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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Vascular pattern of the developing knee joint in the domestic fowl.

Laying strain fowls were reared from hatching till 20 weeks old. Birds were killed throughout the growth period and specimens from the distal femur and proximal tibiotarsus prepared for study. The origin and nature of cartilage canals were established in the two bone extremities. The canals follow a pattern of development which was similar in fowls of the same age. Similarities were noted with the vascular patterns reported in other species. The epiphyseal ossification centre of the proximal tibiotarsus formed in an area extensively perfused by cartilage canals. Anastomoses occurred between epiphyseal vascular canals in association with the formation and growth of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus. Anastomoses between epiphyseal vascular canals did not occur at any other site. The development of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus suggests that this is a traction epiphysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of unilateral weight-bearing on pelvic limb development in broiler fowls: vascular studies.

Fifteen broiler fowls which habitually adopted a unilateral weight bearing stance were studied. In the majority of fowls the left pelvic limb was weight bearing and the right limb showed severe angular deformity. Dyschondroplasia occurred most frequently in the load-bearing limb. In the load-bearing limb the majority of lesions were in the femur and proximal tibiotarsus. In the non-load-bearing limb lesions most frequently occurred in the bone extremities of the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus. Occluded epiphyseal vascular canals occurred in conjunction with physeal thickening at some dyschondroplastic sites. The majority of dyschondroplastic lesions contained elongated penetrating epiphyseal vessels and vessels derived from the perichondrial ring. These vessels were associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix calcification, which was considered to lead to the repair of the lesions. There was minimal calcification of cartilage at the base of the dyschondroplastic lesions and the underlying metaphyseal vessels were blunt ending. This suggested that a band of abnormal physeal cartilage was acting as a barrier to penetration by the metaphyseal vessels and so preventing subsequent endochondral ossification.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A descriptive study of fowl cholera in California meat turkeys: August 1985-July 1986.

One hundred sixty meat-turkey premises in California were monitored for outbreaks of fowl cholera from August 1985 through July 1986. Nearly 27 million turkeys in 720 flocks were at risk during the year. Fifty-three flocks of approximately 3 million turkeys on 34 different premises experienced confirmed fowl cholera outbreaks. The epidemic curve for the year indicated that the majority of outbreaks occurred in the late summer and fall, particularly in October. The incidence of outbreaks during this time was not significantly associated with seasonal variation in the size of the turkey population. The mean flock age at outbreak was 10.8 weeks, with a range of 5-18 weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Virus-induced duodenal adenomas in guinea fowl.

Polypous growths of the duodenal mucosa were induced in guinea fowls after iv inoculation o virus strain Pts-56. The growths developed in about 60% of the experimental birds after a latent period of 4-6 months. The chronologic study of the alterations in the duodenal mucosa revealed consecutive occurrence of focal lymphoid cell infiltrations of the propria, restricted crypt hyperplasia, and enlargement of the villi followed by the formation of tubulovillous and tubulous adenomas. The virus-induced neoplasia of the guinea fowl duodenal mucosa morphologically closely resembled small intestinal adenomas in humans. Their formal genesis was similar to that of experimental intestinal tumors induced by chemical carcinogens.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1986

Aortico-pulmonary bodies in the domestic fowl: ultrastructure, innervation and secretion.

In adult and immature domestic fowl, aggregations of large pale-staining cells were found in the wall of the aorta, and of the pulmonary trunk and arteries, in modified regions typified by interruption or loss of elastic laminae and smooth muscle cells. Encapsulated extramural aggregations of similar cells were identified either on the actual surface or well outside the arterial wall of the aorta, and pulmonary trunk and arteries. The electron microscope revealed that the pale cells in these intramural and extramural structures were granular cells characterised by dense-cored vesicles typically about 60-140 nm in diameter. Supporting cells partly invested the granular cells. These intramural and extramural structures are interpreted as aortico-pulmonary bodies. The extramural and to a lesser extent the intramural cells were associated with many axonal endings and fenestrated blood capillaries. The axonal endings formed presumptive afferent, efferent and reciprocal synapses with the granular cells. Both intra- and extramural granular cells displayed evidence of exocytosis and were also shown by autoradiography to handle amines. It is concluded that the ultrastructural features of these aortico-pulmonary bodies resemble those of the carotid body. It is therefore suggested that the aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl have a chemoreceptor function similar to that of the carotid body. It is also suggested that they may have a general secretory function.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Staphylococcus aureus infections in domestic fowls. 1. Ecology and epizootiology. (Review)].

The ecological and epizootiological aspects relating to Staphylococcus aureus in domestic fowl are expounded, on the basis of literature, with particular reference being made to five topics: occurrence of these conditionally pathogenic bacteria in domestic fowl, point of attack and routes of infection, conditions for possible occurrence of infections, reciprocal infection between man and animal, as well as aspects of therapy and prophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of gastrointestinal helminths of the common helmet guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in Burkina Faso.

Guinea fowls in Burkina Faso (Africa) harbored 13 species of helminth parasites. The two most abundant species were Subulura suctoria and Ascaridia numidae, which comprised 89% of the nematodes. The other nematode species (Gongylonema congolense, Eucoleus annulatus, Synhimantus spiralis, Tetrameres fissispina, and Cyrnea parroti) occurred at low levels. Five species of cestodes and one acanthocephalan were also present. It is likely that guinea fowl act as important reservoir hosts of chicken nematodes.

Africa↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructural localisation of alkaline phosphatase in the testis of domestic fowl.

The ultrastructural distribution of alkaline phosphatase has been investigated in the testis of the domestic fowl. Enzyme activity was observed in the germinal epithelium and in the peritubular tissue. In both situations the activity was located in the plasma membranes. The activity in the germinal epithelium was marked basally in the germinal cells and in the Sertoli cells. There was a gradual reduction and an ultimate disappearance of enzyme activity towards the luminal region. The presence of enzyme in the germinal epithelium is in contrast to results of similar studies in some mammals. The peritubular localisation is comparable to that of mammals and confirms light microscope observations reported for the fowl testis.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology produced by, prevalence, of, and probable life-cycle of a species of Sarcocystis in the domestic fowl.

Sarcosporidiosis was found to be the cause of a severe myositis in 3 fowls in Papua New Guinea and 2 in Australia. This represented 3.8% of a series of fowls examined in Papua New Guinea. The overall prevalence of infection in these birds was 45%. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggested that the dog was the definitive host for this particular type of sarcocyst.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The structure of the excurrent ducts of the testis of the guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris).

The epididymal region of the guinea-fowl was studied in sexually mature birds. The structure of the epididymal region was generally similar to that already described for the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail. Well formed, intratesticular tubuli recti was seen connecting the seminiferous tubules with the rete testis. The latter consists of both intracapsular and extracapsular portions. Six main cell types were recognised in the region: the rete testis was lined by squamous cells, the proximal efferent ductules by ciliated and non-ciliated Type I cells, the distal efferent ductule by ciliated and non-ciliated Type II cells, and the connecting ductules, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens were lined by non-ciliated Type III and basal cells. The cell classification adopted in this study is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of probenecid on blood levels and tissue distribution of ampicillin in fowls and turkeys.

The effect of probenecid (a benzoic acid derivative which competitively inhibits active secretion of weak organic acids by the renal tubules) on serum ampicillin concentrations and the distribution of ampicillin in body organs was examined in fowls and turkeys. An aqueous solution of probenecid coadministered intramuscularly, at 200 mg/kg, with sodium ampicillin solution, at 25 mg/kg, resulted in peak serum antibiotic concentration of 16.5 microgram/ml. A similar dose of ampicillin administered alone produced a peak level of 4.6 microgram/ml. Subcutaneous injections of sodium ampicillin at 25 mg/kg with aqueous probenecid at 200 mg/kg resulted in a peak serum ampicillin concentration (12.8 microgram/ml) three times as high as the peak produced by the subcutaneous injection of ampicillin alone at 50 mg/kg (4.2 microgram/ml). The elimination half-life (t 1/2) of the drug (30 min) was increased to 1.5 hr by coadministration of probenecid parenterally, and serum antibiotic levels greater than or equal to 5.0 microgram/ml were maintained during 3 hours. Ampicillin seemed to be poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of fowls. A single oral bolus administration of ampicillin trihydrate aqueous suspension produced a peak of 0.6 microgram/ml, and coadministrations of aqueous probenecid suspension at 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg respectively produced peaks of 0.9, 1.25, and 1.5 microgram/ml. During 4 and 5 days, when ampicillin was added to the drinking water at rates of 200 and 50 mg/liter, serum ampicillin levels were rather low (peaks of 0.20 and 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively), and although these levels were increased by 50% with the coadministration of probenecid they were considered to be of limited clinical value for treating systemic bacterial infections. Probenecid did not change the distribution of ampicillin in the organs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Further observations on functional deletion of paraocular glands in the fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Methods are described for inoculation of the fowl Harderian gland with sclerosing reagent and for its surgical excision. Though very destructive the former procedure proved the less reliable in achieving the gland's complete functional deletion. Three weeks after surgical removal of the Harderian glands the lachrymal glands of 10-week-old fowls were heavier and contained more immunocompetent cells than the glands of intact and sham operated birds. When adult birds deprived of both paraocular glands were given sheep erythrocytes or Newcastle disease virus by eye drop they developed slightly higher than normal titres of serum antibody but failed to produce lachrymal antibody.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Changes in RNA, DNA and protein content and the rates of protein synthesis and degradation during hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Hypertrophy of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the adult fowl was induced by attaching a weight to one wing and after 2, 6 and 14 days the muscle wet weight, as well as protein, RNA and DNA contents were measured. After 6 days of hypertrophy the wet weight of the muscle had increased by 74%, the protein content by 44%, RNA by 203% and DNA by 83% compared with the contralateral control. Average rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured over the 14 days of hypertrophy from the rate of loss of radioactivity in the muscle protein after pulse labelling using 3H-leucine. Results were compatible with a 50% increase in the protein synthesis rate with no detectable change in the degradation rate. The increase in synthesis rate was paralleled by a similar rise in the RNA concentration. The DNA content indicated that this increase in RNA resulted from an increased RNA production per nucleus as well as from an increased number of nuclei. The kinetics of the loss of total radioactivity from the muscle protein and the amount of free 3H-leucine remaining in the muscle free amino acid pool during hypertrophy indicated that reutilization of 3H-leucine was extensive. This was in spite of attempts aimed at minimizing reutilization by feeding fowls a high protein diet plus a daily supplement of unlabelled leucine.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Postvaccination viremia in breeding flocks of layers and broilers after vaccination against Marek's disease of fowl].

The immunity state after vaccination against Marek's disease (MD) was studied in three multiplier flocks of laying fowl (MFL), five multiplier flocks of broiler fowl (MFB), and one commercial layer flock (CLF). The occurrence and average titres of post-vaccination viraemia in the selected sets of chickens from these flocks, examined at the age of three or twenty weeks, were used as the immunity criterion. The development of post-vaccination viraemia, following the administration of the MARVAK vaccine at the doses of 100 and 1000 PFU per bird in the HX-SL and Shaver layer hybrids, was examined under laboratory conditions at the same time. In the group of birds examined in the third week of age and coming from the MFL vaccinated with the recommended MARVAK vaccine (dose (100 PFU per bird), 64.3% of the chicks were viraemic, the average viraemia titre being 12 PFU/10(7) leucocytes. After the administration of a four-fold vaccine dose, 57.1% of the chicks were viraemic, the average titre being 3.2 PFU/10(7) leucocytes. After the administration of a ten-fold dose of MARVAK vaccine, 80% of the chicks were viraemic and the average titre of viraemia was 8 PFU/10(7) leucocytes. In the MFB vaccinated with the recommended dose of the MARVAK vaccine, the percentage of viraemic chickens was 48.3% and the average titre of viraemia was 6.5 PFU/10(7) leucocytes. In the pullets examined at the age of 20 weeks the number of viraemic birds ranged from 20 to 50% and the average viraemia titres were from 3.8 to 13.1 PFU/10(7) leucocytes. In the flock affected by acute MD, no post-vaccination viraemia was found in the clinically diseases pullets. In the chickens of the HX-SL line vaccinated with the recommended MARVAK vaccine dose, viraemia culminated in the third week after vaccination (31.5 PFU/10(7) leucocytes), and after the use of the dose ten times as high as the recommended one the culmination came a week later (47 PFU/10(7) leucocytes). In the Shaver chicks vaccinated with the recommended dose or with the ten-fold dose of the MARVAK vaccine, the post-vaccination viraemia culminated in the fourth week after vaccination (94.9 and 116.8 PFU/10(7) leucocytes). The post-vaccination precipitation antibodies were first detected in the eighth week after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Studies of biological properties of the recombinants between human influenza and fowl plague viruses as related to genome composition.

Some biological properties of recombinants obtained by crossing of fowl plague and human influenza viruses were studied. The capacity of the recombinants to reproduce in chick embryo fibroblast cultures was in reverse correlation to the number of genes coding for P proteins derived from the human influenza virus. The genome composition was of importance for the expression of ts-phenotype of the recombinants in different systems. Substitution of at least one gene in the fowl plague virus genome by a corresponding human influenza virus gene resulted in the decrease of virulence for 1-day-old chickens. The presence of three P genes from human influenza virus genome in the genome of the recombinant proved to be insufficient for the capability of the recombinant to reproduce in organ cultures of human origin.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Histochemical identification of tissue eosinophils in the inflammatory response of the fowl (Gallus domesticus).

A staining technique was developed for the differential identification of tissue eosinophil and heterophil leucocytes in the fowl. Pieces of formalin-fixed skin, challenged with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or citraconic anhydride (CA), were incubated in a substrate suitable for peroxidase prior to embedding in either paraffin wax, glycol methacrylate or Araldite. This results in deep brown staining of the eosinophil granules while those of the heterophils remain unstained. Heterophils and eosinophils were conspicuous at 30 minutes after challenge in the early inflammatory response. By 48 hours the heterophilic response had diminished and eosinophils had almost disappeared. Only mononuclear cells were seen at 72 hours. It is suggested that the eosinophil leucocyte might act as an early modulator of inflammation in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in the fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Egg production in relation to the results of a long term serological survey of 73 flocks of fowl.

Seventy-three flocks of fowl were tested at regular intervals for the presence of precipitins to fowl adenovirus (AV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), haemaggluinating inhibiting antibodies to BC in 14 virus, and of agglutinins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M.g.) and Mycoplasma synoviae (M.s.). In all the eight flocks affected with Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS '76), egg production problems were associated with increasing numbers of BC14 virus reactors and AV reactors. In flocks showing production problems other than EDS'73 without any apparent cause, the average percentage of AV reactors increased significantly after the rearing period; this was not true of IBV reactors. BC14 reactors were either absent or present only once, in small numbers and with low titres, during the test period. The average percentage of AV reactors did not increase after the rearing period either in normally producing flocks or in flocks with production problems for which other diseases or dietary errors plausibly accounted for these problems. All this suggests a pathogenic role of AV in production problems. One can conclude from the high percentage of reactors in all groups of flocks that subclinical IBV infections are common. The percentage of IBV reactors during the laying period of flocks with EDS'76 was significantly higher than that of normally producing flocks. It is therefore suggested that subclinical IBV infection could be among the factors causing stress, acting as a trigger for EDS'76. All M.g.-infected flocks showed production problems; M.s. infections could not be related to egg production disturbances.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl: evidence for the protective role of H2-histaminergic and beta 2-adrenergic receptors.

Pentobarbital-anesthetized and spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin (BA)-sensitized adult domestic fowl showed acute systemic anaphylaxis to IV injection of antigen (BA), which was characterized by arterial hypotension, central venous hypertension, and bradycardia. Large doses of pyrilamine maleate (/1-receptor antagonist) partially inhibited acute systemic anaphylaxis. On the other hand, metiamide (a specific H2-antagonist) and propranolol (beta-adrenergic antagonist) markedly enhanced the anaphylactic response. Terbutaline (beta 2-agonist), dimaprit (a highly selective H2-agonist), and compound FPL 55712 (a slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis receptor antagonist) either significantly inhibited or reversed the anaphylactic response. Cimetidine (a newer H2-antagonist) enhanced only central venous pressor response to BA. This investigation appears to suggest a minor role of histamine and a major role of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis as chemical mediatiors of anaphylaxis. A protective role of beta 2-adrenergic and H2-histaminergic receptors seem to operate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions in adult domestic fowl.

Anaphylaxis↗