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A six-session group program model is described. It is designed to facilitate the adjustment of preschoolers to separation and divorce of parents. Goals are specified and the plan of each group session outlined. Some preliminary observations regarding outcome are discussed.
Sibling therapy, frequently overlooked as a method of treatment, is particularly appropriate in situations that require a deliberate focus on the "unit of continuity," or the subsystem that remains intact during a process of family reorganization. For this and other reasons it can be an effective tool in treating children of divorce. A case illustrating this use of sibling therapy is presented.
A ten-year longitudinal study of 63 girls from divorced middle-class families examines patterns of adjustment and family relationships over time. Course of adjustment and outcomes are linked to age, the mother-daughter relationship, and household organization. Delayed effects are observed among young adult women forming their own relationships, influenced by issues of identification with their mothers.
In Germany, an increasing number of children live with one parent alone and have to cope with the separation or divorce of their parents. Emotional drawbacks have frequently been hypothesized for these children. Thus, we studied if such experiences are reflected in speech behavior. Twenty-eight 10- to 13-year-old boys from separated parents (physical separation of the parents was 2 years before the investigation) were compared with 26 boys from parents living together in an interview focusing on attachment-related themes and everyday situations. The interviews were analyzed with regard to coherence of speech, coping with emotional problems, reflectivity, child representation of both parents, and verbal and nonverbal expression of feelings. Boys from separated parents had incoherent speech, difficulties in coping with emotional problems, a poorer reflectivity (thinking about their own mental states and those of others), they represented neither parent supportively and did not show their feelings openly. These results can be traced back to an insecure attachment representation of the boys with separated parents.
Persons in the crisis of divorce are increasingly being treated. Attachment theory is a way of conceptualizing man's propensity to form affectional bonds and the resulting patterns of distress when these bonds are disrupted. Guidelines for a short-term and crisis-oriented management based upon attachment theory are presented.
This paper argues the case for a full national conciliation service which would include the provision of anticipatory guidance on the health consequences of the divorce process. After a small empirical study on a group of women from York, evidence emerged that no such provision existed. Despite the fact that all the women belonged to, or were associated with, the One-Parent Family group in York, they all felt that some form of support agency and a health adviser would have been invaluable.
Examined control beliefs of children of divorce as predictors of their coping, negative appraisals for stressful events, and mental health problems. We tested whether coping and negative appraisal for stressful events mediated the relations between multiple dimensions of control beliefs and mental health problems. Different dimensions of control beliefs were related to different aspects of coping and negative stress appraisal. Internal control beliefs for positive events were related to both active and avoidant coping. Unknown control beliefs for positive events were related to higher active coping and higher negative appraisal. Unknown control beliefs for negative events were related to higher avoidant coping. In addition, evidence for mediation was found such that the effect of unknown control beliefs for positive events on mental health problems was mediated by negative appraisal. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.
The relationship between marital status and risk for alcohol-related automobile accidents was examined in 10,544 subjects (12% women) who entered 28 driver alcohol education programs over a 6-month period in 1983. Women were more likely than men to be divorced or separated (28 vs 16%). In their marital category, women were younger than men and were more likely to be living alone with their children. The findings implicate the role of lifestyle factors in the development and maintenance of alcohol-related problems, and suggest that women in driver alcohol education programs may require more help than men because they have less social support.
Among 214 youth in Grades 5 to 12, students classified by eye color did not differ in aggression or hostility although boys scored higher on Assault and girls scored higher on Indirect Hostility. Also, children of divorced parents scored higher on Aggression, Resentment, and Assault as previously reported.
Divorce rates in Polish counties in 1998 were predicted by death rates, percent urban, females/males, and outmigration.
The correlates of provincial divorce rates in Germany in 1996 were marriage rates, birth rates, population density, and formerly East versus West Germany.
Data from 31 children (age 10.7 yr.) of divorced parents showed lower self-concept scores on the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale than 19 children of nondivorced parents, although the two sets of scores fall within the expected range.
The present investigation was done to assess the psychological maturity of divorcing couples. A special questionnaire was formulated, using the conception of human development proposed by Erikson and Levinson as well as Hevighurst's conception of developmental tasks. 94 students of the VI-th year of medicine (47 women and 47 men) participated in constructing the questionnaire. Then 15 women and 15 men, who were clients of the Consulting and Diagnostic Family Center, ages 23 to 32 years were tested. Analysis shows lower scores for women than for men, especially on subscales of personal and interpersonal relations and adaptation to the parent's role.
134 high school students from a small high school in north central Kansas completed the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, Fenigstein, et al.'s Self-consciousness Scale, and Zaks' Aggression Scale. Analyses of variance showed significant differences between boys and girls but not among grades. On the aggression and alcohol measures boys scored higher than girls, but lower on public self-consciousness. Youth of divorced parents scored significantly higher than those of nondivorced parents on aggression, private self-consciousness, and general self-consciousness. Aggression scores were significantly and positively correlated with those on the alcohol and private self-consciousness scales. When students' alcoholism scores indicate problems with alcohol, their scores on aggression indicate greater aggression and their private self-consciousness scores indicate sensitivity toward events in their environment, then having concerns about inner self can inhibit the action required for change. MacAndrew scores correlated significantly and negatively with scores on social anxiety about self-consciousness. When MacAndrew scores indicated problems with alcohol, the students' scores on social anxiety about self-consciousness suggested confidence in social settings, being at ease interacting with people. The present study involved students from a single rural district so increased understanding will require more extensive research if strategies for prevention and intervention are to be developed and utilized.
116 boys and girls in elementary Grades 4, 5, and 6 were administered the General Anxiety Scale, Test Anxiety Scale, and the Shyness Scale. Their GPAs were obtained from school records as were Normal Curve Equivalents from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills given the previous school year. Children of divorced parents (n = 31) had lower GPAs than children of nondivorced parents (n = 85). The girls had higher GPAs and general anxiety scores than the boys. The students who scored lower on test anxiety had higher Normal Curve Equivalents. Pearson correlations were significant for scores on Test Anxiety with those on general anxiety (r = .57), GPA (r = -.25), and Normal Curve Equivalents (r = -.26). Normal Curve Equivalents correlated significantly with GPA (r = .66), but shyness did not correlate significantly with any other measure.
Legal responsibility for acts presumes that a person's behavior is rationally intentional and under voluntary control. Automatism, a type of insanity defense, contends that the person's conscious, voluntary control of behavior has been impaired by a mental disorder. In a recent case in South Carolina, automatism was offered as a defense to adultery, an at-fault grounds to divorce. On appeal, the State Supreme Court recognized the novel application of mental impairment defenses in domestic litigation and remanded the case for rehearing. Implications of the ruling for clinical and forensic practice in family court are discussed.
Divorce rates in 14 Caribbean nations were associated with the size of the nation and the amount of inwardly-directed violence.
A study of Australian psychologists compared scores on workaholism components among those who were divorced and those who were married. No differences were found.