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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Differential action of anti-emetic drugs on defecation and emesis induced by prostaglandin E2 in the ferret.

In the present studies we investigated the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E2 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce emesis and defecation and/or tenesmus in the ferret. The emesis was antagonized significantly (P<0.05) by ondansetron (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and (+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenlypiperidine hydrochloride (CP-99,994; 10 mg/kg, i.p.), but neither compound reduced defecations and/or tenesmus, with ondansetron (0.3 mg/kg) actually producing a slight increase (P<0.05). Droperidol (1 and 3 mg/kg), metoclopramide (0.3 and 3 mg/kg), domperidone (0.3 and 3 mg/kg), promethazine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) failed to reduce prostaglandin E2 induced emesis. However, droperidol (1 and 3 mg/kg) and scopolamine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg) reduced significantly the defecatory and/or tenesmus response (P<0.05). Bilateral abdominal vagotomy was ineffective to reduce emesis and defecations and/or tenesmus. The data suggests that 5-HT3 receptor and NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonists could be useful in the clinic to prevent emesis but not defecations induced by prostaglandin E2.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Day-case adenoidectomy: outcomes are improved using suction coagulation and prophylactic anti-emetic treatment.

In 2004, the Department of Health published 10 High Impact Changes across the NHS. Of these, the first was treating day surgery as the norm for elective operations, releasing up to half a million in-patient beds each year. Adenoidectomy is an operation commonly performed in children for upper respiratory tract obstruction and as part of the surgical management of otitis media with effusion. Many surgeons consider the traditional curettage adenoidectomy as an unsatisfactory operation because it is performed blind, and is associated with varying reported levels of post-operative bleeding. Concern about the risk of bleeding and the frequent occurrence of post-operative nausea and vomiting have discouraged many surgeons from adopting adenoidectomy as a day-case procedure. We have audited the management and discharge of a cohort of 72 children undergoing traditional curettage adenoidectomy. Based on the results, we have completed the audit loop, by managing a second cohort of 77 children by suction coagulation adenoidectomy. An anaesthetic protocol has been designed to reduce post-operative nausea and vomiting, and facilitate same day discharge from hospital. The rate of post-operative nausea and vomiting fell from 21 to 1.3%, and the post-operative bleeding from 9.7% to nil. Discharge on the day of operation rose from 40.3 to 100%. Our audit confirms that these measures permit safe, day-case adenoidectomy.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed2005

Dynamics of boar semen motility inhibition as a semi-quantitative measurement of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin (Cereulide).

Qualitative and quantitative application of a computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) for detection and quantification of cereulide was described. The plot of the decrease of the percentage of boar semen progressive motility (PMOT%) in function of time and the visual inspection of curves provided a qualitative comparison between different samples (curve slope corresponds to the amount of cereulide in the sample). If the change of PMOT% over a time required for achieving PMOT% drop to 10% (DeltaPMOT%/Deltatau) is plotted against the standard curve (obtained with known concentrations of valinomycin), a semi-quantitative estimation of the amount of cereulide in the sample is obtained. An optimized CASA method was applied to determine the production of cereulide under different conditions. No cereulide was found in aerated samples and in samples incubated at 12 degrees C. The amount of cereulide produced depended on the agar medium used, type of Bacillus cereus strain and the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Toxicological profile of cereulide, the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin, in functional assays with human, animal and bacterial cells.

Some strains of the endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus cereus produce a heat-stable ionophoric peptide, cereulide, of high human toxicity. We assessed cell toxicity of cereulide by measuring the toxicities of crude extracts of cereulide producing and non-producing strains of B. cereus, and of pure cereulide, using cells of human, animal and bacterial origins. Hepatic cell lines and boar sperm, with cytotoxicity and sperm motility, respectively, as the end points, were inhibited by 1 nM of cereulide present as B. cereus extract. RNA synthesis and cell proliferation in HepG2 cells was inhibited by 2 nM of cereulide. These toxic effects were explainable by the action of cereulide as a high-affinity mobile K+ carrier. Exposure to cereulide containing extracts of B. cereus caused neither activation of CYP1A1 nor genotoxicity (comet assay, micronucleus test) at concentrations below those that were cytotoxic (0.6 nM cereulide). Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation (Ames) test was negative. Exposure of Vibrio fischeri to extracts of B. cereus caused stimulated luminescence up to 600%, independent on the presence of cereulide, but purified cereulide inhibited the luminescence with an IC(50% (30 min)) of 170 nM. Thus the luminescence-stimulating B. cereus substance(s) masked the toxicity of cereulide in B. cereus extracts to V. fischeri.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed1999

Discovery of the antidepressant and anti-emetic efficacy of substance P receptor (NK1) antagonists.

The development of small-molecule antagonists of the substance P (SP)-preferring tachykinin NK1 receptor during the past decade represents an important opportunity to exploit these molecules as novel therapeutic agents. On the basis of its anatomical localization and function, SP has been implicated in diverse pathophysiologies; of these, diseases of the CNS have been examined in the greatest detail. Although SP is best known as a pain neurotransmitter, it also controls vomiting and various behavioural, neurochemical and cardiovascular responses to stress. Recent clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of NK1 receptor antagonists to alleviate depression and emesis but, surprisingly, not pain. Thus, multiple clinical trials, targeted to appropriate patient populations, are necessary to define the therapeutic potential of novel neurotransmitter ligands.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1998

Non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may mediate the transmission of emetic signals between visceral vagal afferents and the solitary nucleus in dogs.

The effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and NBQX, respectively, on salivary secretion and retching induced by vagal stimulation were studied in decerebrate dogs. Vagal stimulation induced an increase in salivary secretion and fictive retching. Intra-4th ventricular application of vehicle or MK-801 did not change either response, while NBQX completely abolished both responses. These results suggest that non-NMDA receptors mediate both responses in the solitary nucleus.

Anesthesia↗