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PubMed1997

Hemispheric asymmetry in the recognition of emotional attitude conveyed by facial expression, prosody and propositional speech.

In this study 27 patients with right hemisphere lesions, 25 patients with left hemisphere lesions and 26 normal control subjects were investigated for unimodal and simultaneous multimodal recognition of emotional attitude. All subjects were shown 330 videotaped items of 4 seconds duration, each of which was to be judged in terms of facial expression, emotional prosody and the emotional meaning of the underlying spoken sentence. In a preceding experiment comparable unimodal emotional stimuli were applied. The results suggest (a) right hemisphere superiority for recognition of emotions conveyed by facial and prosodic information, (b) a right hemisphere dominance for the recognition of fear and (c) no significant enhancement of right hemisphere superiority under multimodal presentation of emotional stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Recognition of emotion from facial expression following traumatic brain injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To assess three domains of emotion recognition in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH DESIGN: A between group comparison. PROCEDURES: Twenty-four participants with severe TBI and 15 matched participants without brain damage were asked to label and match facial expressions with and without context. The participants with TBI were also interviewed regarding changes in subjective experience of emotion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Participants with TBI were found to be significantly impaired on expression labelling and matching, but experienced some improvement when provided with context. Negative emotions were particularly affected. Affective semantic knowledge and face perception appeared to be relatively intact in this group. The majority of participants with TBI reported some change in the post-injury experience of everyday emotion, although the pattern of changes differed greatly between individuals. Reduced subjective experience, especially of sadness and fear, was associated with poor emotion matching but not emotion labelling.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Facial expressions of emotion in mother-infant interaction.

Face movements of infants 2 months of age when they are interacting with their mothers give evidence both for innate representation of the mother as a partner in communication and for an emotional system that evaluates her expressions and regulates their interpersonal contact. Although the facial neuro-motor system is immature in infancy, it can generate many expressions that compare closely with those by which adults transmit emotions and control engagements and relationships. It also expresses rudiments of special motivation for speaking. Even newborns show clear evidence of organized facial expressions defining distinct communicative states that respond to maternal care. Emotional communication is multimodal; as infants gain in perceptuo-motor and cognitive powers, they both express and respond to simultaneous signals of affect in multiple channels of voice, gesture and postural change. Face expressions form but part of a stream of motor evidence of central affective state and its changes. Mothers present to infants a form of expressive activity (baby talk) that has clearly marked synchronous visible and audible features. The precocious expressive capacities and sensitivities of infants and maternal fostering of them would appear to be a human adaptation to facilitate development of observational learning and language. Developments in the first year expand the scope of communication and play without changing the fundamental emotional code by which infant and familiar caretakers construct and defend their special relationships.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of sadness, anger, and fear facial expressions when toddlers look at their mothers.

Research suggests that sadness expressions may be more beneficial to children than other emotions when eliciting support from caregivers. It is unclear, however, when children develop the ability to regulate their displays of distress. The current study addressed this question. Distress facial expressions (e.g., fear, anger, and sadness) were examined in 24-month-old toddlers throughout 4 episodes as well as specifically during looks to their mothers. Consistent with hypotheses and the literature, toddlers expressed sadness more frequently and with more intensity than target emotions only during looks to their mothers. These findings indicate that toddlers as young as 24 months of age are using particular emotional displays to elicit support from the social environment.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions.

Facial emotions represent an important part of non-verbal communication used in everyday life. Recent studies on emotional processing have implicated differing brain regions for different emotions, but little has been determined on the timing of this processing. Here we presented a large number of unfamiliar faces expressing the six basic emotions, plus neutral faces, to 26 young adults while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Subjects were naive with respect to the specific questions investigated; it was an implicit emotional task. ERPs showed global effects of emotion from 90 ms (P1), while latency and amplitude differences among emotional expressions were seen from 140 ms (N170 component). Positive emotions evoked N170 significantly earlier than negative emotions and the amplitude of N170 evoked by fearful faces was larger than neutral or surprised faces. At longer latencies (330-420 ms) at fronto-central sites, we also found a different pattern of effects among emotions. Localization analyses confirmed the superior and middle-temporal regions for early processing of facial expressions; the negative emotions elicited later, distinctive activations. The data support a model of automatic, rapid processing of emotional expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Computer-assisted clinimetric tool for the study of facial expression: a pilot validity study.

Clinimetrics is the measurement of clinical phenomena; more specifically, it is mensuration, the act of acquiring and labeling basic raw data that is used to describe or measure symptoms, signs, and other distinctly clinical phenomena. Over the last 5 years, a new computer method for measuring facial expression has been developed. Refinement and validation of this technique are necessary before clinical applications are appropriate. Four hundred fifty data points from two human observers and the computed method were compared with one another by using indices of location, dispersion, and association within the framework of the logical construct of validity. These results suggest that the computed method is valid. This new method may be nearly ready for clinical applications as a primary or adjunctive clinimetric tool.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Facial expression recognition and subthalamic nucleus stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves motor signs in Parkinson's disease. However, clinical studies suggest that DBS of the STN may also affect cognitive and emotional functions. OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of STN stimulation in Parkinson's disease on perception of facial expressions. RESULTS: There was a selective reduction in recognition of angry faces, but not other expressions, during STN stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may have important implications for social adjustment in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements.

We examined how the recognition of facial emotion was influenced by manipulation of both spatial and temporal properties of 3-D point-light displays of facial motion. We started with the measurement of 3-D position of multiple locations on the face during posed expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and then manipulated the spatial and temporal properties of the measurements to obtain new versions of the movements. In two experiments, we examined recognition of these original and modified facial expressions: in experiment 1, we manipulated the spatial properties of the facial movement, and in experiment 2 we manipulated the temporal properties. The results of experiment 1 showed that exaggeration of facial expressions relative to a fixed neutral expression resulted in enhanced ratings of the intensity of that emotion. The results of experiment 2 showed that changing the duration of an expression had a small effect on ratings of emotional intensity, with a trend for expressions with shorter durations to have lower ratings of intensity. The results are discussed within the context of theories of encoding as related to caricature and emotion.

Caricatures as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Measurement of the perception of facially expressed emotions by a computerized device: method of analysis and research for the integration of emotions (MARIE).

Current computerized tools allow detailed exploration of the structure and functioning of the "black box," i.e., human cognitive and affective systems as well as thought. This technology was used to study the visual perception of facially expressed emotions. Morphological transition from one canonical emotion to another led to the creation of a continuum of intermediary pictures, and the identification of perceived emotions by 65 normal subjects was measured. We call this application "MARIE" (in French: Méthode d'Analyse et de Recherche de l'Intégration des Emotions; Method of Study and Analysis of Integration of Emotions). Our study examined the relationship between the quantitative modification of the continuum and the quantitative variation of the responses. Standardization of graphs led to the assessment of the two parameters of a Laplace-Gauss curve, i.e., mean and standard deviation. It is argued that such a tool could be very useful in the clinical assessment of the emotional state of subjects and/or of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play.

Recent studies of adult-infant interaction suggest that adults modify their behavior in order to change or maintain an infant's state of arousal. We pursued this question by asking whether mothers modify their actions in response to infant facial expression or gaze direction. Subjects were 7 mother-infant (4--8 month old) pairs in which mothers were instructed to bet their babies to smile. From these filmed interactions the infant's mouth, gaze, and head direction were coded, and the mother's movements were coded as single acts or bouts. Results of an exploratory analysis indicate that, when trying to get a baby to smile using tactile and kinesthetic stimulation, mothers tend to respond to negative changes of affect and attention by changing the content of their actions, taking a long pause, or decreasing the number of acts in a bout.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: a principal components analysis of the child facial coding system.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the structure of facial reaction to procedural pain and to determine the subset of facial actions that best describe the response. DESIGN: Observational. SETTING: Five rural and five urban physicians' offices. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-three children aged 4 to 5 years undergoing routine diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and polio immunization. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Child Facial Coding System, comprising 13 discrete facial actions, was used to code each second of five 10-second phases from videotape: baseline, preneedle, needle, postneedle, and posthandling. Parents and a technician provided visual analog scale ratings of children's pain. Children provided a self-report using a Faces Pain Scale, and parents and nurses rated the children's pain and anxiety using visual analog scales. RESULTS: A "pain face" similar to that reported in adults emerged with the onset of pain. Principal component analyses revealed the frequency and intensity of facial action during the needle phase could be represented by components reflecting pain sensation, a "brave face," and the children's expectations for pain. Children's Faces Pain Scale and adult visual analog scale ratings were best predicted by components reflecting pain sensation and expectations of high pain. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a preliminary indication that the Child Facial Coding System can be reduced to components that reflect several aspects of children's acute pain experience and predict self-reports and observer reports of children's pain.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

The perception of facial expressions and stimulus motion by two- and five-month-old infants using holographic stimuli.

3 experiments were conducted in which holograms of faces were used in an attempt to expand our current knowledge of infant face perception. 5-month-old infants in the first experiment were asked to discriminate a change in facial expression and pose displayed in a holographic stereogram that either moved or remained stationary. The experimental group did not show evidence of discrimination when compared to a control group. In addition, there was no preference on the part of infants to attend more to the moving face. 2-month-old infants were tested in a second experiment on an identical discrimination task, using only the moving hologram. Unlike the older infants, the 2-month-olds succeeded in discriminating the change in expression/pose. In the final experiment, the contributions of motion to face recognition were explored in 5-month-old infants using the same hologram as in the first 2 experiments. There was again no evidence to suggest that infants preferred (in any absolute sense) the moving face. There was strong evidence, however, that motion contrasts (i.e., the starting and stopping of motion), and not motion per se, facilitate face recognition. These results are discussed, as is the potential of using holography to study face perception and other perceptual skills in infancy.

Child Development↗