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PubMed1992

Contraception in the latter part of reproductive life.

Contraception in the latter part of reproductive life is particularly important because of the increased fetal and maternal mortality associated with pregnancy in this age group. The combined pill can be continued until the menopause in healthy, non-smoking women with no additional risk. The advantages of the combined pill include protection against menopausal symptoms as well as some of the common gynecological disorders. Progestogen-only formulations can now be administered by both oral and non-oral routes. The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD is an exciting new development, especially suited to this age group because of the reduction in menstrual loss. Although barrier methods often prove unacceptable if used for the first time in the late thirties and forties, they have no serious adverse effects and in addition provide protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and sexually transmitted disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Contraception in Austria].

952 sexual active women between 15 and 44 years were investigated for their contraceptive behaviour. In 42% the pill was the first choice followed by the condom in 16%. 18% of all sexual active women in this age group did not use any contraceptives. Therefore the rate of unplanned pregnancies was very high: 34% reported about such unplanned pregnancies in their history. The main sources for informations in contraception are the gynecologist and the partner, but not the parents or the newspapers. Nearly half of all women did not know how the pill really works and quite a lot has still the opinion that there are really harmful side effects of oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Determinants of oral contraceptive use in northern Italy.

Socio-demographic characteristics, general lifestyle habits, reproductive and medical histories were compared of 328 women who had ever used oral contraceptives and 2306 never users from a case-control surveillance conducted in Northern Italy. Oral contraceptive use was positively and strongly related with the level of education and indicators of social class. The rate ratio of ever use (adjusted for age and diagnostic category) was 3.3 for women with 12 years of education or more compared with less than 7 years, and 3.0 for women of highest compared with lowest social class. The frequency of pill use was lower among never married women, and significantly elevated among smokers (rate ratio = 2.4 for heavy smokers). In contrast, no relation was evident between alcohol or coffee consumption and pill use. Likewise, ever users of oral contraceptives were not significantly different from women who had never used the pill with regard to major reproductive factors (parity and age at first pregnancy) or several medical variables of potential interest (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), with the only possible exclusion of obesity which was less frequent among pill users. Thus, this study indicates that the major determinants of the persistently low frequency of oral contraceptive use in this Northern Italian population are social rather than reproductive or medical factors. These findings have important implications for epidemiological research on oral contraceptive and disease in this population, and underline the importance of selection and screening of oral contraceptive users on the basis of knowledge of medical factors and lifestyle habits.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The in vivo release characteristics of a multi-compartment vaginal ring releasing 3-keto-desogestrel.

The results of a stage I study of a new vaginal ring releasing 3-keto-Desogestrel [3kDOG] is reported. The study design consisted of one study cycle, where the ring was used continuously for 21 days and then removed. Twenty healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to each of two study groups. On day 5 of the menstrual cycle, group A used a vaginal ring releasing 30 micrograms 3kDOG per 24 hours and group B used a 15 micrograms 3kDOG per 24 hours ring. After initial absorption of the 3kDOG a plateau phase was reached in 46 hours [group A] and 49 hours [group B]. On reaching the plateau phase, the overall decline in plasma levels during the 21 days of use was 5.24% for group A and 5.27% for group B. This represents a daily decline in plasma levels of 0.27% and 0.28% for the 30 micrograms and 15 micrograms per 24 hours rings, respectively. The plasma levels achieved by the rings were significantly different throughout (p = 0.011). On removal after 21 days, the mean removal half-life for both ring types was similar at 20.9 hours for group A and 21.1 hours for group B. It is concluded that the characteristics of the delivery system are worthy of further study as a potential means of contraception using 3kDOG delivered from a vaginal ring.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1994

The use of contraceptive methods among women seeking a legal abortion.

In a simple random sample study of 404 women 20 to 29 years of age, 201 applying for abortion and 203 continuing their pregnancies, all were interviewed personally and requested to complete a questionnaire. The aim of the study was to analyse the use and experience of contraceptives among the abortion applicants in this age group, and to compare their experience with that of women in a matched control group. The most important reasons given for desisting in the use of contraceptives were the experience of side effects, worry about the side effects, and the "human failure" factor involved even with methods of contraception such as pills, which generally are regarded as safe. This study demonstrates that women living alone without any permanent relationship, having a strained economy or having previously had an abortion, need particular and detailed contraceptive advice plus continued close follow-up. To improve the continuation rate, precise contraception counselling focusing on both positive and adverse effects to reduce worry seems essential.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1999

Oral contraception: current use and attitudes.

Oral contraception (OC) has been available for almost four decades. During this time, changes in contraceptive use in general and OC in particular have occurred. Knowledge and attitudes about OC may not always reflect trends in use. Contraceptive use data from 1965-1995 show that OC continue to be the method chosen consistently by more than one-quarter of women contraceptors. Probably even more women would use the pill if they had more accurate information regarding the higher failure rates with barrier methods (especially the condom), if misperceptions about OC safety were put to rest, and if greater awareness of the noncontraceptive health benefits of OC could be achieved. Increased education and awareness of women as well as their healthcare providers has the potential to positively affect future contraceptive use.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

The effect of price increases on contraceptive sales in Bangladesh.

In April 1990, the prices of five brands of contraceptives in the Bangladesh social marketing project were increased, by an average of 60%. The impact on condom sales was immediate and severe, with sales for the following 12 months dropping by 46% from the average during the preceding 12 months. The effect on oral contraceptive sales was less dramatic: average sales in the year following the increases dropped slightly despite a previously established pattern of rapidly rising sales. There appears no reasonable combination of events other than the price increase itself to explain most of the difference.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1992

Use of birth control pills and condoms among 17-19-year-old adolescents in Norway: contraceptive versus protective behaviour?

This article addresses the relationship between sexual risk behaviour and contraceptive behaviour, and considers whether adolescents who use condoms are practising birth control or STD protective behaviour. The material comprised a representative sample of 3000 Norwegians aged 17-19 years. Data were collected by anonymous self-administered questionnaires. The response-rate was 63%. At the first sexual intercourse 51% of the adolescents used condoms and 7% birth control pills. At the most recent intercourse 31% used condoms and 38% the pill. Use of the pill was widespread among adolescents with high coital frequency and few coital partners. Use of condoms was not particularly widespread among adolescents who reported a relatively large number of coital partners. Irrespective of the number of years they had been coitally active there was no significant difference between those who intended to use condoms at the next sexual intercourse and those who did not as regards their beliefs about condoms as protection against STDs, HIV and unintended pregnancies. The results from this study indicate that the majority of adolescents who use contraception do this for protection against unintended pregnancy and not for protection against STDs. The preference for the pill may make teenagers less prepared to practise STD protective behaviour in specific situations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Practice and methods of contraception among Saudi women in Riyadh.

The use of contraceptives can have an impact on better spacing between children, better child care, improvement of children's health and preservation of the mother's health. In this study 2675 Saudi women attending a gynaecology out-patient clinic were interviewed about their contraceptive practices. The majority of the women (56.0%) were using or had used some form of contraceptive. Oral contraceptives were the most common method; 94.8% of the 1497 women who practised contraception were using or had used this form of contraception. Sterilization accounted for 0.9% of contraceptive practices, while the intrauterine device was a more common form of contraceptive among the more educated women.

Adolescent↗