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PubMed1990

Unusual EEG patterns.

Some of the unusual patterns that can be encountered on the EEG are described briefly. The patterns are grouped according to the predominant frequencies involved and/or by distinctive morphology or distribution. Those involving predominantly the alpha frequency range are alpha squeak, retained alpha, alpha-delta sleep, unilateral decrease in reactivity of alpha activity, and extreme spindles. The patterns involving the beta frequency range are the fast alpha variant, posterior temporal fast activity in children, the fast spiky spindle variant, central fast activity, and diffuse paroxysmal or continuous fast activity. The patterns of predominant theta frequencies are the slow alpha variant, frontal arousal rhythm, rhythmic temporal theta activity of drowsiness, midline theta rhythms, and focal parietal theta activity. Activity in the delta range includes the transient rhythmic slowing occurring after eye closure and the more continuous posterior rhythmic slowing. Patterns with a distinct morphology or distribution include the breach rhythm, wicket spikes, zeta waves, periodic frontal sharp complexes, subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharge of adults, and the EEG pattern of holoprosencephaly.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1978

Unbalanced globin chain synthesis by Hb Lincoln Park (anti-Lepore) reticulocytes.

Hemoglobin synthesis was studied in vitro in reticulocytes from a patient with the anti-Lepore variant Hb Lincoln Park. Incorporation of L-leucine-3H into the alpha and beta delta chains of Hb Lincoln Park was substantially less than the incorporation into the corresponding globin chains of Hb A, with the rate of synthesis of the beta delta chain being similar to that of the delta chain of Hb A2. Synthesis of the alpha and total non-alpha globin components was unbalanced, with a substantial excess of alpha chain synthesis. These findings help to explain the mild hemolytic disease present in individuals with this hemoglobin variant.

Globins↗
PubMed1994

GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor alpha 6 subunit mRNA in granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and cochlear nuclei: expression in developing and mutant mice.

The gamma aminobutyric acidA/benzodiazepine (GABAA/BZ) receptor is a multisubunit (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and rho) ligand-gated chloride channel; there are several variants of the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, each of which has been localized throughout the central nervous system. A large number of GABAA/BZ subunit variants are expressed within the cerebellar cortex. In previous studies from other laboratories, alpha 6 subunit mRNA has been reported to be present exclusively in cerebellar granule cells. The developmental expression of alpha 6 mRNA in cerebellar and cochlear granule cells is of interest because it has been suggested that each of these cell types is derived from a common precursor pool. The polymerase chain reaction was used to generate a cDNA fragment encoding a portion of the M3-M4 intracellular loop of the alpha 6 subunit of the GABAA/BZ receptor. A [35S] riboprobe, transcribed from this cDNA fragment, was used to examine the expression of the alpha 6 subunit mRNA by in situ hybridization in developing normal mice and in adult mutant mice with known deficits in synaptic circuitry. A strong hybridization signal was observed over the granule cell layers of both the cerebellum and cochlear nuclei in adult mice. The signal over the cochlear nuclei appeared after birth toward the end of postnatal week 1, coinciding with the appearance of labeling in the cerebellar cortex. The intensity of the hybridization signal in both regions increased rapidly until postnatal day 14, after which it increased more gradually, reaching adult levels during postnatal week 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Functional and subunit assembly properties of hemoglobin Alberta (alpha 2 beta 2(101) Glu----Gly).

Hemoglobin Alberta has an amino acid substitution at position 101 (Glu----Gly), a residue involved in the alpha 1 beta 2 contact region of both the deoxy and oxy conformers of normal adult hemoglobin. Oxygen equilibrium measurements of stripped hemoglobin Alberta at 20 degrees C in the absence of phosphate revealed a high affinity (P50 = 0.75 mm Hg at pH 7), co-operative hemoglobin variant (n = 2.3 at pH 7) with a normal Bohr effect (- delta log P50/delta pH(7-8) = 0.65). The addition of inositol hexaphosphate resulted in a decrease in oxygen affinity (P50 = 8.2 mm Hg at pH 7), a slight increase in the value of n and an enhanced Bohr effect. Rapid mixing experiments reflected the equilibrium results. A rapid rate of carbon monoxide binding (l' = 7.0 X 10(5) M-1 S-1) and a slow rate of overall oxygen dissociation (k = 15 s-1) was seen at pH7 and 20 degrees C in the absence of phosphate. Under these experimental conditions the tetramer stability of liganded and unliganded hemoglobin Alberta was investigated by spectrophotometric kinetic techniques. The 4K4 value (the liganded tetramer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant) for hemoglobin Alberta was found to be 0.83 X 10(-6) M compared to a 4K4 value for hemoglobin A of 2.3 X 10(-6) M, indicating that the Alberta tetramer was less dissociated into dimers than the tetramer of hemoglobin A. The values of 0K4 (the unliganded tetramer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant) for hemoglobin Alberta and hemoglobin A were also measured and found to be 2.5 X 10(-8) M and 1.5 X 10(-10) M, respectively, demonstrating a greatly destabilized deoxyhemoglobin tetramer for hemoglobin Alberta compared to deoxyhemoglobin A. The functional and subunit dissociation properties of hemoglobin Alberta appear to be directly related to the dual role of the beta 101 residue in stabilizing the tetrameric form of the liganded structure, while concurrently destabilizing the unliganded tetramer molecule.

Allosteric Regulation↗
PubMed1994

Localization of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat locus coeruleus.

Although there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of structurally different subunits of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors in the CNS, the functional relevance of this heterogeneity is not yet known. A first step in this direction is to demonstrate the receptor composition in well characterized transmitter-specific neuronal populations, such as the noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). LC neurons might play a key role in the regulation of vigilance, attention, learning and memory as well as anxiety. In the present investigation we have examined, by in situ hybridization histochemistry, the cellular expression patterns of 13 subunit variants (alpha 1-6, beta 1-3, gamma 1-3 and delta). Identified neurons express mRNAs encoding several GABAA receptor subunits (alpha 3, beta 3 > alpha 2, beta 1 > gamma 1) whereas other transcripts were not detected. These findings suggest that GABAA receptors in the LC are composed of a unique combination of subunits, e.g. alpha 3 beta 3 gamma 1, of unknown stoichiometry. Whether the identification of this potential drug target can be exploited in the development of new anxiolytics or antidepressants remains to be seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Oestrogen receptor independent expression of progestin receptors in human meningioma--a review.

Human meningiomas are rich in progestin receptors (PR), which are expressed in this tissue in an oestrogen independent fashion. In the search for an explanation of this observation, the existence of a protein in human meningioma cytosol which is capable of binding to a synthetic oestrogen responsive element (ERE) has been demonstrated. Using reverse transcriptase, PCR mRNA encoding for the wild-type oestrogen receptor (ER) was found. In addition, several splice variants of ER mRNA have been identified in human meningioma tissue, including variants lacking exons 4, 5 and 7. We found the ER delta 4 protein to have no transcriptional activity and the ER delta 7 protein reportedly is dominant negative. These mutants therefore probably are not responsible for the autonomous PR synthesis in human meningioma. The ER delta 5 protein, by contrast, has been reported to have oestrogen independent transcriptional activity and it is tempting to speculate that this protein is similar or identical to the ERE binding protein we have found in human meningioma. The role of wild type ER mRNA is presently unclear. Activation of other signal transduction pathways in meningioma does not lead to an increased PR concentration. The promoter area of the meningioma PR gene should be investigated for the possible sensitivity to other transcription factors.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a critical transducer of Ca2+ signaling, is a multifunctional protein kinase which can phosphorylate a wide range of substrates and regulate numerous cellular functions. The delta isoforms of CaMKII predominate in the heart and two splice variants of CaMKIIdelta, deltaB and deltaC, have been demonstrated to be present in the adult mammalian myocardium. The deltaB isoform contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that is absent from deltaC, and consequently, the two isoforms have different subcellular localization. Recent work from our laboratory and others has implicated CaMKII in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The specific roles of these CaMKII isoforms in regulating cardiac function appear to be determined by their subcellular localization. The nuclear deltaB isoform plays a key role in hypertrophic gene expression, whereas the cytoplasmic deltaC isoform can affect excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling through phosphorylation of Ca2+ regulatory proteins and may also transduce signals leading to apoptosis. In addition, the nuclear deltaB and the cytoplasmic deltaC isoforms of CaMKII are differentially regulated in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. This review focuses on evidence that CaMKII plays an essential role in transcriptional activation associated with cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the aberrant Ca2+ handling and apoptosis that may contribute to heart failure. The hypothesis that CaMKII isoform selective activation, localization and substrate phosphorylation lead to specificity in the resultant signaling pathways is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genomic organisation, chromosomal localisation tissue distribution and developmental regulation of the PR61/B' regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A in mice.

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine-specific phosphatase playing central roles in development, cell growth and transformation. Regulation is largely accomplished by the regulatory B subunits, which determine substrate specificity, subcellular localisation and catalytic activity. The B' family, also known as the PR61 family, is the most diverse, consisting of five genes (alpha,beta,gamma,delta and epsilon) that give rise to a number of splice variants. We deduced the sequences of the different PR61 proteins in mice and found evidence for the expression of PR61alpha, beta1, gamma1, gamma2, gamma3, delta1 and epsilon. We report the genomic organisation and localisation of the murine PR61 genes (Ppp2r5a-Ppp2r5e). This information will be useful for the future realisation of PR61 knockouts. Using Northern blotting, we examined the expression of the five PR61 isoforms in different tissues. A brain-specific function can be expected for the PR611beta protein based on the high expression levels observed in murine brain. In situ hybridisation analysis of the adult brain revealed a distinct and partially overlapping pattern of mRNA expression of the various PR61 isoforms. The PR61 mRNA expression during embryonic development was examined by Northern blotting. The PR61 transcripts were differentially expressed, suggesting a specific function for each of the PR61 proteins during embryonic development and/or adult life.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Ethnic differences in the linkage disequilibrium and distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 35 candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are commonly used to study genetics for common diseases and predict pharmacological response. The selection of likely informative SNPs in association studies depends on their allele frequencies and on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs, both of which may show interethnic differences. Among three populations consisting of 207 Chinese, 858 French, and 395 Spanish, we compared the allele frequency distributions of 64 intragenic SNPs of 35 candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases. Twenty-eight of these SNPs from 12 genes were also examined for intragenic LD. About 20% of SNPs were restricted to Europeans, being monomorphic in Chinese, among them mostly nonsynonymous coding SNPs and noncoding SNPs. Only 1.6% of SNPs were specific in Chinese, commensurate with the detection of these SNPs almost exclusively in Caucasians. Similarly, these SNPs were more often rare (<0.1 minor allele frequency) in Chinese (44.3%) than in Europeans (31.1%). The variant allele frequencies and intermarker LDs in terms of D' and Delta(2) were highly correlated between French and Spanish populations (r = 0.98-0.99, p < 0.001). However, only moderate correlations of allele frequencies and D' were found between the Chinese and the European populations (r = 0.7 and 0.3, respectively) despite a high correlation of Delta(2) values (r = 0.8). These results suggest that ethnic considerations are important in the selection of SNPs for association studies of candidate genes, as this may affect the power of the study as well as the likelihood of asking relevant questions and getting medically meaningful answers.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of intestinally active proteinases of cyst-nematodes.

Cryostat sections of juvenile and adult female stages of the soybean cyst-nematode, Heterodera glycines, were incubated with 4 different naphthylamide-linked peptide substrates to localize and characterize proteinase activity within the animal. Detected activity was restricted to the intestine and 2 distinct classes of proteinase were identified on the basis of substrate specificity and sensitivity to plant proteinase inhibitors. A cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase activity capable of hydrolysing the synthetic substrates Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-MNA and Z-Phe-Arg-MNA but not Z-Arg-Arg-MNA or L-Arg-NA was inhibited by an engineered variant of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from rice (Oc-I delta D86). The cleavage of Z-Phe-Arg-MNA was sensitive to inhibition by a combination of Oc-I delta D86 and cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI). Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify fragments of cysteine proteinase genes from 2 cyst-nematodes, H. glycines and Globodera pallida. Comparison of the H. glycines fragment with known genes established highest homology to cathepsin L-like genes. In contrast, the amplified G. pallida fragment displayed greatest homology to cathepsin B-like genes from Caenorhabditis elegans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Phosphorescence and optically detected magnetic resonance of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein complexes with stem-loop sequences of the genomic Psi-recognition element.

The binding of NCp7, the nucleocapsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, to oligonucleotide stem--loop (SL) sequences of the genomic Psi-recognition element has been studied using fluorescence, phosphorescence, and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR). RNA SL2, SL3, and SL4 constructs bind with higher affinity than the corresponding DNAs. G to I substitutions in the SL3 DNA loop sequence lead to reduced binding affinity and significant changes in the triplet state properties of Trp37 of NCp7, implicating these bases in contacts with aromatic amino acid residues of the zinc finger domains of NCp7, in agreement with the NMR structure of the 1:1 complex of NCp7 and SL3 RNA [DeGuzman, R. N., Wu, Z. R., Stalling, C. C., Pappaladro, L., Borer, P. N., and Summers, M. F. (1998) Science 279, 384-388]. The NCp7 to SL binding stoichiometry is 2:1 for intact SL sequences but is reduced to 1:1 for SL variants with an abasic or hydrocarbon loop. It is proposed that Delta D/Delta E(0,0), where Delta D is the change in the zero-field splitting D parameter and Delta E(0,0) is the shift of the tryptophan phosphorescence origin, provides a measure of aromatic stacking interactions with nucleic acid bases. Values on the order of 10(-5) indicate significant stacking interactions, while values closer to 10(-6) result from interactions not involving aromatic stacking. Binding of NCp7 to oligonucleotide substrates produces shortened Trp37 triplet state lifetimes by enhancement of k(x) and an increase of the relative value of P(x), the intersystem crossing rate to the T(x) sublevel. These effects are attributed to a reduction in the degree of electronic symmetry of Trp37 in the complexes. Guanine and adenine triplet states produced by optical pumping of SL3 DNA are characterized. We find, as with tryptophan, that D < 3E.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Enhanced discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms by artificial mismatch hybridization.

In order to increase the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA hybridization, artificial mismatches are inserted into probe oligonucleotides using the base analog 3-nitropyrrole. Differences in thermal stability (delta Tm) between hybrids formed with normal and single-nucleotide-variant DNA targets are increased by as much as 200% over conventional hybridization, and are strongly dependent upon the spacing between mismatches. The increased specificity is demonstrated by hybridization analysis and allele-specific amplification within the HLA-DRB locus.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Proteomic profiling and identification of immunodominant spore antigens of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis.

Differentially expressed and immunogenic spore proteins of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, which includes Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis, were identified. Comparative proteomic profiling of their spore proteins distinguished the three species from each other as well as the virulent from the avirulent strains. A total of 458 proteins encoded by 232 open reading frames were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for all the species. A number of highly expressed proteins, including elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), elongation factor G, 60-kDa chaperonin, enolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and others exist as charge variants on two-dimensional gels. These charge variants have similar masses but different isoelectric points. The majority of identified proteins have cellular roles associated with energy production, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, posttranslational modifications, and translation. Novel vaccine candidate proteins were identified using B. anthracis polyclonal antisera from humans postinfected with cutaneous anthrax. Fifteen immunoreactive proteins were identified in B. anthracis spores, whereas 7, 14, and 7 immunoreactive proteins were identified for B. cereus and in the virulent and avirulent strains of B. thuringiensis spores, respectively. Some of the immunodominant antigens include charge variants of EF-Tu, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Alanine racemase and neutral protease were uniquely immunogenic to B. anthracis. Comparative analysis of the spore immunome will be of significance for further nucleic acid- and immuno-based detection systems as well as next-generation vaccine development.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of shufflon among IncI plasmids.

A shufflon or clustered inversion is a novel type of DNA rearrangement originally discovered in the IncI1 plasmid R64 (T. Komano, A. Kubo, and T. Nisioka, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1165-1172, 1987). In a 1.95-kilobase region of R64 DNA, four DNA segments inverted independently or in groups, resulting in a complex DNA rearrangement. We found similar types of shufflon in other IncI1 plasmids, including delta, pIP111, pIP565, pIP112, pIP186, R144, R163, R483, and R621a. A variant type of shufflon occurs in the IncI1 plasmid ColIb.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

The nef gene products of both simian and human immunodeficiency viruses enhance virus infectivity and are functionally interchangeable.

Adult rhesus macaques infected with nef-defective simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) exhibit extremely low levels of steady-state virus replication, do not succumb to immunodeficiency disease, and are protected from experimental challenge with pathogenic isolates of SIV. Similarly, rare humans found to be infected with nef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants display exceptionally low viral burdens and do not show evidence of disease progression after many years of infection. HIV-1 Nef induces the rapid endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of cell surface CD4 and enhances virus infectivity in primary human T cells and macrophages. Although expression of SIV Nef also leads to down-modulation of cell surface CD4 levels, no evidence for SIV Nef-induced enhancement of virus infectivity was observed in earlier studies. Thus, it remains unclear whether fundamental differences exist between the activities of HIV-1 and SIV Nef. To establish more clearly whether the SIV and HIV-1 nef gene products are functionally analogous, we compared the replication kinetics and infectivity of variants of SIVmac239 that either do (SIVnef+) or do not (SIV delta nef) encode intact nef gene products. SIVnef+ replicates more rapidly than nef-defective viruses in both human and rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). As previously described for HIV-1 Nef, SIV Nef also enhances virus infectivity within each cycle of virus replication. As a strategy for evaluating the in vivo contribution of HIV-1 nef alleles and long terminal repeat regulatory sequences to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency disease, we constructed SIV-HIV chimeras in which the nef coding and U3 regulatory regions of SIVmac239 were replaced by the corresponding regions from HIV-1/R73 (SIVR7nef+). SIVR7nef+ displays enhanced infectivity and accelerated replication kinetics in primary human and rhesus PBMC infections compared to its nef-defective counterpart. Converse chimeras, containing SIV Nef in an HIV-1 background (R7SIVnef+) also exhibit greater infectivity than matched nef-defective viruses (R7SIV delta nef). These data indicate that SIV Nef, like that of HIV-1, does enhance virus replication in primary cells in tissue culture and that HIV-1 and SIV Nef are functionally interchangeable in the context of both HIV-1 and SIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Disorders of haemoglobin in China.

A large scale survey of haemoglobinopathies and thalassaemia has been carried out in China, involving 900,000 people in 28 provinces. It has resulted in the finding of many new variants and some interesting cases of thalassaemia, and in a study on the chemical structure of abnormal haemoglobins and DNA analysis of thalassaemia. We report here data on haemoglobin disorders in the Chinese, mainly the characterisation of the geographical distribution of haemoglobin variants, the analysis of globin genes of alpha, beta, gamma, or delta beta thalassaemia, and the progress in prenatal diagnosis of alpha and beta thalassaemia conducted in the authors' laboratory.

China↗
PubMed2000

The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha2 gene and trainability of cardiorespiratory endurance: the HERITAGE family study.

The Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase plays an important role in the maintenance of electrolyte balance in the working muscle and thus may contribute to endurance performance. This study aimed to investigate the associations between genetic variants at the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha2 locus and the response (Delta) of maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2 max)) and maximal power output (W(max)) to 20 wk of endurance training in 472 sedentary Caucasian subjects from 99 families. VO(2 max) and W(max) were measured during two maximal cycle ergometer exercise tests before and again after the training program, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha2 (exons 1 and 21-22 with Bgl II) gene were typed. Sibling-pair linkage analysis revealed marginal evidence for linkage between the alpha2 haplotype and DeltaVO(2 max) (P = 0.054) and stronger linkages between the alpha2 exon 21-22 marker (P = 0.005) and alpha2 haplotype (P = 0.003) and DeltaW(max). In the whole cohort, DeltaVO(2 max) in the 3.3-kb homozygotes of the exon 1 marker (n = 5) was 41% lower than in the 8.0/3.3-kb heterozygotes (n = 87) and 48% lower than in the 8.0-kb homozygotes (n = 380; P = 0.018, adjusted for age, gender, baseline VO(2 max), and body weight). Among offspring, 10.5/10.5-kb homozygotes (n = 14) of the exon 21-22 marker showed a 571 +/- 56 (SE) ml O(2)/min increase in VO(2 max), whereas the increases in the 10.5/4.3-kb (n = 93) and 4.3/4.3-kb (n = 187) genotypes were 442 +/- 22 and 410 +/- 15 ml O(2)/min, respectively (P = 0.017). These data suggest that genetic variation at the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha2 locus influences the trainability of VO(2 max) in sedentary Caucasian subjects.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Immunoprecipitation of opioid receptor-Go-protein complexes using specific GTP-binding-protein antisera.

Solubilization of opioid receptors from rat cortical membranes that retained high-affinity guanine nucleotide-sensitive agonist binding was achieved using 10 mM CHAPS. We report the nature of the interactions of mu and delta opioid receptors with the guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) by immunoprecipitation of CHAPS extracts with selective G(o)alpha-subunit protein antisera. Antiserum IM1 raised against amino acids 22-35 of G(o)alpha selectively co-immunoprecipitated G(o)alpha-mu and G(o)alpha-delta opioid receptor complexes detected in the immunoprecipitates by specific [3H][D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin and [3H][D-Ser2,Leu5,Thr6]enkephalin binding respectively. By contrast, antisera directed against the C-terminal decapeptide (OC2) and the N-terminal hexadecapeptide (ON1) of isoforms of G(o)alpha were unable to immunoprecipitate solubilized opioid receptor-G(o) complexes, although both were able to immunoprecipitate solubilized G(o)alpha and have been shown to reduce the affinity of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin for opioid receptors in rat cortical membranes [Georgoussi, Carr and Milligan (1993) Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 62-69]. These findings demonstrate that CHAPS-solubilized mu and delta opioid receptors from rat cortical membranes form stable complexes with one or more variants of G(o).

Animals↗