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PubMedDate not supplied

Natriuresis, kaliuresis and diuresis in the rat following microinjections of carbachol into the septal area.

The effects of intraseptal injection of carbachol on natriuresis, kaliuresis and diuresis has been studied in conscious, unrestrained water-loaded male rats. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion increased following injections into the septal area. The intensity of the natriuresis and kaliuresis was dose-related. An antidiuretic effect was also observed. The Na+/K/ ratio increased with increasing doses of carbachol, indicating that the rise in urinary sodium exceeded that of potassium. Systematic mapping of the septal area yielded about the same results for all sites, excepting a zone located in the anterior-dorsal part of the medial nucleus which appeared more sensitive. The natriuretic effect of intraseptal carbachol in adrenalectomized rats demonstrated the secondary role played by the adrenals. Contrariwise the decrease of the natriuretic effect observed either in hypophysectomized rats or in rats bearing a median eminence lesion receiving intraseptal carbachol showed the important participation of these structures in urinary Na+ excretion. Adrenalectomy or median eminence lesions did not modify the kaliuretic response while hypophysectomy produced a transitory diminution. This fact favours the hypothesis of different mechanisms involved in Na+ and K+ excretion following intraseptal carbachol. These results leave open the question as to mechanism of action but suggest a possible role of the pituitary in mediating the responses. Also, the possibility of a role played by hemodynamic shifts is suggested.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1986

Effect of ZK 36 374 on blood pressure, diuresis, plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and sodium.

ZK 36 374 is a chemically stable prostacyclin analogue which has been demonstrated to be a potent vasodilator. The effects of the drug on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, diuresis and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and sodium, were studied on the 1st and 7th days of treatment and a week after the end of the administration to rats submitted to the following experimental situations: Goldblatt 2k-1c, Goldblatt 2k-1c + 5% NaCl loading, 5% NaCl loading, and controls. ZK 36 374 was continuously administered during one week by an osmotic pump subcutaneously implanted and connected to the right jugular vein. Twenty four hours after the pump implantation, blood pressure decreased in the three experimental groups. At the 7th day, pressure remained at similar levels except in NaCl loaded rats where an increase was observed. At the 15th day pressure levels returned to pretreatment values. On the 7th day of treatment urinary PGE2 showed higher values than pretreatment ones, to return to pretreatment at the 15 day. Sodium excretion showed an increase on the 7th day and was even higher on the 15th day. Plasma renin activity levels remained unchanged during the treatment except in the Goldblatt 2k-1c group which showed a significant fall at the 7th day. All the changes described on the 1st day of treatment might be related to counteraction of the blood pressure decrease on the same day.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Naloxone effects on blood pressure, analgesia and diuresis in spontaneous hypertensive and normotensive rats.

Studies were performed in unanesthetized normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to compare the effects of naloxone. In normotensive Wistar rats, naloxone did not change blood pressure (BP) and nociceptive threshold, but it induced a dose-related diuretic response. Whereas in SHR naloxone decreased nociceptive threshold and lowered BP when given intracerebroventricularly, it failed to significantly modify diuresis. These differences between hypertensive and normotensive rats in their responses to naloxone may be explained by the fact that vasopressin (VP) levels and opioid activity are different in SHR.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Renal excretion of fluoride during water diuresis and induced urinary pH-changes in man.

Fluoride renal clearance (CF) was studied in young healthy subjects with standard clearance technique following administration of 3 mg F as a 30-min constant infusion. High urinary flow rates were induced and experiments were performed under both urinary alkaline and acidic conditions. The data showed that a high urinary flow resulted in maximum fluoride clearance. High water diuresis may therefore be an important part in the treatment of acute fluoride intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Renal prostaglandins in postobstructive diuresis. Comparative study of unilateral and bilateral obstruction in conscious dogs.

An experimental model in conscious dogs was developed to investigate the role of prostaglandins (PG) in the obstructed kidney. Renal veins were separately catheterized. Urine flow was shunted to the skin by surgically implanted polyurethane loop ureterostomy so as to allow atraumatic manipulation with maintained continuous flow to the bladder between experiments. One week or more after surgery, renal function parameters as well as renal vein and urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and renal vein renin were studied during and after unilateral (UUO) and bilateral (BUO) ureteral obstruction. The release of ureteral obstruction produced a constant and marked elevation in urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, two times higher after BUO than after UUO. A close correlation exists between PGE2 and sodium excretion in UUO and BUO. Increasing polyuria was observed only after chronic BUO. In BUO, renal vein renin concentration was augmented after 2 hours but was suppressed after 24 hours of BUO. Renal vein PG concentration was also elevated after chronic UUO and BUO but was in the normal range immediately prior to release of obstruction. The data obtained with the current experimental dog model indicate that the release of ureteral obstruction induces a striking increase in renal PGE2 and PGF2 alpha production which may mediate at least partly the phenomenon of postobstructive diuresis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A C-terminal aldehyde analog of the insect kinins inhibits diuresis in the housefly.

The insect kinins are present in a wide variety of insects and function as potent diuretic peptides in flies. A C-terminal aldehyde insect kinin analog, Fmoc-RFFPWG-H (R-LK-CHO), demonstrates stimulation of Malpighian tubule fluid secretion in crickets, but shows inhibition of both in vitro and in vivo diuresis in the housefly. R-LK-CHO reduced the total amount of urine voided over 3 h from flies injected with 1 microL of distilled water by almost 50%. The analog not only inhibits stimulation of housefly fluid secretion by the native kinin Musdo-K, but also by thapsigargin, a SERCA inhibitor, and by ionomycin, a calcium ionophore. The activity of R-LK-CHO is selective, however, as related C-terminal aldehyde analogs do not demonstrate an inhibitory response on housefly fluid secretion. The selective inhibitory activity of R-LK-CHO on housefly tubules represents an important lead in the development of environmentally friendly insect management agents based on the insect kinins.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed2006

Continuous low-dose human atrial natriuretic peptide promotes diuresis in oliguric patients after living donor liver transplantation.

Human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is beneficial for the prophylaxis of acute renal failure (ARF) after liver transplantation (OLT). We evaluated renal function in OLT patients with or without ARF, describing cases unresponsive to loop diuretics successfully treated with continuous low-dose ANP infusion without hemodialysis. Twenty-seven consecutive adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) were performed in 26 patients. One case was excluded due to the need for continuous hemodialysis (HD) during the operation. Of the 26 cases, 6 (23%, group 2) developed ARF in the first 30 days after LDLT; the other 20 were ARF-free (group 1). The median follow-up was 24 months. No patient required either continuous or intermittent HD. Only one patient died due to multiple liver abscesses. Mean preoperative serum creatinine (sCr) value and intraoperative blood loss in group 2 were significantly higher than those in group 1. Three cases in group 2 failed to improve on high-dose loop diuretics with low-dose dopamine, exhibiting fluid overload. The remaining three cases in group 2 responded to conventional diuretic treatments. Continuous low-dose ANP was started 2, 4, or 5 days after LDLT, and urine output significantly increased after ANP administration. The serum creatinine values were 1.1, 1.2, and 1.1 at 1 month and 1.0, 0.9, and 0.6 mg/dL at 6 months after LDLT. Massive blood loss during the operation caused ARF, but did not affect renal function after LDLT. Continuous low-dose ANP improved renal function and diuresis for oliguric ARF patients, preventing the need for HD or continuous venovenous hemodialysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Randomized controlled study of mechanical percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy to assist passage of lower pole renal calculi after shock wave lithotripsy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether mechanical percussion, diuresis, and inversion (PDI) therapy after shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) improves the clearance rates of lower pole renal stones. METHODS: In this single-blind study, 108 patients who underwent SWL treatment for lower pole renal stones with a total diameter of 2 cm or less were prospectively randomized into two groups. One group (n = 49) received SWL only and the other group (n = 59) received a median of four sessions of PDI therapy (range 1 to 12), 1 to 2 weeks after each SWL session. PDI therapy was performed as follows. Patients drank 500 mL of water 30 minutes before therapy; they then lay in a prone Trendelenburg position on a 45 degrees -angle couch, and received continuous 10-minute manual mechanical percussion applied over the flank. Stone clearance was documented with plain abdominal radiography, with additional imaging, if indicated, 1 and 3 months after initial SWL therapy. RESULTS: The patients from both groups were comparable in terms of total stone diameter, infundibular neck diameter, infundibular length, caliceal height, infundibular-pelvic angles, infundibular-ureteral angles, infundibular-vertebral angles, lower pole cortical thickness, and caliceal number. All patients underwent a maximum of four SWL treatments. For all assessable patients, the radiologically documented complete stone clearance rate at 3 months for the SWL-alone group was 35.4% and for the SWL plus PDI group was 62.5% (chi-square test, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: PDI therapy is a valuable adjunct in assisting passage of lower pole renal stone fragments after SWL therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The potential use of diuresis Doppler sonography in PUJ obstruction.

Three cases of proven PUJ (pelvi-ureteric junction) obstruction in whom duplex Doppler sonography was performed are described. In one case, there was a duplex transplant kidney with PUJ obstruction of the lower pole moiety. The resistive index of an interlobar lower pole artery was markedly elevated compared to that of an artery in the upper unobstructed moiety. In the other two cases, the resistive index of interlobar arteries of native kidneys increased significantly following intravenous frusemide simultaneous with an increase in the degree of pelvicalyceal dilatation. It is proposed that diuresis Doppler sonography may provide additional diagnostic information in patients with PUJ obstruction, and that the method warrants further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The mechanism of unilateral post-obstructive diuresis.

We report 2 cases of a pathological urinary water loss of clinical relevance after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction following pyeloplasty. The mechanism of this unilateral post-obstructive diuresis is based on the combination of preservation of glomerular filtration rate of the obstructed kidney and distal tubular damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Renal functional abnormalities in post-unilateral ureteral obstruction in man: a comparison of these defects to post-obstructive diuresis.

The failure of fluid and electrolyte conservation in post-obstructive diuresis has not been demonstrated after release of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Despite this, balance and renal function studies in patients with this disorder indicate similar renal defects. The clinical difference is caused by a markedly low glomerular filtration rate in unilateral problems that prevents the excessive losses found with total obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of lignoids on a hematophagous bug, Rhodnius prolixus: feeding, ecdysis and diuresis.

The effects of lignoids on feeding, ecdysis and diuresis in fourth-instar larvae of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) were investigated. Up to 100 microg/ml burchellin, podophyllotoxin, pinoresinol, sesamin, licarin A, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in the diet did not induce antifeedant effects. Pinoresinol and NDGA significantly inhibited ecdysis. In experiments in vivo, burchellin and podophyllotoxin reduced the production of urine after feeding. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a diuretic hormone, partially counteracted this effect of burchellin. In experiments in vitro, using isolated Malpighian tubules, (i) burchellin reduced diuretic hormone levels in the hemolymph but not the amount of diuretic hormone stored in the thoracic ganglionic masses (including axons), (ii) burchellin decreased the volume of urine secreted by isolated Malpighian tubules, and (iii) 5-HT could not overcome the effect of burchellin upon the Malpighian tubules. We conclude that burchellin interfered with the release, but not with the production of diuretic hormone by the thoracic ganglionic mass or induced an antidiuretic hormone and directly affected the Malpighian tubules.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The blockade of H1 receptors attenuates the suppression of feeding and diuresis induced by inhibition of histamine catabolism.

Metoprine elevates brain histamine content by blocking the conversion of histamine to methylhistamine. It suppresses food intake, increases water intake. and induces diuresis in rats. In the present experiment, to study which receptors were involved in these metoprine-induced changes, H1, H2, and H3 receptor blockers were administered to metoprine (10 mg/kg IP)-treated rats. The food and water consumption and urine excretion were measured at 10 and 24 h after the drug administration. It was found that systemic administration of the H3 receptor antagonist, thioperamide (5 mg/kg IP), supplemented the feeding suppressive effect of metoprine. In addition to this, the H1 receptor antagonist mepyramine (20 mg/kg IP) antagonized the suppression of feeding in metoprine-treated rats, whereas the H2 receptor antagonist, ranitidine (100 mg/kg IP), had no effect. Mepyramine also decreased the diuretic response to metoprine, whereas ranitidine or thioperamide were virtually without effect. The present results show that elevation of brain histamine content by inhibiting the catabolism of histamine suppresses food intake, and this effect of metoprine can be abolished by pretreatment with antihistamines. Although the blockade of H1 receptors also attenuates the diuretic response to metoprine, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms that mediate the effects of metoprine on water balance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Urographic effects of different states of diuresis (author's transl)].

In 35 patients with normal renal function antidiuretic hormone (DDAVP) effected a significant contraction of renal pelvis and calices, while in 10 other cases an enlargement of the roentgenological size of the kidneys was caused by the administration of the diuretic furosemide (Lasix). These results suggest a dependence of urographic findings from the state of diuresis.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed2003

Betacellulin promotes growth of the gastrointestinal organs and effects a diuresis in normal rats.

Betacellulin is a relatively new member of the epidermal growth factor peptide family, however, its function remains poorly defined. We investigated its physiological effects in rats implanted with pumps to deliver vehicle or recombinant rat betacellulin [46 microg/day] for 7 days. At kill, blood and gastrointestinal tissues were collected for determinations of betacellulin levels, proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine-BrdU incorporation) and growth. Plasma betacellulin levels were increased 8-fold compared to vehicle, whilst serum insulin, body weight and food intake were decreased by 32, 15 and 9%, respectively. Water intake, urine and faecal output and small intestinal weight were respectively increased by 36, 78, 47 and 24%. Ileal and proximal colonic crypt depths were increased by 25 and 51% although the BrdU labelling index was unaffected. Betacellulin stimulated gastrointestinal growth, the increased responsiveness of the terminal ileum and colon suggesting therapeutic potential in disease conditions in which ileal or colonic re-growth is desirable. Betacellulin further stimulated a diuresis suggesting an additional role in fluid homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of diuresis on enzymuria.

Urinary excretion of renal brush border enzymes may serve as an early marker of renal injury. However, the distinction between physiological and pathological levels remains controversial, since enzymuria is affected by physiological parameters. To clarify the influence of diuresis, we investigated the urinary excretion of alanine-aminopeptidase (AAP; EC 3.4.11.2) as function of diuretic state. 17 healthy volunteers of both sexes were subjected to protocols with sudden or prolonged water load preceded and followed by a thirst period. Urinary excretion of AAP was measured using an enzyme kinetic assay. As expected AAP excretion increased with urine flow, the increments diminished yielding an overall excretion pattern that resembled saturation kinetics. This function is described by a mathematical model. This model assumes, that AAP is released in proximal tubules at a constant rate and reabsorbed or inactivated in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Non-linear fits of the model equation to our data allowed two parameters, chi and mu, to be defined. Chi describes the rate of AAP release independent of urinary flow, and mu the ratio of distal tubular reabsorption or inactivation. If a substrate is not reabsorbed at all, mu approximates zero. Since mu fitted for AAP differed significantly from zero, this indicates reabsorption or inactivation of AAP in the distal nephron. Therefore, our study supports the theory of flow-dependent reabsorption or inactivation of AAP in the distal nephron.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Morphological changes in tight junctions of Necturus maculosus proximal tubules undergoing saline diuresis.

Tight junctions between epithelial cells are believed to control the paracellular diffusion of substances across epithelia. Epithelia in which tight junctions are poorly developed display a higher paracellular electrical conductance, while those with extensive tight junctions show lower conductance values. We described here a particular epithelium, that of the proximal tubules of the Necturus kidney, in which the development of the tight junctions varies in parallel with a change of paracellular electrical conductance. In control conditions, tight junctions between epithelial cells of the proximal tubules are more developed than in tubules undergoing saline diuresis, a situation which increases the conductance across the paracellular shunt pathway.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diuresis and improved renal hemodynamics produced by prostaglandin E1 in the dog with norepinephrine-induced acute renal failure.

Unilateral acute renal failure was induced in dogs by renal artery infusion of norepinephrine. Renal hemodynamics and function were studied before and 5 days after norepinephrine infusion, and during subsequent renal artery infusion of prostaglandin E1. After norepinephrine, the infused kidney exhibited decreased urine volume, sodium excretion, and creatinine clearance. Cortical blood flow, determined with radioactive microspheres, also decreased. No redistribution of intracortical blood flow occurred. Arteriographically, proximal vessels were constricted and the cortical nephrogram density diminished. During prostaglandin E1 infusion, urine volume, sodium excretion, and cortical blood flow increased. Creatinine clearance did not change significantly. Blood flow was redistributed from the outer third to the inner third of the cortex. Proximal vessels were dilated and the cortical nephrogram density was enhanced. The apparent dissociation of cortical blood flow from creatinine clearance suggests that prostaglandin E1-induced diuresis and natriuresis result from a mechanism other than increased glomerular filtration.

Acute Kidney Injury↗