Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “DISINFECTANTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The effect of disinfection and a wetting agent on the wettability of addition-polymerized silicone impression materials.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The wettability of silicone impression materials is poor, which may lead to voids within casts. All impression materials should be disinfected before use, but disinfection may affect their wettability. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of disinfection procedures and the use of a surface wetting agent on the wettability of 4 addition-polymerized silicone impression materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Testing specimens were made from 4 addition silicone materials (light-bodied President, light-bodied Extrude, medium-bodied Extrude, and Aquasil). Two disinfection solutions (Actichlor and Perform) and 1 wetting agent (Vacufilm) were used. The test conditions were as follows: (A) dry, (B) Vacufilm, (C) Actichlor (10-minute soak), (D) Actichlor (10-minute soak) and Vacufilm, (E) Perform (10 minute-soak), and (F) Perform (10-minute soak) and Vacufilm. A dynamic contact angle analyzer was used to measure the wettability of specimens. Mean results were compared with 1-way ANOVA, and multiple comparisons were made with the Bonferroni method. RESULTS: Treatments C, D, and F had no significant effect on the wettability of the materials. Treatment B significantly reduced the contact angle for light-bodied President (P< .01) and Aquasil (P< .05). Treatment E significantly increased the contact angle for light- and medium-bodied Extrude and Aquasil (P< .001). CONCLUSION: Disinfection with Actichlor is recommended in preference to Perform to maintain the wettability of impression materials. Treatment with Vacufilm after disinfection is recommended to improve the wettability of materials and thus reduce the likelihood of voids within casts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

High-level disinfection or "sterilization" of endoscopes?

Controversy has surrounded the use of liquid chemical germicides to reprocess medical instruments that are damaged by heat sterilization. A review of the literature was performed to assess and compare the efficacy of disinfection and sterilization processes. The results of this review demonstrate that high-level disinfection of thoroughly cleaned endoscopes is not associated with a higher infection rate than is "sterilization". While there may be a theoretical distinction between the highest level of disinfection and sterilization, thorough cleaning eliminates clinical differences between the two. High-level disinfection is quick, effective, inexpensive, and recommended whenever heat sterilization is not feasible. A low-temperature sterilization process should be considered only if it is comparable in cost to disinfection or if it offers demonstrated advantages without damaging the instrument. Neither disinfection nor sterilization is likely to be effective if the instrument is not cleaned thoroughly after use.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1997

Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to environmental disinfectants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibilities of vancomycin-resistant and -sensitive enterococci (VRE and VSE) to various concentrations of commonly used, commercial, hospital-grade disinfectants. DESIGN: A microbial suspension test using inocula of 10(8) cells per mL in a disinfectant test dilution was used to determine inactivation kinetics of the test strains. In each test, 1-mL aliquots were removed from the cell-disinfectant mixtures at 15 and 30 seconds and then at 1-minute intervals for 5 minutes and neutralized. Appropriate serial dilutions were plated on agar medium for enumeration of survivors. RESULTS: VRE and VSE challenge inocula (in the absence of any additional protein or serum challenge) were below the limit of detection (5 colony-forming units/mL) after 15 seconds' exposure to the manufacturers' suggested use-dilutions of quaternary ammonium, phenolic, or iodophor germicidal detergents. In subsequent tests, when the disinfectants were diluted far beyond-the recommended use-dilutions (extended dilution), no differences were demonstrated between the susceptibilities of VRE and VSE. CONCLUSIONS: VRE and VSE are sensitive to a spectrum of commonly used environmental disinfectants and have parallel inactivation rates when challenged with extended dilutions of these products. Our findings did not demonstrate a relationship between antibiotic and germicide resistance. Routine disinfection and housekeeping protocols presently used in hospitals need not be altered due to concerns about the potential for environmentally mediated transmission of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Risk of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery using different protocols for povidone- iodine preoperative disinfection.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of postoperative endophthalmitis associated with different prophylactic protocols, using povidone-iodine disinfection of the skin and conjunctiva in patients undergoing cataract surgery over an 8-year period at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Kaohsiung, Taiwan). METHOD: This was a retrospective, comparative, case-controlled study. Data were collected on patients who received different prophylactic disinfection protocols prior to extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation between January 1992 and January 2000. Possible risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative endophthalmitis were analyzed. RESULTS: Medical charts for a total of 10,614 extracapsular cataract extraction surgeries performed during the 8-year period were reviewed, and 12 eyes that developed postoperative endophthalmitis were identified and analyzed. Another 120 eyes matched for age and gender of the patient were randomly selected as controls. Skin preparation with 5% povidone-iodine was associated with an increased risk of postoperative infection, compared to that of 10% povidoneiodine. On the conjunctiva, a lack of 5% povidone-iodine disinfection was associated with an increased risk of postoperative infection, compared to 5% povidone-iodine disinfection. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative skin disinfection with 10% povidone-iodine and conjunctival disinfection with 5% povidone-iodine significantly reduced the relative risk of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

HIV seroconversion and disinfection of injection equipment among intravenous drug users, Baltimore, Maryland.

To examine the putative protective effect of disinfectant use on HIV seroconversion among intravenous drug users, we conducted a nested case-control study comparing 22 black heterosexual HIV seroconverters with 95 persistent seronegatives matched on gender, use of cocaine, date of study entry, and duration of follow-up. For intravenous drug users who reported using disinfectant all the time, the odds of seroconversion was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.25-2.38) compared with those who reported no use of disinfectants; for those who used disinfectants some of the time, the corresponding odds ratio was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.26-3.31). The odds ratio for use of disinfectant all the time was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.10-3.91) for those injecting at galleries and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.35-3.11) for those not injecting at galleries. These data suggest a limited protective effect of disinfectant use in the field which may be more beneficial to those injecting in shooting galleries.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Relative values of the interventions of diversion and improved donor-arm disinfection to reduce the bacterial risk from blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficiency of diverting the initial 20-ml donation from the collection bag and of an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure in reducing bacterial contamination in blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Donations were collected in bags specially manufactured for the study. These bags incorporated two satellite pouches into each of which 20 ml of blood was collected. Blood initially flowed into sample pouch P1, representing a diversion pouch. Pouch P2 was then filled with 20 ml of blood, which allowed us to sample the collection bag after diversion was complete. Blood then flowed into the standard collection bag. The contents of the pouches were aerobically and anaerobically cultured on the BacT/ALERT automated culture system for 7 days. Two procedures were investigated in the study (each involving 1409 blood donations): one analysed the current disinfection procedure; and the other analysed an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure. RESULTS: The use of diversion alone resulted in a 47% reduction in contamination, and improved donor-arm disinfection alone resulted in a 57% reduction in contamination. Diversion plus improved donor-arm disinfection produced a predicted 77% reduction in contamination. CONCLUSIONS: The study validates diversion and an improved donor-arm disinfection procedure. In combination, these two interventions produced a substantial reduction in contamination. These procedures are to be introduced by the English National Blood Service to enhance the safety of the blood supply.

2-Propanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of chemical disinfectants and repair materials on the transverse strength of repaired heat-polymerized acrylic resin.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the effects of immersion in different chemical disinfectant solutions and the type of repair material on the transverse strength of repaired heat-polymerized acrylic resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 110 rectangular specimens (65 x 10 x 3 mm) of heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Triplex) were fabricated. After polymerization, the specimens were polished, then stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 1 week. The specimens were divided into 11 groups (n = 10) coded A to K. Specimens of Group A remained intact (control). The specimens of Groups C to F and Groups H to K were immersed in the following chemical disinfectant solutions (1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde, respectively) for 10 minutes. The specimens of all groups except those of Group A were sectioned in the middle to create 10 mm gaps and repaired with the same resin (Groups B to F) and autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Groups G to K). The specimens of Groups C to F and Groups H to K were again immersed in the disinfectant solutions in the same sequence. The transverse strength (N/mm(2)) was tested for failure in a universal testing machine, at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effects of both the disinfectant solutions and repair materials on the transverse strength of repaired specimens. All data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: The repaired specimens treated with/without disinfectant solutions showed similar (p > 0.05) transverse strength values. No differences (p > 0.05) were detected among the repaired specimens either with heat-polymerized or autopolymerizing acrylic resins. The intact specimens showed transverse strength values (86.9 +/- 11.8) significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values of the repaired specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Among the repaired specimens, transverse strength was not affected after immersion in the disinfectants for the immersion period tested (10 min). The repair material, either heat-polymerized or autopolymerizing acrylic resin, had no effect on the transverse strength of the repaired acrylic resin specimens.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2004

Validation and assessment of a blood-donor arm disinfectant containing chlorhexidine and alcohol.

BACKGROUND: To minimize the bacterial contamination rate in blood collected from donors, a study was designed to evaluate the suitability of a single-use chlorhexidine-alcohol antiseptic for donor arm preparation at all blood collection venues in Australia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective study of bacterial load on the skin was performed on 616 blood donors' arms before and after disinfection using a direct swabbing and plating technique. Disinfection was achieved with a swab containing 1 percent chlorhexidine gluconate with 75 percent alcohol, which was applied to the skin in a prescribed method. Feedback from blood donors and staff was obtained using questionnaires. RESULTS: After disinfection, 99 percent of donor arms had bacterial counts of 5 cfu per plate or less, and 99.5 percent had counts of 10 cfu per plate or less, respectively. The mean colony count for all donors after disinfection was 0.39, and the percentage reduction was 99 compared to predisinfection. Sixteen donors (3%) noted transient skin irritation. The majority of staff (64%) preferred not to use the new disinfectant due to the difficulty opening the packaging and an excessive amount of antiseptic solution per pack. CONCLUSION: The bacteriologic study showed that the disinfectant satisfied the requirements of the Australian Red Cross Blood Service for use to prepare blood-donor arms before venesection. An improvement to the packaging was required before it could be acceptable to all staff.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of disinfecting solutions on accuracy of alginate and elastomeric impressions.

The effect of immersion in six disinfecting solutions on the accuracy of 10 impression materials was investigated. Impressions were taken of a truncated steel cone. After setting, the impressions were either stored at room temperature for 24 h, for control, or immediately immersed in a disinfecting agent for 60 min (in one case 10 min), and after 24 h poured with gypsum. A steel ring fitting the steel cone was placed on the resulting dies, and the discrepancy between the top surface of the ring and the die was measured. From these measurements the deviation between the base diameter of the die and of the impression was calculated to express the inaccuracy. All impressions except some in Blueprint exhibited a net shrinkage, giving rise to too large die stones and incomplete seating of the steel ring. Blueprint impressions, however, occasionally swelled and resulted in too small die stones and "overseating" of the steel ring. The disinfecting solutions had no significant impact on two impression materials. For the remaining eight materials the accuracy was decreased, increased, or unaffected by the immersion. Generally, the accuracy of the alginates investigated were more affected by the disinfecting solutions than were the elastomeric impression materials. The accuracy of the three alginates was drastically impaired by immersion in 70% ethanol, whereas the remaining five disinfecting solutions had a smaller, though sometimes statistically significant, effect on the accuracy. For the elastomeric materials only a few specific combinations of impression material and disinfecting solution reduced the accuracy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alginates↗
PubMed1990

Effect of disinfecting solutions on surface texture of alginate and elastomeric impressions.

The effect of immersion in six disinfecting solutions on the surface texture of 10 impression materials was investigated. Assessment of the surface texture was based on measurement of the ability to reproduce fine detail. Impressions were taken of a roughness standard, i.e. a steel block with known roughness. After setting, the impressions were either stored at room temperature for 24 h, for control, or immediately immersed in a disinfecting agent for 60 min (in one case 10 min), and after 24 h poured with gypsum. After another 24 h, the roughness of the dies was recorded with a profilometer. Three addition-curing silicones were left unaltered by disinfection. For the remaining seven materials, the ability of detail reproduction was changed for some of the combinations of impression material and disinfecting solution. In general, this meant a reduction of detail reproduction, but occasionally an improvement of the surface texture resulted from disinfection. Changes in surface texture were most often brought about by a solution of chlorinated trisodium phosphate. It was concluded that elastomeric impression materials reproduced fine detail better than did alginates and that both types of impression material may be immersed in specific disinfecting solutions for as long as 1 h without the surface texture being impaired.

Alginates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Should dialysis machines be disinfected between patients' shifts?

The disinfection of dialysis machines is performed after each session in some units but only at the end of the day in other ones. In a multicentre study, in 15 units (five with and ten without disinfection after each session), the incidence of sero-conversion for HCV was reduced to zero, after reinforcement of general hygiene precautions only, without changing the above-mentioned machine disinfection policies. Recently reported episodes of blood contamination of dialysis machines beyond pressure transducers demonstrate that pressure isolator inspection and care should be added to the general hygiene precautions. In a second investigation, no difference was found in dialysate bacterial and endotoxin characteristics between dialysis machines, disinfected after each dialysis (n = 2) and those disinfected at the end of the day only (n = 2). In conclusion, the systematic disinfection of all dialysis machines after each session does not appear to help prevent HCV infection nor to have a detectable impact on optimal dialysate bacterial and endotoxin characteristics.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1995

Micro-carrier-test: evaluating disinfectants for HIV.

To determine the effect of disinfectants against viruses in vitro, I devised the Micro-Carrier-Test of dry-fixed virus-infected cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Molt-4 cells (1 x 10(5) cells in 5 microliters of 10% fetal bovine serum) were dry-fixed at the bottom of each well of a 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plate for 120 minutes at room temperature. Disinfectants were added and allowed to remain for designated times and the wells were washed three times with PBS. Uninfected Molt-4 cells (1 x 10(4) cells/well) were inoculated and cultured for 4 weeks. The culture supernatant was harvested to measure reverse transcriptase activity by non-radioisotopic reverse transcriptase assay every week. Residual cytotoxicity of the disinfectant was determined by cytotoxicity assay. To evaluate the new method, the virucidal efficacy of several well-known disinfectants was reevaluated. Dose- and time-dependent effects of the disinfectants were determined. The minimal effective concentrations after 5 minutes of contact were 20% ethanol, 0.01% glutaraldehyde and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite. These results are almost the same as those reported previously, but there are some discrepancies. The differences between the present and previous protocols are discussed. This Micro-Carrier-Test promises to be useful in the screening of disinfectants.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2006

Solar disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of solar irradiation in the prevention of diarrhoeal morbidity in children under 5 years of age, in an urban slum in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. METHODS: A total of 100 children were assigned to receive drinking water that had been subjected to solar disinfection in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. One hundred age and sex matched controls were also selected. Both groups were followed by weekly home visits for a period of six months for any diarrhoeal morbidity. At the end of the follow up period, the acceptability of the intervention was assessed by interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. RESULTS: There was significant reduction in the incidence, duration, and severity of diarrhoea in children receiving solar disinfected water, despite 86% of the children drinking water other than that treated by the intervention. The incidence of diarrhoea in the intervention group was 1.7 per child-year, and among controls 2.7 per child-year, with an incidence rate ratio of 0.64 (95% CI -0.48 to 0.86). The risk of diarrhoea was reduced by 40% by using solar disinfection. In qualitative evaluation of acceptability, most women felt that solar disinfection was a feasible and sustainable method of disinfecting water. CONCLUSIONS: Solar disinfection of water is an inexpensive, effective, and acceptable method of increasing water safety in a resource limited environment, and can significantly decrease diarrhoeal morbidity in children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Skin disinfection and acupuncture.

The need for skin disinfection before insertion of an acupuncture needle is controversial and there is no specific research on this topic. However research and observations on the effect of, and the need for, skin disinfection before injections forms a good analogy of acupuncture. Whilst micro-organisms present on the surface of the skin are accessible to disinfection, those located under the surface in ducts, glands and follicles are out of reach and can be inoculated into the sterile tissues below by needle insertion. Fortunately, the bacteria resident on the skin have a low potential to cause infection if host immunity is not severely impaired or compromised by the long-term presence of foreign material, such as a surgical stitch. Disinfection of clean skin before injection is not generally considered necessary and observations of lack of infection following injections without prior skin disinfection support this; however, contamination by micro-organisms not normally resident on skin can pose a higher risk of infection. If skin is visibly soiled, it should be washed and if needle insertion is near an infected or contaminated site, it should be disinfected with alcohol. Practitioner hand hygiene between patients is important, even if gloves are worn. Hands should be washed with soap or detergent and water, or an alcohol handrub can be used if hands are physically clean.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1982

New disinfecting apparatus for gastrointestinal fibre-endoscopes.

Bacterial contamination of gastrointestinal fibre-endoscopes is a potential source of clinically significant infection. Aqueous 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde adequately disinfects fibre-endoscopes but may cause serious sensitivity reactions among endoscopy staff. A new 'closed-system' disinfecting apparatus is described that disinfects with glutaraldehyde for 30 minutes before an endoscopy session, for two minutes between patient procedures, and for 10 minutes before storage. Bacteriological cultures of the endoscope after disinfection were virtually sterile. Extremely low glutaraldehyde vapour levels were detected by gas chromatography in endoscopy room air during disinfection procedures. This relatively simple apparatus offers rapid, effective, and safe disinfection of fibre-endoscopes.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1992

Contamination of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes with Mycobacterium chelonae linked to an automated bronchoscope disinfection machine.

Between December 5, 1989, and September 25, 1990, Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from endoscopic or bronchial washings in 14 patients on a single clinical service. A phenotypically unique strain of M. chelonae subspecies abscessus that was highly resistant to cefoxitin (MIC greater than 256 micrograms/ml) and different from 13 control isolates of M. chelonae recovered elsewhere in the hospital was identified in all these patients and the rinse water from the bronchoscope disinfecting machine. None of the outbreak patients had evidence of invasive M. chelonae disease. Aggressive infection control measures on the disinfecting machine, including use of sterile water in the wash and rinse cycles, increasing the 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde exposure time, frequent replacement of the glutaraldehyde, and disinfection of the machine, failed to eradicate the M. chelonae, presumably because of the presence of a biofilm inside the machine. Rinsing the scopes with 70% alcohol after automated disinfection eliminated the outbreak strain. This study demonstrates that automated bronchoscope disinfecting machines may become heavily contaminated with mycobacteria that resist usual disinfection, resulting in a source of bronchoscope contamination.

Bronchoscopes↗
PubMed1992

[Evaluation of household chemical disinfectants for Vibrio cholerae EL TOR (non toxigenic strain)].

The methodology of microbiological evaluation of disinfectants in permanently being questioned because the laboratorial protocols do not correspond to the real conditions under which these products are used. In 1985 the Use-Dilution method of AOAC was adopted in Brazil for microbiological qualification of chemical disinfectants for commercial purposes. Domestic disinfectants are tested in this way against Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC strains, was chosen for this evaluation Vibrio cholerae in view of its current importance in Brazil, in terms of Public Health associated with the study of the disinfectant's antimicrobial activities. Nineteen disinfectant products for domestic use for available to the public were evaluated microbiologically by means of simplified Use-Dilution test with 10 carriers. The active compounds of the products included formaldehyde, phenols, cresols, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorine and ethanol. Seven were mixtures of these. According to the recommendations for their use, sixteen products should be used undiluted. Under these conditions, 9 disinfectants were vibriocides and 7 did not demonstrate this antibacterial activity. Four products in dilutions not clearly specified were also ineffective. The vibriocide products which must used without dilution were tested again, diluted at 1:2. These solutions did not inactivate V. cholerae showing that, microbiologically, their active compounds are used in limited concentrations. Commercial alcohol (95.5 degrees GL) at 1:3, chlorine 2.8% Agua sanitária at 1:200 and Lysoform at 1:20 came up to the standards required by the test.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2006

In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the efficacy of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant for decontamination of acrylic resins.

The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of a peracetic acid-based disinfectant for decontamination of heat-polymerized, chemically activated and microwave-polymerized acrylic resins. Resin plates were contaminated in vivo upon intraoral use by 10 volunteers for 7 nights and slabs were contaminated in vitro by contact with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The contaminated acrylic resin specimens were immersed in a 0.2% peracetic acid-based disinfectant (Sterilife; Lifemed) for 5 min or 10 min and placed in a BHI culture medium. After incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 h, bacterial growth was assessed by analyzing turbidity of the medium. For all types of acrylic resin, no turbidity of the medium was observed for any of the resin specimens immersed in the peracetic acid-based disinfectant for either 5 or 10 min. On the other hand, the media with specimens that were not immersed in the disinfectant (control) showed turbidity in 100% of the cases, indicating the presence of microorganisms in both tested conditions. In conclusion, immersion for at least 5 min in a 0.2% peracetic acid-based disinfectant promoted high-level disinfection of heat-polymerized, chemically activated and microwave-polymerized acrylic resins contaminated with either human saliva or Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Acrylic Resins↗