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PubMed2005

Self-recognition of and provider response to maternal depressive symptoms in low-income Hispanic women.

BACKGROUND: One quarter of mothers of young children experience high levels of depressive symptoms, and only half are identified by themselves or their providers. Little is known about what factors influence maternal and provider recognition of depression. We use data from the San Mateo County, California, Prenatal to Three project to explore self-recognition, provider response, and referral among low-income Hispanic mothers of infants and toddlers. The goals are (1) to describe the patterns of self-recognition of maternal depression, maternal reporting of health professional response, and referrals for mental health services as related to depression severity and (2) to identify determinants of self-recognition, provider response, and mental health referrals. METHODS: Our sample consists of 218 nonpregnant Hispanic mothers in San Mateo County. Self-recognition was defined as an affirmative answer to the question, "Have you thought that you needed help with sadness or depression since your child was born?" High depressive symptoms were defined as a score of > or =10 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We performed chi-square and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent responded that they needed help with depression since the birth of their baby. Less than half discussed depressive feelings with their provider. Depression recognition factors differed between mothers and health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depression is prevalent among Hispanic women on Medicaid but is not readily detected by women or providers. Women and providers use different cues to identify depression, possibly leading to communication discrepancies. Further research on the factors that influence self-recognition and provider recognition of maternal depression is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Hamming-Clustering method for signals prediction in 5' and 3' regions of eukaryotic genes.

MOTIVATION: Gene expression is regulated by different kinds of short nucleotide domains. These features can either activate or terminate the transcription process. To predict the signal sites in the 5' and 3' gene regions we applied the Hamming-Clustering network (HC) to the TATA box, to the transcription initiation site and to the poly(A) signal determination in DNA sequences. This approach employs a technique deriving from the synthesis of digital networks in order to generate prototypes, or rules, which can be directly analysed or used for the construction of a final neural network. RESULTS: More than 1000 poly-A signals have been extracted from EMBL database rel. 42 and used to build the training and the test set. A full set of the eukaryotic genes (1252 entry) from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD rel. 42) have been used for the TATA-box signal and transcription network approach. The results show the applicability of the Hamming-Clustering method to functional signal prediction.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating transcription factor bindability on DNA.

MOTIVATION: Precise analysis of the genetic network, gene function and transcription regulation requires accurate prediction of transcription factor (TF) bindability on DNA. For calculating the matching score between an input sequence and a set of known TF binding sites, we use positional weight matrices (PWMs) and Bucher's calculating method (Bucher, J. Mol. Biol., 212, 563-578, 1990). Since estimating TF binding sites requires cut-off values, we propose a robust cut-off value determining algorithm. RESULTS: We generalize the concept of local overrepresentation with statistics, and propose a new algorithm for determining the cut-off value using the background rate estimated on non-promoters. The algorithm iteratively determines parameters separating instances into phenomena-dependent and phenomena-independent subsets. Our system includes the method of re-estimating cut-off values of TFs that mis-recognize other TF preferred regions. Our data source comprised 433 non-redundant vertebrate promoters including viral promoters, from Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) R.50. The method is applied to 205 vertebrate TFs that have frequency matrices in TRANSFAC Ver.3. 4 and the cut-off values of all of them can be determined. AVAILABILITY: The cut-off values and TF binding site predicting tool are available at http://www.hgc.ims.u-tokyo.ac. jp/service/tooldoc/TFBIND. We also provide the cut-off value estimating programs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Annotating regulatory DNA based on man-mouse genomic comparison.

Non-coding DNA segments that are conserved between the human and mouse genomic sequence are good indicators of possible regulatory sequences. Here we report on a systematic approach to delineate such conserved elements from upstream regions of orthologous gene pairs from man and mouse. We focus on orthologous genes in order to maximize our chances to find functionally similar regulatory elements. The identification of conserved elements is effected using the Waterman-Eggert local suboptimal alignment algorithm. We have modified an implementation of this algorithm such that it integrates the determination of statistical significance for the local suboptimal alignments. This has the effect of outputting a dynamically determined number of suboptimal alignments that are deemed statistically significant. Comparison with experimentally determined annotation shows a striking enrichement of regulatory sites among the conserved regions. Furthermore, the conserved regions tend to cover the promotor region described in the EPD database.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

PromoterExplorer: an effective promoter identification method based on the AdaBoost algorithm.

MOTIVATION: Promoter prediction is important for the analysis of gene regulations. Although a number of promoter prediction algorithms have been reported in literature, significant improvement in prediction accuracy remains a challenge. In this paper, an effective promoter identification algorithm, which is called PromoterExplorer, is proposed. In our approach, we analyze the different roles of various features, that is, local distribution of pentamers, positional CpG island features and digitized DNA sequence, and then combine them to build a high-dimensional input vector. A cascade AdaBoost-based learning procedure is adopted to select the most 'informative' or 'discriminating' features to build a sequence of weak classifiers, which are combined to form a strong classifier so as to achieve a better performance. The cascade structure used for identification can also reduce the false positive. RESULTS: PromoterExplorer is tested based on large-scale DNA sequences from different databases, including the EPD, DBTSS, GenBank and human chromosome 22. Experimental results show that consistent and promising performance can be achieved.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Prediction of gene expression specificity by promoter sequence patterns.

We present here a heuristic method toward predicting the expression specificity in the transcriptional process, which is known to be regulated in large part by promoter sequences, by observing the appearance of conserved sequence patterns in a group of known promoters, such as for housekeeping or tissue-specific genes. Statistically conserved patterns were automatically extracted from a set of unaligned sequences up to 200 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site, by a standard procedure using the Markov chain and binomial distribution models. Furthermore, to obtain signal sequences of optimal lengths we devised a method that combines the multiple alignment and the analysis of the information content (or relative entropy). Groups of related promoters were compiled from the EPD eukaryotic promoter database and the EMBL nucleic acid sequence database. Each promoter was examined for its specificity by linear discriminant analysis to test the validity of the extracted patterns. Our method could correctly discriminate 77.6% of the housekeeping gene promoters and 62.9% of the liver promoters.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Functional analysis of human promoter polymorphisms.

The potential importance of gene regulation in disease susceptibility and other inherited phenotypes has been underlined by the observation that the human genome contains fewer protein coding genes than expected. Promoter sequences are potential sources of polymorphism affecting gene expression, although to date there are no large-scale systematic studies that have determined how frequently such variants occur. We have used denaturing high performance liquid chromatography to screen the first 500 bp of the 5' flanking region of 170 opportunistically selected genes identified from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) for common polymorphisms. Using a screening set of 16 chromosomes, single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found in approximately 35% of genes. It was attempted to clone each of these promoters into a T-vector constructed from the reporter gene vector pGL3. The relative ability of each promoter haplotype to promote transcription of the luciferase gene was tested in each of three human cell lines (HEK293, JEG and TE671) using a co-transfected SEAP-CMV plasmid as a control. The findings suggest that around a third of promoter variants may alter gene expression to a functionally relevant extent.

5' Flanking Region↗
PubMed2003

Dragon ERE Finder version 2: A tool for accurate detection and analysis of estrogen response elements in vertebrate genomes.

We present a unique program for identification of estrogen response elements (EREs) in genomic DNA and related analyses. The detection algorithm was tested on several large datasets and makes one prediction in 13 300 nt while achieving a sensitivity of 83%. Users can further investigate selected regions around the identified ERE patterns for transcription factor binding sites based on the TRANSFAC database. It is also possible to search for candidate human genes with a match for the identified EREs and their flanking regions within EPD annotated promoters. Additionally, users can search among the extended promoter regions of approximately 11 000 human genes for those that have a high degree of similarity to the identified ERE patterns. Dragon ERE Finder version 2 is freely available for academic and non-profit users (http://sdmc.lit.org.sg/ERE-V2/index).

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

DoOP: Databases of Orthologous Promoters, collections of clusters of orthologous upstream sequences from chordates and plants.

DoOP (http://doop.abc.hu/) is a database of eukaryotic promoter sequences (upstream regions) aiming to facilitate the recognition of regulatory sites conserved between species. The annotated first exons of human and Arabidopsis thaliana genes were used as queries in BLAST searches to collect the most closely related orthologous first exon sequences from Chordata and Viridiplantae species. Up to 3000 bp DNA segments upstream from these first exons constitute the clusters in the chordate and plant sections of the Database of Orthologous Promoters. Release 1.0 of DoOP contains 21,061 chordate clusters from 284 different species and 7548 plant clusters from 269 different species. The database can be used to find and retrieve promoter sequences of a given gene from various species and it is also suitable to see the most trivial conserved sequence blocks in the orthologous upstream regions. Users can search DoOP with either sequence or text (annotation) to find promoter clusters of various genes. In addition to the sequence data, the positions of the conserved sequence blocks derived from multiple alignments, the positions of repetitive elements and the positions of transcription start sites known from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database (EPD) can be viewed graphically.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Compliance of electronic personal neutron dosemeters with the new International Standard IEC 61526.

The recommendations and test requests for the dose equivalent response of personal neutron dosemeters formulated by the new International Standard IEC 61526 are summarised. In particular, IEC 61526 allows the use of broad fields if dosemeters do not fulfil the hard requirements using monoenergetic neutrons. Some broad fields which can work as a replacement field using ISO sources (252Cf, 252Cf (D2O mod.), 241Am-Be) and simulated workplace fields (CANEL and SIGMA) are described. This work shows the results of recent measurements of the personal dose equivalent response for the dosemeters Thermo Electron EPD-N2, Aloka PDM-313 and the prototype dosemeter PTB DOS-2002, and discusses their compliance with respect to the new IEC 61526 standard.

Electronics↗
PubMed2000

Spirituality: description, measurement, and relation to the five factor model of personality.

The present article focused on the development and measurement of a factor model of the expressions of spirituality. Study 1 (N = 534) involved the use of factor analysis to examine the latent factor structure in a sample of 11 measures of spiritual constructs. Study 2 (N = 938) focused on the replication of Study 1 results and on the construction and initial validation of an instrument to operationalize the factor model of spirituality. Results indicate that at least 5 robust dimensions of spirituality underlie the spirituality test domain. These dimensions were labeled Cognitive Orientation Towards Spirituality (COS), Experiential/Phenomenological Dimension (EPD), Existential Well-Being (EW-B), Paranormal Beliefs (PAR), and Religiousness (REL). The measure developed, named the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI), takes the form of a 98-item instrument that generated scores demonstrating satisfactory reliability and adequate initial validity. Examination of the relation of spirituality to the Five Factor Model (FFM) as measured by the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised revealed that the dimensions of the FFM appear to differentially relate to the major elements of spirituality but are nevertheless conceptually unique, pointing to the possible existence of major aspects of personality not represented in the FFM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Does fetal screening affect women's worries about the health of their baby? A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound screening for Down's syndrome versus routine ultrasound screening.

BACKGROUND: Screening for fetal abnormality may increase women's anxiety as attention is directed at the possibility of something being wrong with the baby. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound screening for Down's syndrome on women's anxiety in mid-pregnancy and 2 months after delivery. METHOD: Two thousand and twenty-six women were randomly allocated to an ultrasound examination at 12-14 gestational weeks (gws) including risk assessment for Down's syndrome or to a routine scan at 15-20 gws. Questionnaires including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Cambridge Worry Scale (CWS), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were filled in at baseline in early pregnancy, at 24 gws and 2 months after delivery. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the trial groups regarding women's worries about the health of the baby, general anxiety and depressive symptoms during pregnancy or 2 months after delivery. Women's worries about something being wrong with the baby in the early ultrasound group and routine group, respectively, decreased from baseline (39.1% versus 36.0%) to mid-pregnancy (29.2% versus 27.8%), and finally to 2 months after delivery (5.2% versus 6.6%). CONCLUSION: Fetal screening for Down's syndrome by an early ultrasound scan did not cause more anxiety or concerns about the health of the baby in mid-pregnancy or 2 months after birth than in women who had a routine scan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Pustular dermatosis of the scalp associated with autoimmune diseases.

A 36-year-old woman visited our hospital with a five month history of persistent pustulation, crusting, and alopecia on the vertex of the scalp. No pathological organisms were isolated from the lesions. Histological examination revealed non-specific changes of chronic inflammation with destroyed follicles. Antibiotic therapy produced no response, but steroid therapy was effective. From these observations, a diagnosis of erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS), as described by Pye et al., was made. The patient also had Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune hepatitis, and Takayasu's aortitis. The laboratory studies revealed an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein 3+, hypergammaglobulinemia, and various auto-antibodies, suggesting the possibility of a pathogenesis common to both this dermatosis and the autoimmune diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Early discharge: no evidence of adverse outcomes in three consecutive population-based Australian surveys of recent mothers, conducted in 1989, 1994 and 2000.

Length of postnatal hospital stay has declined dramatically since the 1970s, with ongoing controversy about potential harmful effects. Three population-based surveys of recent mothers conducted in the State of Victoria, Australia have been analysed to assess the impact of shorter length of stay on breast feeding and women's psychological well-being. Women giving birth in Victoria, Australia in 1 week in 1989, 2 weeks in 1993 and 2 weeks in 1999, excluding those who had a stillbirth or neonatal death, were mailed surveys 5-8 months postpartum. Adjusted response fractions were: 71.4% in 1989 (n = 790), 62.5% in 1994 (n = 1313), and 67% in 2000 (n = 1616). Participants were representative in terms of method of birth, parity and infant birthweight. Younger women, single women and women of non-English-speaking background (born outside Australia) were under-represented. The primary outcome measures were infant feeding at 6 weeks postpartum and maternal depression at 5-8 months postpartum (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale > or = 13). There was no significant association between length of stay (1-2 days vs. > or = 5 days, 3-4 days vs. > or = 5 days) and primary outcome measures in univariable analyses of the 1989 Survey, or multivariable analyses of the 1994 and 2000 Surveys adjusting for relevant social and obstetric factors. For stays of 3-4 days, the adjusted odds ratio for formula feeding at 6 weeks was 1.35 [95% CI 0.9, 1.9] in 1994 and 1.22 [95% CI 0.9, 1.7] in 2000. The confidence intervals are compatible with a very small reduction or a large increase in formula feeding, neither reaching statistical significance. For depressive symptoms at 5-7 months postpartum (EPDS score > or = 13), the adjusted odds ratio for women staying 3-4 days was 0.96 [95% CI 0.7, 1.4] in 1994 and 0.90 [95% CI 0.6, 1.3] in 2000. These confidence intervals are compatible with a 30-40% reduction or a 30-40% increase in odds of depressive symptoms. Based on these findings shorter length of stay does not appear to have an adverse impact on breast feeding or women's emotional well-being. Testing early discharge policies in well-designed randomised trials remains a priority for developing stronger evidence to inform practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Mood disorders among mothers of infants admitted to a mothercraft hospital.

The mothers (n = 100) of consecutive infants admitted to a mothercraft residential facility were asked to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Only one of the women had been identified prior to the infant's admission as having postnatal depression, but 39% scored above the cut-off point for likely major depressive disorder. No specific infant problem correlated significantly with a higher depression score. The extent of serious mood disorders in the post-partum population has remained generally unacknowledged despite an upsurge of recent research activity in the field. Nevertheless, this problem has considerable public health significance, impinging as it does on the health of all members of the family. Possible screening and intervention strategies are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impact of infant health problems on postnatal depression: pilot study to evaluate a health visiting system.

This pilot study aimed to elucidate whether or not mothers who receive neonatal home visits tend to suffer from depressive disorders during the first postpartum year and to examine what kinds of factors were related to the postnatal depression observed in these mothers. The subjects consisted of 70 Japanese mothers who received neonatal home visits and completed the 1-year study. At their first visit, the health visitors asked about their personal backgrounds and early postpartum mood, and depression was assessed by a Japanese translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). At 12 months postpartum, a diagnostic interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was performed to confirm the maternal diagnosis by a psychiatrist. An assessment of infant development using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to each infant by a psychologist. Nineteen mothers (27%) were categorized as having had a new onset of depression (12 major depressive disorders and seven depressive disorders not otherwise specified). In comparison to the non-depressed mothers, infant-related health problems that required either outpatient treatment or hospitalization were significantly related to postnatal depression. Pediatric diseases in infants did not always precede their mother's depression. The extra burden of caring for a sick infant tends to increase the risk of developing postpartum depression. As a result, neonatal home visits by health visitors may therefore be a potentially crucial opportunity to provide emotional support, particularly for mothers with the extra burden of having to care for sick infants.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Postnatal depression: a prospective study of its prevalence, incidence and psychosocial determinants in an Israeli sample.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and incidence of postnatal depression and its relation to certain psychosocial factors. METHOD: A questionnaire was administered to 327 randomly selected pregnant women on the first or second postpartum day A and again 6 to 12 weeks later B. The questionnaire comprised a psychosocial and demographic self-report, and the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). RESULTS: At time A the prevalence of postnatal depression was 9.9-22.3%, and at time B it was 5.2-12.4% (p < 0.0001). Four of the psychosocial determinants examined correlated significantly with depression at times A and B. These factors were: a positive psychiatric history, Oriental ethnic origin, being foreign born, inconvenient timing of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Postnatal depression was less common than in most reported series. It was related to marital and social support, the circumstances of the pregnancy, and the degree of religious observance. Postnatal depression is a specific disorder, not equivalent to depression in the prenatal period.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of sexual satisfaction and post-natal depression in the UK and Taiwan.

AIM: To compare the sexual expression and sexual satisfaction of women in the UK and Taiwan before and after childbirth, to determine if there is an association between self reported sexual satisfaction and postnatal depression (PND) and the main sources of sexual information for women during this period. METHOD: A comparative survey of postnatal women in the UK and Taiwan using a selfadministered questionnaire, a semi structured interview and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to investigate sexual satisfaction, sexual expression and main sources of information as well the prevalence of postnatal depression. RESULTS: Seventy per cent of the UK women and 89% of the Taiwanese women were generally satisfied with their sex life during the postnatal period although in both countries women thought that sexual expression was not as important to themselves as to their partner. There were differences in ranking criteria for physical and emotional sexual satisfaction in the two countries. Eighty-three per cent of UK women had sufficient information about sex during the postnatal period compared to 60% of Taiwanese women. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of PND (18% UK, 19% Taiwan p < 0.01 ANOVA) but significant negative associations (correlation coefficient) between 'sexual self-confidence' and PND in the UK (p < 0.01) and Taiwan (p < 0.05). UK Women with an unsatisfactory sex life (p < 0.05), insufficient sexual information (p < 0.05) and sexual worries after birth (p < 0.05) were more likely to have symptoms of PND. There was a strong association between a poor relationship with her partner and PND (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These associations may be either a consequence of or a contributing factor to PND. The observed differences between the two countries may be attributed to cross cultural factors and differences in health care systems although further investigation is required.

Adult↗