Continued scientific efforts need to be directed to the identification of the causes of ASD.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2005

[Neurofibromatosis type 1 or Von Recklinghausen's disease].

OBJECTIVES: Neurofibromatosis 1(NF1) is one of the most common genetic diseases. NF1 is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder and half of affected individuals have NF1 as the result of a new gene NF1 mutation. The offspring of an affected individual have a 50% risk of inheriting the altered NF1 gene. The disease manifestations are extremely variable, even within a family. NF1 is characterized by multiple cafe au lait spots, axillary and inguinal freckling, multiple discrete dermal neurofibromas, and iris Lisch nodules. Learning disabilities are frequent. Less common but potentially more serious manifestations include plexiform neurofibromas, optic and other central nervous system gliomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, vasculopathy, and osseous lesions. CURRENT KNOWLEDGES AND KEY POINTS: Since the original National Institutes of Health consensus Development Conference in 1987, there have been significant progress toward a more complete understanding of the molecular-bases for neurofibromatosis 1 and the routine follow-up for the care of the NF1 patients. The authors review the present data on the clinical and molecular aspects of the neurofibromatosis 1. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: NF1 requires life-long management adapted to age and multidisciplinary structures are particularly well adapted to the diversity of the manifestations of this pathology. The French NF-France Network has been created in 2001 to federate the French multidisciplinary structures for neurofibromatosis and harmonize the follow-up of NF1 patients in France.

Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1↗

PubMed2005

Kathleen Mears Memorial Lecture: ASET and OSET, patterns and parallels.

OSET is the international Organisation of Societies for Electrophysiological Technology, a federation of professional societies from around the world. Just as ASET grew out of the national physicians' society, OSET grew out of an international physicians' consortium. Both ASET and OSET are independent groups that address the many issues specific to technologists, from entry-level education to standards of practice and legal conditions of practice. The present "members" of OSET are the technologist societies of Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the U.K., and the U.S.; the individual members of those societies are members of OSET by extension. OSET holds a week-long Congress every four years, hosted by one of the member societies. Technologists from all over the world gather to share information via platform papers and posters. Just as ASET meetings provide an opportunity for technologists to learn from each other, formally and informally, so the OSET Congresses extend that sharing beyond national borders. Between Congresses, OSET work is done by committees. Some of the published results of this committee work are statements of minimal and optimal standards of training in EEG and evoked potentials, guidelines for digital EEG, guidelines for infection control, and guidelines for intraoperative monitoring. The last two Congresses have had sessions on education in the OSET countries; present committee work is continuing to study this issue to develop a truly international statement of competencies, i.e., what technologists must be able to do to perform electrophysiologic studies anywhere in the world.

Allied Health Occupations↗

PubMed2007

Family Medicine Curriculum Resource Project: the future.

Under contract to the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) created an undergraduate medical education curricular resource designed to train physicians to practice in the 21st century. An interdisciplinary group of more than 35 educators worked for 4 years to create the Family Medicine Curriculum Resource (FMCR). By consensus, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies were adopted as the theoretical framework for this project. The FMCR provides materials for the preclerkship years, the third-year family medicine clerkship, the postclerkship year, and faculty development, as well as guidance for integrating topics of special interest to the federal government (such as, geriatrics, Healthy People 2010, genetics, informatics) into a 4-year continuum of medical education. There are challenges inherent in implementing each component of the FMCR. For example, can the ACGME competency-based approach be adapted to undergraduate medical education? Can the densely packed preclerkship years be adapted to include more focused effort on developing these competencies, and whose job is it anyway? What is "core" to being a competent clinician, and what information can be obtained when needed from medical informatics sources? Will family medicine educators embrace the FMCR recommendations for their third-year clerkships? Will exit assessment of the competency levels of graduating medical students be achieved, and can it make them more capable residents? Can faculty in different clinical and educational settings integrate the teaching of "how to learn" into their repertoire? How will faculty development innovation progress in a time of increasing emphasis on clinical productivity? Developing a common language and adoption of core competencies for all levels of medical education is imperative in a society that is focusing on improving health care quality and outcomes. The FMCR Project has developed a curricular resource to assist medical educators in this task. The challenge for the future is to measure how the FMCR is used and to ascertain if it has an influence on better patient and system outcomes.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1986

Organizational and community approaches to community-wide prevention of heart disease: the first two years of the Pawtucket Heart Health Program.

The Pawtucket Heart Health program (PHHP) is a federally funded research and demonstration project for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a community. This article presents a discussion of the first 26 months of this intervention, divided into its three phases. PHHP staff initially approached the intervention city through local organizations to accomplish risk-factor behavior change in the population. After 11 months, PHHP complemented its programs in organizations with activities open to all city residents, in order to accelerate participation by the population. Seven months into this phase, it was decided that community activities should be the major focus of the intervention approach to assure a level of participation adequate to make a measurable impact. The third has shown the greatest percentage of public participation, demonstrating the complementary nature of organization and community interventions and of the translation of social learning theory into principles for primary prevention in a community.

Advertising↗

PubMed2006

Association for medical education and research in substance abuse.

The Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse (AMERSA) is a multi-disciplinary organization committed to health professional faculty development in substance abuse. In 1976, members of the Career Teachers Training Program in Alcohol and Drug Abuse, a US federally funded multi-disciplinary faculty development program, formed AMERSA. The organization grew from 59 founding members, who were primarily medical school faculty, to over 300 health professionals from a spectrum of disciplines including physicians, nurses, social workers, dentists, allied health professionals, psychologists and other clinical educators who are responsible for advancing substance abuse education. AMERSA members promote substance abuse education among health professionals by developing curricula, promulgating relevant policy and training health professional faculty to become excellent teachers in this field. AMERSA influences public policy by offering standards for improving substance abuse education. The organization publishes a peer-reviewed, quarterly journal, Substance Abuse, which emphasizes research on the education and training of health professions and also includes original clinical and prevention research. Each year, the AMERSA National Conference brings together researchers and health professional educators to learn about scientific advances and exemplary teaching approaches. In the future, AMERSA will continue to pursue this mission of advancing and supporting health professional faculty who educate students and trainees to address substance abuse in patients and clients.

Awards and Prizes↗

PubMed2003

[Health policy and legislation concerning traditional indigenous medicine in Mexico].

Various Mexican federal and state government agencies dealing with indigenous affairs are trying to establish control over traditional medicine and by recognizing it achieve cost decreases for health care directed towards Indian groups, bolstering it as a first-care level. The result is that the community absorbs the costs of medical care, leading to a reduction in the number of patients seeking government-run health care services. Traditional indigenous healers and their organizations consider the law a two-edged sword. On the one hand it provides them with legal measures for their protection, but on the other, they perceive it as a dangerous threat to their culture and practices. This has led them to seek legal advice, training, and active participation in the drafting process for such legislation. The result of this project is that they have been able to learn about the law, discuss their demands, and work out a proposal which is included in this document.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2004

The "nation's conscience:" assessing bioethics commissions as public forums.

As the fifth national bioethics commission has concluded its work and a sixth is currently underway, it is time to step back and consider appropriate measures of success. This paper argues that standard measures of commissions' influence fail to fully assess their role as public forums. From the perspective of democratic theory, a critical dimension of this role is public engagement: the ability of a commission to address the concerns of the general public, to learn how average citizens resolve moral issues in healthcare, and to monitor public opinion on the topics addressed in the commission. Such a public forum role is supported by the critical literature within bioethics, which has deemed some commissions successful, supported more generally by the history of bioethics as a reform discourse that has brought socially important values into the medical domain, and supported more generally still by the example of the great social issues commissions of the 1960s.

Advisory Committees↗