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PubMed1988

Laboratory comparison of modern vacuum extractors.

The Malmström, Soft Cup, and Mity-Vac vacuum extractors were compared in the laboratory using a tensile strength tester and a fetal cephalic model. In the test system, a linear relationship emerged between applied vacuum and maximal tractive force for all of the vacuum extractors. At their recommended working pressures, they allowed a maximum of 18-20 kg of tractive force to assist in a delivery. Calculation of the distribution of this force per unit area would appear to favor the Soft Cup. At high vacuums, all showed large amounts of tractive force and high forces per unit area. The data clearly demonstrate that high vacuum would have potentially adverse effects on the fetus and thus should be avoided.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1979

A comparison of different methods of instrumental delivery based on electronic measurements of compression and traction.

Electronic measurements of compression, using a hydrostatic technique, were made during 44 normal deliveries and compared with the values obtained during 32 deliveries using Kielland's forceps, 21 using Neville Barnes' forceps, 48 using Moolgaoker's adjustable forceps, and 26 using Malmstrom's vacuum extractor. Electronic recordings of traction, using strain gauges, were made simultaneously during all the instrumental deliveries except those with Kielland's forceps. By exercising suitable controls over most of the multiple factors operating at the time of any delivery the authors were able to compare objectively the efficiency of the different methods of instrumental delivery. Smaller forces of compression and traction were exerted and better Apgar scores were recorded in infants delivered with the adjustable forceps than in infants delivered with the other instruments. The superiority of the adjustable forceps was most noticeable during midcavity deliveries of the malrotated head.

Apgar Score↗