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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Smoking habits of students in College of Applied Medical Science, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a baseline data on the smoking habits of health science students in a Saudi Arabian university environment. METHODS: The participating subjects were students of the College of Applied Medical Sciences within the age range of 18 to 26. An experimental design with pre-structured questionnaires, and simple random sampling was administered to 712 participants by a panel of experts in behavioral health sciences. RESULTS: Out of 647 respondents, 186 (29%) were current smokers. Of those that indicated that they were currently smokers, 127 (20%) were male and 59 (9%) were female. The 20-24 year old age group exhibited the highest prevalence of smoking (P<0.000). Major factors influencing the smoking prevalence were the smoking habits of peers, siblings, and parents (P<0.005). Most of the respondents appeared to be Light Smokers , consuming less than 10 cigarettes per day. When asked of their awareness of the health hazards of smoking, 73% of the respondents answered that they were aware of the hazards. Of those that smoked, 70% expressed a desire to cease cigarette smoking. Media influence was considered to be the major source of information on the health consequences of cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among students of health care professionals. Author advocates a collaborative effort in order to alleviate the consequences of cigarette smoking among health professionals. This effort must embody a multidisciplinary approach that includes legislators, mass media, public education and health professionals at all levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Developmental psychobiology and response to threats: relevance to trauma in children and adolescents.

Interest in developmental and psychobiological aspects of trauma has grown with recent research in adults with mood and anxiety disorders reporting histories of trauma during childhood. Studies conducted directly in children and adolescents could add much to ongoing research in this area. This review summarizes data in three areas of developmental science that might inform future studies. First, the review briefly summarizes current data on clinical aspects of trauma in juveniles, focusing on associations with psychopathology and moderators of outcome. Second, the review summarizes data from the basic sciences delineating experiential and developmental changes in brain systems involved in threat perception and response. This review incorporates knowledge gained from research examining the effects of rearing manipulations on regulation of the stress response in rodents and primates. Third, the review summarizes data from cognitive neuroscience studies among both adults and children, again focusing on studies examining aspects of the threat response. This summary includes a review from studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Measuring science: an exploration.

This paper examines the available United States data on academic research and development (R&D) expenditures and the number of papers published and the number of citations to these papers as possible measures of "output" of this enterprise. We look at these numbers for science and engineering as a whole, for five selected major fields, and at the individual university field level. The published data in Science and Engineering Indicators imply sharply diminishing returns to academic R&D using published papers as an "output" measure. These data are quite problematic. Using a newer set of data on papers and citations, based on an "expanding" set of journals and the newly released Bureau of Economic Analysis R&D deflators, changes the picture drastically, eliminating the appearance of diminishing returns but raising the question of why the input prices of academic R&D are rising so much faster than either the gross domestic product deflator or the implicit R&D deflator in industry. A production function analysis of such data at the individual field level follows. It indicates significant diminishing returns to "own" R&D, with the R&D coefficients hovering around 0.5 for estimates with paper numbers as the dependent variable and around 0.6 if total citations are used as the dependent variable. When we substitute scientists and engineers in place of R&D as the right-hand side variables, the coefficient on papers rises from 0.5 to 0.8, and the coefficient on citations rises from 0.6 to 0.9, indicating systematic measurement problems with R&D as the sole input into the production of scientific output. But allowing for individual university field effects drives these numbers down significantly below unity. Because in the aggregate both paper numbers and citations are growing as fast or faster than R&D, this finding can be interpreted as leaving a major, yet unmeasured, role for the contribution of spillovers from other fields, other universities, and other countries.

Publishing↗
PubMed2004

Bioinformatics: harvesting information for plant and crop science.

Bioinformatics is an integral aspect of plant and crop science research. Developments in data management and analytical software are reviewed with an emphasis on applications in functional genomics. This includes information resources for Arabidopsis and crop species, and tools available for analysis and visualisation of comparative genomic data. Approaches used to explore relationships between plant genes and expressed sequences are compared, including use of ontologies. The impact of bioinformatics in forward and reverse genetics is described, together with the potential from data mining. The role of bioinformatics is explored in the wider context of plant and crop science.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Role of similarity principles in data extrapolation.

This paper addresses the problem of extrapolating from data set gathered on a particular system to problems of more general physiological interest. It asks: what are the limits of the extrapolability of data? Under what circumstances can data derived from a particular system be transformed into data about another, different system? Such questions address the general problem of similarity analysis. A mathematical exploration of the meaning and usefulness of the concept of similarity is presented, and the necessity for a "prototype" is introduced. The discussion shows what we mean by the relationship between natural systems and the purest form of model of such systems, the mathematical model. The value and limitations of Dimensional Analysis are considered. It is concluded that the principle of dimensional homogeneity which underlies Dimensional Analysis is not strong enough to cope effectively with situations involving many phases, as arise in biological studies. Therefore, a more general approach is used. It is shown that the problems associated with data extrapolation are very deep and lead to some of the deepest issues in all of science. The extrapolation of data from animal models to human beings has been a general characteristic of pharmacologic research and, for that matter, biomedical investigations generally. Attention to limitations and dangers of such extrapolations seems overdue. With proper understanding of the essential nature of the extrapolatory action, and modeling relations, models can be validated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bringing measurement and management science to the cath laboratory: the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR) and the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Continuous Quality Improvement Toolkit (ACC-CathKIT).

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary interventions are widely performed for the evaluation and treatment of patients with cardiac disease. Because of high utilization, cost, and complication rates, invasive cardiac procedures are closely monitored and frequently measured using national benchmark databases and public reports. Before decision makers can accept these data and reports as accurate, it is necessary that the measurement process be performed correctly. However, collecting and measuring data is only the first step and does not automatically lead to improvements in quality. For an improvement to occur, a continuous quality improvement effort must exist to transform data into improved outcomes for patients. Recognizing the need to supply healthcare providers with methods and standards for measurement reporting and tools to assist facilities in the development of effective continuous quality improvement efforts, the American College of Cardiology developed the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR). Subsequently, the American College of Cardiology Foundation, in cooperation with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, the American College of Cardiovascular Administrators, and several other professional organizations, developed the ACC-Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Continuous Quality Improvement Toolkit (ACC-CathKIT). The development and usefulness of these products is described in this paper.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed2004

Coping with occupational stress in an accident and emergency department.

Kingston Regional Hospital's Accident and Emergency Department (A&E), located in a volatile area of Kingston, Jamaica, treats 90-170 patients daily. It does so with limited staff and a potentially stressful work environment. This study explores the factors associated with occupational stress in the Department, and the coping strategies used by the doctors and nurses working there. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was completed by 28 (84.8%) of the total population (n = 33) of health personnel working in the A&E. The participants were 15 (53.6%) doctors, eight (28.6%) registered nurses and five (17.8%) enrolled assistant nurses. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 7.5. Qualitative data were analyzed by sorting texts into related themes and describing the ideas of the subjects. The median age was 32 years, range 23-50 years. Median duration of employment in the A&E was three years, range 0.5-22 years. Eighteen (60%) rated the A&E as "stressful". The major sources of stress were the external environment and the amount and quality of the workload. Ninety-six per cent reported experiencing one to seven emotional and physical symptoms. Forty-six per cent also reported behavioural symptoms. The emotional, physical and behavioural symptoms of stress were associated (p < 0.05). The number of behavioural symptoms experienced was associated with age (p < 0.05). The majority (89.2%) of doctors and nurses reported that they were satisfied with their jobs and had no intention of leaving their jobs within a year. This suggested the effectiveness of the reported humour, teamwork and "extracurricular" activities in buffering the effects of stress. Nurses were more likely to be "burned out" than doctors (p = 0.03). The respondents suggested increased monetary compensation, more staff and positive feedback from managers as factors which may relieve work stress. They suggested that organized counselling and stress management programmes would be useful.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Toxicities derived from anti-tumor screening data.

A recent study published by the National Academy of Sciences emphasized an acute shortage of data on the toxic effects of chemicals in man and animals. This shortage makes risk assessment difficult and impacts seriously on the development of a sound environmental policy. The National Cancer Institute, in its search for effective anti-cancer agents, has determined quantitative as well as qualitative toxicities for a large number of chemicals. Probit analysis was used to derive lethalities (LD50s) from data obtained in the process of testing anti-cancer agents in mice. These data were compared with those derived from testing those same agents in normal mice and it was found that a correlation exists between the two toxicities. Toxicities derived from NCI testing in normal animals were compared with published values and a similar correlation was found. LD50s were derived for all compounds tested in normal mice as well as those tested in mice bearing L1210 and P388 lymphocytic leukemias. Over 32,000 LD50s were derived for 22,597 unique compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Anatomy of data integration.

Producing reliable information is the ultimate goal of data processing. The ocean of data created with the advances of science and technologies calls for integration of data coming from heterogeneous sources that are diverse in their purposes, business rules, underlying models and enabling technologies. Reference models, Semantic Web, standards, ontology, and other technologies enable fast and efficient merging of heterogeneous data, while the reliability of produced information is largely defined by how well the data represent the reality. In this paper, we initiate a framework for assessing the informational value of data that includes data dimensions; aligning data quality with business practices; identifying authoritative sources and integration keys; merging models; uniting updates of varying frequency and overlapping or gapped data sets.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Geobase: a simple geographical information system on a personal computer.

Spatially distributed data are often encountered in the biological sciences. Representation and analysis of such data requires specific tools. A simple geographical information system is presented, which allows representation and elementary analysis of geographically coded information. The system handles two kinds of data: maps and facts, where map data describe the basis on which the fact data are located. Maps consist of objects described through a set of coordinates, while for facts a coordinate pair is associated with an unlimited number of data records containing five fields: a date, an element from a list, a two-character code, an integer number and a real number. The input data can be displayed interactively on screen by logically combining selection criteria for each field. The facts corresponding to the selected criteria are either displayed as such, or are clustered and displayed as polygons or pies. A short example showing a possible application of the program is presented and advantages as well as limitations are discussed.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

The proper use of self-report questions in effective measurement of health outcomes.

Outcomes research often relies on the use of general population survey data. The recent efforts to employ cognitive science theory in the development of data collection instruments has led to the establishment of new questionnaire design research methods. Intensive cognitive techniques are used in laboratory interviews to develop and pretest self-report survey questions with the goal of reducing non-sampling response error. This article presents the theoretical and applied approach used in the cognitive laboratory to study the ways people respond to surveys, and offers guidelines for improving self-report survey questions.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Workplace, household, and personal predictors of pesticide exposure for farmworkers.

In this article we identify factors potentially associated with pesticide exposure among farmworkers, grade the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature for such associations, and propose a minimum set of measures necessary to understand farmworker risk for pesticide exposure. Data sources we reviewed included Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, PsycINFO, and AGRICOLA databases. Data extraction was restricted to those articles that reported primary data collection and analysis published in 1990 or later. We read and summarized evidence for pesticide exposure associations. For data synthesis, articles were graded by type of evidence for association of risk factor with pesticide exposure as follows: 1 = association demonstrated in farmworkers; 2 = association demonstrated in nonfarmworker sample; 3 = plausible association proposed for farmworkers; or 4 = association plausible but not published for farmworkers. Of more than 80 studies we identified, only a third used environmental or biomarker evidence to document farmworker exposure to pesticides. Summaries of articles were compiled by level of evidence and presented in tabular form. A minimum list of data to be collected in farmworker pesticide studies was derived from these evidence tables. Despite ongoing concern about pesticide exposure of farmworkers and their families, relatively few studies have tried to test directly the association of behavioral and environmental factors with pesticide exposure in this population. Future studies should attempt to use similar behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial measures to build a body of evidence with which to better understand the risk factors for pesticide exposure among farmworkers.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The quest for professional recognition.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the progress clinical laboratory science has made toward achieving professional status. DATA SOURCES: Books, professional journals. STUDY SELECTION: Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION: Survey of literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Characteristics of clinical laboratory science as a profession were compared to a model of professionalization developed by Houle to assess the extent to which clinical laboratory science has acquired and refined selected attributes of a profession. CONCLUSION: Although clinical laboratory science has attained some of the characteristics associated with a profession, several critical issues must be addressed before it can achieve full professional status and recognition.

Certification↗