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PubMed1973

Hepatic redox state and gluconeogenesis from lactate in vivo in the rat.

1. To examine the role of the hepatic redox state on the rate of gluconeogenesis the effects of sodium crotonate injection (6mmol/kg body wt.) on rat liver metabolite concentrations and gluconeogenesis from lactate were studied in vivo. 2. Crotonate caused a marked oxidation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox couples; decreases were observed in the ratios of [lactate]/[pyruvate], [glycerol 3-phosphate]/[dihydroxyacetone phosphate], [hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] and measured [NAD(+)]/[NADH]. 3. Increases occurred in the liver concentrations of all gluconeogenic intermediates from pyruvate through to glucose 6-phosphate, but there was no change in lactate concentration. 4. To determine whether gluconeogenesis from lactate was altered by the more-oxidized hepatic redox state l-[2-(14)C]lactic acid was infused into the inferior vena cava (50mumol/min per kg body wt.) and the incorporation of radioactivity into blood glucose was measured. 5. Administration of crotonate transiently decreased the rate of lactate incorporation into glucose but within a few minutes the rate of incorporation returned to that of the controls. 6. The results indicate that in these experiments alteration of the NAD(+)-NADH systems of cytoplasm and mitochondria to a more-oxidized state did not change the rate of gluconeogenesis.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed2000

Chemical activation of innate and specific immunity in contact dermatitis.

Recent reports have suggested that chemical-induced allergic contact dermatitis may not be a traditional type IV hypersensitivity, in part due to the dual irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemicals. In order to investigate the contribution of these properties to the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying allergic contact dermatitis, we evaluated oxazolone-induced changes in cell populations and cytokine production in the dermis of transgenic mice with impaired innate immunity (the FcgammaR subunit knockout mouse), and absent specific immunity (the athymic mouse), and the appropriate B6,129F2 and C57BL/6 control mice. Oxazolone and croton oil were applied in a single sensitizing dose, or in sensitizing and challenge doses, and the dermal response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the wild type mice, with or without sensitization to oxazolone or croton oil, we observed mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine production and both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes; however, the neutrophil was the predominant cell in the dermis, even 72 h after final chemical application. Athymic mice displayed a similar neutrophil response with moderate Th1/Th2 cytokine production, and FcgammaR subunit knockout mice exhibited very mild dermatitis when treated with either oxazolone or croton oil. These results provide support for the hypothesis that allergic contact dermatitis is not a classic delayed type hypersensitivity, demonstrate the importance of the interaction between the irritant and antigenic properties of sensitizing chemicals in the development of allergic contact dermatitis, and suggest that the irritant effect of chemicals may be mediated through the cutaneous innate immune system.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

Interleukin 10 but not interleukin 4 is a natural suppressant of cutaneous inflammatory responses.

We have examined the role of endogenously produced interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-10 in the regulation of inflammatory and immune reactions in the skin. In these experiments, irritant and contact hypersensitivity (CH) responses were elicited in mice with targeted disruptions of the IL-4 (IL-4T) or IL-10 (IL-10T) gene. Our study showed that IL-4T and wild-type (wt) mice exhibited equivalent responses to the irritant croton oil. In contrast, the response of IL-10T mice challenged with croton oil was abnormally increased. When IL-10T mice were exposed to a higher dose of irritant, irreversible tissue damage occurred. By comparison, any treatment of wt mice with croton oil resulted in far less tissue damage and resolution of inflammation. Neutralizing antibody studies demonstrated that the necrosis that occurred in IL-10T mice was due to the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor. The anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody treatment of IL-10T mice did not significantly reduce the edema or the influx of inflammatory cells, suggesting that these changes were due to the uncontrolled production of other proinflammatory cytokines. T cell-dependent immune responses were also evaluated using the contact sensitizer oxazolone. The response of IL-4T mice did not differ from wt mice. In contrast, IL-10T mice mounted an exaggerated CH response, increased in both magnitude and duration as compared with wt mice. Based on these studies, we have concluded that IL-10, but not IL-4, is a natural suppressant of irritant responses and of CH, and it limits immunopathologic damage in the skin.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Carcinogenicity test of quercetin and rutin in golden hamsters by oral administration.

Quercetin and its glycoside, rutin were tested for carcinogenicity in non-inbred golden hamsters of both sexes. In Experiment I, 10% quercetin, 10% rutin, or control diet was given to animals for 735 days. In this experiment, tumors appeared mainly in the forestomach, but the incidence was not statistically different among the three groups. Quercetin and rutin were not carcinogenic under these conditions. In Experiment II, Group 1 was given 4% quercetin diet for 709 days. Group 2 was given 1% quercetin diet for 351 days and then the basal diet for 350 days. Group 3 was given 1% quercetin diet and then 1% croton oil diet and Group 4 was given the basal diet followed by 1% croton oil diet, for the same periods as Group 2. Group 5 was given the basal diet for 701 days. In Experiment II, papillomas of the forestomach appeared in Groups 1, 2, and 5, and papillomatosis in Group 3 and 4. There were no statistical differences among experimental groups and respective controls. Thus, quercetin was not carcinogenic when given at the concentrations of 4% and 1%; even with the administration of 1% croton oil after 1% quercetin, there was no increase in tumor incidence.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1970

Changes in the composition of hind limb lymph after chemical injury.

1. Lymph was collected directly from the hind limbs of rabbits and cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone.2. Injury to the hind limb was caused by injection of one of two chemicals; either dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) which produced a mild injury, or croton oil which produced severe injury.3. After subcutaneous injection (6 x 0.2 ml) into the right hind limb there was a good correlation between the changes in concentration of intracellular enzyme systems in the lymph draining the limb and the histological appearance of the injured tissue. DMSO caused an increase in cytoplasmic enzymes only, while after croton oil, which caused cell necrosis, there was an increase in the concentration of all intracellular enzymes examined.4. There was an increased lymph flow accompanied by a fall in protein concentration after DMSO, while croton oil caused an increase in protein concentration and a variable effect on lymph flow.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1981

Correlation between in vitro DNA synthesis, DNA strand separation and in vivo multiplication of cancer cells.

The chemicals 9, 10-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), ethionine, daunorubicin, actinomycin D, 1-(2-chloroethyl-1)-nitrosourea (CCNU), steroids, croton oil and dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) were used in order to correlate their effect on the in vitro synthesis of normal and cancer DNA, on DNA strand separation and on accelerated in vivo multiplication of cancer cells. All of the compounds tested strongly stimulate the synthesis of cancer DNA in vitro catalyzed by DNA-dependent DNA polymerase I and measured as an acid-precipitable labeled product. Under the same conditions, the synthesis of DNA originating from healthy tissues is only slightly enhanced, except in the case of croton oil and DMSO. These substances are almost equally active on cancer and normal DNA. Although both cancer and normal DNA contain a large amount of double-stranded regions, the extent of DNA strand separation measured by the increase in UV absorbance (hyperchromicity) in the presence of each compound tested is much higher for all cancer DNA than for corresponding normal DNA. In contrast, DMSO and croton oil do not appear to distinguish cancer DNA from normal DNA. Additive and differential effects of various compounds on cancer DNA strand separation can be observed. Small doses of DMBA and CCNU stimulate the multiplication of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo in mice. There is thus a possible correlation between DNA strand separation, DNA synthesis, multiplication and differentiation of cancer cells in the presence of the above compounds, which is different from the response of normal cells to these compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Changes in phenotypically distinct phagocyte subpopulations during nonspecific modulation of contact sensitization.

Environmental influences are increasingly recognized as nonspecific modulators triggering and aggravating allergic diseases. To obtain better insight into the pathomechanisms of these nonantigen-specific phenomena, we studied the augmenting and inhibitory effects of croton oil and glucocorticosteroid (GC) on the induction of murine allergic contact dermatitis. Application of the irritant croton oil simultaneously with the sensitization dose of the contact allergen oxazolone strongly amplified the inflammatory reaction (measured as ear swelling) during the effector phase. Immunohistologically, this effect correlated with an increased percentage of MRP8- and MRP14-positive phagocytes in the infiltrate of the early inflammatory reaction 8 h after sensitization with oxazolone plus croton oil as compared to oxazolone alone (62 vs. 27%; p < 0.05). Intravenously administered GC was used as an inhibitor of contact sensitization. The suppressive effect of GC on sensitization was dependent on the time of its application: suppression of the inflammatory reaction during the effector phase was clearly more pronounced when GC had been injected 1 day as compared to 1 h before sensitization. Correspondingly, the percentage of BM8-positive macrophages in the infiltrate of the early inflammatory reaction 8 h after sensitization was differentially decreased depending on the time of GC application: suppression of the percentage of BM8-positive macrophages was clearly more pronounced when GC had been injected 1 day as compared to 1 h before sensitization (17 vs. 25%; base value without GC 35%; p < 0.05). Furthermore, the percentage of BM8-positive macrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate of the effector phase was increased when sensitization had been enhanced by concomitant irritant contact dermatitis (47 vs. 59%; p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Neriproct: its anti-inflammatory effect on an experimentally induced hemorrhoid model in the rat].

Several glucocorticoids as a cream formulation were applied to the recto-anus of the croton-oil-induced hemorrhoid rat. Among the steroids tested, i.e. diflucortolone valerate (DFV), prednisolone (PS), hydrocortisone caproate (HC), and hydrocortisone (H), DFV was found to suppress inflammation most effectively. The effect of DFV was not affected by combination with lidocaine. In this model, the analgesic effect of lidocaine was apparently prolonged by an increase of the threshold for pain by the anti-inflammatory effect of DFV. This additive effect is regarded as a merit of the combination in Neriproct. Therapeutic effects of Neriproct and several anti-hemorrhoid drugs were also examined by using a hemorrhoid model with abrasive irritation compared to those obtained by the croton-oil model. In both models, efficacy of Neriproct was superior to that of the other drugs such as Scheriproct, Proctosedyl, Posterisan forte, Borraginol N, Posterisan and Borraza G. Microscopic observation showed that destruction of the mucus epithelium, necrosis of the mucus layer, infiltration of inflammatory cells and vasodilatation in the croton-oil model were also suppressed markedly by Neriproct application. No difference was observed in the efficacy between the cream and suppository formulation of Neriproct. Suppression of wound healing was found with a dosage of DFV lower than those of PS, HC and H. However, the efficacy ratio of the wound-healing suppression and anti-inflammation of DFV was the largest among the steroids tested.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Studies on the anti-tumorpromotion activities of dehydroepiandrosterone and its mechanism of action].

AIM: To investigate the anti-tumorpromoting activity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its mechanism of action. METHODS: Using croton oil-induced ear edema model and applying confocal laser scanning microscopy, flow cytometry, immuno-fluorescent techniques to investigate the inhibitory effect of DHEA on tumor promotion. RESULTS: DHEA 25 mg.kg-1 was shown to inhibit croton oil induced ear edema in mice by 51%. DHEA at dose of 40 mg.kg-1 and 10 mg.kg-1 exhibited inhibitory effects on croton oil-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by 64% and 53%, respectively. These results revealed that DHEA can block the change of cell cycle and the percentage of S phase was decreased to 17% at concentration of 10(-7) mol.L-1. The increase of[Ca2+]i and pH as well as PKC-activation induced by TPA stimulation were significantly inhibited by DHEA pretreatment. CONCLUSION: The present experiments demonstrate that DHEA appears to be an attractive candidate as an anti-tumorpromotion agent for tumor chemoprevention. The mechanism of its action might be related to its inhibitory effects on ODC activity and Ca(2+)-DG-PKC signal pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Anti-carcinogenic and anti-promoting effects of retinoid R8605].

R8605 belongs to the third generation retinoid and was found during the systematic screening of cancer chemopreventive agents in our institute. Based on the theory of multistage carcinogenesis, the anti-carcinogenic and anti-promoting effects of R8605 as well as its possible anti-promoting mechanisms were studied. Experiments proved that R8605 (50 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, i.g.) significantly inhibited the growth of skin papillomas induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and croton oil in mice and exhibited a potent anti-promoting action. In addition, R8605 (50 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, i.g.) strongly inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of mouse skin epidermis by croton oil. At a dose of 100 mg/kg of R8605 (i.g.) croton oil-induced ear edema in mice was suppressed. These results suggest that the anti-promoting effect of R8605 might be associated with its anti-inflammatory action and its inhibitory effect on ODC activity.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1976

Serum corticosterone as a quantitative test of the phlogistic potency of various agents topically applied in the rat.

The application into the rat conjunctiva of various phlogistic agents, such as croton oil, mustard oil and formaldehyde, elicits an increase of serum corticosterone linearly related to the log of the applied concentrations, so that from their parallelized regression lines it is possible to calculate the phlogistic potency of each tested agent in reference to croton oil. The time kinetic of such an increase (elicited by croton oil) is compared with that of two other parameters previously adopted as indirect quantitative indices of the phlogosis: the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion and the liver tyrosine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase increase. Serum corticosterone is shown to be the quickest and the most sensitive of the adopted indices, even if the phlogistic potency of the tested agents and the precision of these evaluations substantially coincides whatsoever the index adopted. Finally the pathways of adrenocortical activation are investigated and it is shown that the activation may be peripherally blocked by topical application of corticosteroids (but not of local anesthetics) and centrally by hypophysectomy or parenteral administration of pentobarbital plus morphine.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

[Inhibition of dexamethasone, indomethacin and resveratrol on matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the mechanism of inhibition].

AIM: To investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in mouse ears induced with croton oil and the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone, indomethacin and resveratrol on MMP-9 expression, and further explore the relationship between anti-inflammation and MMP-9 inhibition of these three medicines. METHODS: Immuno-histochemistry was used to detect the expression of MMP-9 in mouse ears. Expression of MMP-9 in U937 cells was analyzed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: Mouse ear edema induced with croton oil was inhibited significantly by dexamethasone and indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg.kg-1 and resveratrol at 50 mg.kg-1 administered subcutaneously. The inhibitory rate was 76.2% (P < 0.001), 56.7% (P < 0.001) and 36.9% (P < 0.001) respectively. The MMP-9 expression increased in mouse ears induced with croton oil and inhibited by dexamethasone, indomethacin and resveratrol at above doses. Gelatin zymography results showed that MMP-9 expression in U937 cells increased significantly after exposed to PMA at 1 x 10(-8) mol.L-1 (P < 0.001); MMP-9 expression induced with phorbol myristate acetate(PMA) was inhibited by dexamethasone at 1 x 10(-9), 1 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-5) mol.L-1, indomethacin at 1 x 10(-6) and 1 x 10(-5) mol.L-1 and resveratrol at 1 x 10(-6) and 1 x 10(-5) mol.L-1. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of MMP-9 expression may be one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dexamethasone, indomethacin and resveratrol.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Chemopreventive effect of resveratrol to cancer].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Carcinogenesis is a complex process and at least 3 stages, including initiation, promotion, and progression, have been proposed in the process of carcinogenesis. Resveratrol has attracted considerable attention due to its low toxicity and unique chemical structure. This study was designed to test chemopreventive effect of resveratrol to cancer using various animal models. METHODS: Ames assay and micronucleus formation assay were used to test the antimutagenic activities of resveratrol. Croton oil-induced enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activities of dorsal epidermis cells in mouse and mouse ear edema model were used to investigate the anti-promotion effect of resveratrol. In addition,7,12-dimenthylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/croton oil-induced mouse skin tumor model was used to evaluate chemopreventive effect of resveratrol to cancer in vivo. RESULTS: In Ames test,100 microg/plate of resveratrol exhibited 42.2% of inhibition on the reversion of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 induced by methylmethansulfonate, and 200 microg/plate of resveratrol exhibited 91.8% of inhibition on the reversion induced by benzopyrene. Pretreatment of resveratrol prevented cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced micronucleus formation of polychromatic erythrocytes of mice bone marrow in dose-dependent manner. Mice treated with 30 mg/kg of resveratrol for 6 days before croton oil exposure have palliative ear edema. Treatment of 180 mg/kg resveratrol for 3 days caused 69.3% decrease of ODC activities in croton oil-induced dorsal epidermis. It was shown that resveratrol could inhibit DMBA/croton oil-induced mouse skin papilloma, which includes prolonging the latent period of tumor occurrence, decreasing the incidence of papilloma, and reducing tumor number per mouse in dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Resveratrol has the ability of anti-mutation and anti-promotion of cancer and merit further studies as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2003

Chemopreventive action of Phyllanthus urinaria Linn on DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice.

The inhibition of tumor incidence by hydro-alcoholic extract of the whole plant of P. urinaria was evaluated in 6-7 weeks old female albino mice on two-stage process of skin carcinogenesis induced by a single application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (50 microg/50 microl of acetone), and 2 weeks later, promoted by repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone/three times a week) till the end of the experiment (15 weeks). Topical application of the extract at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 weeks at the peri-initiational stage (i.e., 7 days before and 7 days after DMBA application), promotional stage (i.e., from the time of croton oil application) and both peri and post-initiational stages (i.e., 7 days prior to DMBA application and continued till the end of the experiment) on the shaven backs of the mice recorded a significant reduction in tumor incidence to 50, 33.3 and 16.7% respectively in comparison to the control (i.e., the mice treated with DMBA and croton oil only) where tumor incidence was found to be 81.8%. The average number of papillomas per mouse was also significantly reduced. The results suggest a possible chemopreventive property of P. urinaria against DMBA-induced skin papillomagenesis in mice.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1988

Hypotheses on a possible role of some mediators in various inflammatory reactions on mouse ear.

Thanks to local application of various compounds that inhibit the effects or the synthesis of histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, hypotheses are proposed about the possible role of these mediators in various experimental inflammations induced on mouse ear: reactions to arachidonic acid, croton oil and cantharidin (6-h and 24-h phases); primary irritation and delayed hypersensitivity reaction to picryl chloride; and semi-delayed (6-h) and delayed (24-h) hypersensitivity to oxazolone. Histamine seems to play a major role in the acute phase (6-h) of the reaction to cantharidin and in the primary irritation due to picryl chloride. Serotonin seems to be more involved in edema due to arachidonic acid and to croton oil and in the semi-delayed phase of hypersensitivity to oxazolone. Leukotrienes seem to have a more pronounced role in arachidonic-acid-induced inflammation and in the primary irritation and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to picryl chloride. Prostaglandins and/or thromboxanes might have some influence in edema due to arachidonic acid and to croton oil, and in the primary irritation reaction to picryl chloride.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[A fundamental study on a bioassay for the antiphlogistic effect of topically applied antiinflammatory agents (author's transl)].

To establish a reliable laboratory assay for quantitating topical anti-inflammatory efficacy, the method of Tonelli et al was modified by employing felt fixed forceps, felt and sharp punch in Wistar rats. Croton oil, applied topically to the rat ear, elicited an acute phlogistic response which was maximal 6 hr after the application. The phlogistic response elicited by a single topical application of croton oil (1, 2, 5 and 10%) was increased in a dose-dependent manner, and croton oil, 5%, induced 63.2% increase of ear weight and was the optimal concentration for the experiment. Using this procedure, the antiphlogistic potencies of two corticoids were assayed under conditions of a blind test. ED50 of betamethasone valerate and diflucortolone valerate was 0.26 mg/ml and 0.0097 mg/ml, respectively, in Wistar rats, and 0.86 mg/ml and 0.016 mg/ml in Sprague Dawley rats, suggesting that diflucortolone valerate has an antiphlogistic potency of 27-56 relative to that seen with betamethasone valerate with minor differences in the strain of the rat. Our method should prove to be a useful assay for rapidly quantitating antiphlogistic activities of topically applied corticoids.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1993

Rabbits with elevated serum C-reactive protein exhibit diminished neutrophil infiltration and vascular permeability in C5a-induced alveolitis.

In previous studies, we have shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits chemotaxis of neutrophils to complement fragments in vitro. To evaluate the effect of CRP on C5a-induced inflammation in vivo, a rabbit model of alveolitis was used. Rabbits pretreated with subcutaneous injections of croton oil had serum CRP increase from undetectable levels to 270 +/- 70 micrograms/ml 48 hours later. Rabbits were intubated and C5a des arg (10 micrograms/ml) instilled directly into the lungs via an endotracheal tube. Four to six hours later, the animals were killed and bronchoalveolar lavage performed. Rabbits pretreated with croton oil had significantly (P < 0.01) reduced C5a des arg-stimulated neutrophil infiltration (30 +/- 5%) into alveolar air spaces compared to untreated rabbits (64 +/- 9%). Increased numbers of total leukocytes in the alveolar washes coincided with increased neutrophil numbers whereas alveolar macrophages remained unchanged in all groups. Rabbits pretreated with croton oil also had a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in total protein (320 +/- 50 micrograms/ml) in lavage fluid after C5a instillation compared with untreated animals (850 +/- 140 micrograms/ml). In vitro, rabbit CRP (50 micrograms/ml) added to normal rabbit serum significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited chemotaxis of human neutrophils by 41%. Finally, direct intravenous pretreatment of rabbits with purified CRP also significantly reduced C5a-induced alveolitis. The CRP-C5a group had 33 +/- 10% neutrophil infiltration, a significant (P < 0.01) reduction from the C5a group (71 +/- 6%). The total protein content of the CRP-C5a rabbits was 986 +/- 165 micrograms/ml in the lavage fluid, which was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the C5a group (1645 +/- 363 micrograms/ml). Therefore, CRP inhibits the development of neutrophil alveolitis and protein leakage in vivo and inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. These data indicate that CRP offers a protective effect in neutrophil-mediated lung injury by reducing neutrophil influx and protein leak.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Proton magnetic resonance of plasma in the evaluation of systemic effects of cutaneous inflammation in rats].

NMR evaluation of skin rat inflammation, 24 h after UVB exposition and 48 h after vesicatory (croton oil) application, shows significant variations of relaxation times. Cutaneous T1 and T2 are enhanced in both cases, and plasmatic T2 is increased in croton oil inflammation. At the same time, these two inflammations induce in plasma: a significant increase in ceruloplasmin (respectively 70 and 42%); a decrease in iron transferrin (48 and 53%) and iron saturation (%) of transferrin (53 and 68%); an increase in the protein level of 45% for croton oil treated animals. In skin, for each inflammation, T1 is significantly correlated with cutaneous water content (r = 0.6 and r = 0.35). T1 appears to be more representative than T2 of hydration and molecular dynamic modifications, induce by oedema formation. In plasma, T2 is significantly correlated with ceruloplasmin (4 = 0.67) and protein level (r = 0.45), and reflects more specially than T1 the modifications of the medium composition. The decrease in T2 may be the expression of the diminution of the medium water molecules' mobility, in connection with the increase in protein concentration.

Animals↗